HIST 2111U. S. History I

Growth of a NationChapters 12-13

Mike “Wheels” Breakey

Words of the Day• Embargo• Partial or complete prohibition of commerce and trade with a

particular country• Considered strong diplomatic measures • Economic?

• Impressment• The practice of forcibly inducting men into military service

• Doctrine• a particular principle, position, or policy taught or advocated, as of a

religion or government

Tests of the new government• Whiskey Rebellion, 1791-1794

– People are heavy whiskey drinkers• Partly to fight disease• Partly to fight isolation• Partly because its cheap

• Whiskey major cash product – Grain too bulky to cross mountains– Hamilton places excise tax on whiskey– Westerners’ response: Whiskey Rebellion– Federal government quickly crushes outnumbered and outgunned

rebels

• Shows power of federal government

Two party system

• Federalists– Nationalist, social conservative, business oriented

• Democratic (Jeffersonian) Republicans– Planters, ideological democrats

The Election of 1800• Washington steps down after two terms (precedent)• Adams elected in 1796 (Federalist), runs again in 1800

– Adams and Pinckney

• Democratic Republicans run Jefferson and Aaron Burr• Jefferson and Burr each get 73 electoral votes

– Election goes to the House of Representatives– 1 vote per state, 16 states--Why—the Republicans won right?– 12th Amendment (1804)

• House decided election– 35 deadlocked ballots– Hamilton dislikes Jefferson but hates Burr– House elects Jefferson president

• How did the 3/5ths clause affect the election of Jefferson?

The Sage of Monticello

• Thomas Jefferson (D-R)– Politically experienced– Scholar, writer, architect, inventor

• Tone and tenor– Conciliatory tone with Federalists– Kept many Federalist policies– Kept Bank of the United States (Federalist)

• Some Departures– Worked to pay national debt– Common man style to presidency– Lived in new capital city

Protecting Liberty: Limited Government• Judicial Review• Courts determine if governmental institution is acting within its

constitutional powers• Established by Chief Justice John Marshall in Marbury v. Madison (1803)

• Marbury v. Madison was the first time the Supreme Court declared something "unconstitutional", and established the concept of judicial review in the U.S.

• Courts may oversee and nullify the actions of another branch of government

• The landmark decision helped define the "checks and balances“

7

The Louisiana Purchase

• Napoleon gains Louisiana from Spain– Wanted Louisiana to supply troops in the West Indies– US wanted use of Mississippi River and New Orleans– War with France looked inevitable, which would ally U.S

with Britain???

• An Offer Not to be Refused– Napoleon loses troops in West Indies– Napoleon worried Britain will invade Louisiana– Could always use more $$– Sells Louisiana to United States

Louisiana Purchase (cont.’d)

• U.S. purchases Louisiana from France– Pays $15 million– 828,000 square miles at 3 cents/acre

• Jefferson did not get Congressional approval– Jefferson abandons “strict constructionist” Constitutional

theory (simply means as written)– Economic and nationalistic expansion opportunity too

good to pass on

• Practical advantages outweighs adherence to “strict constructionist” theory of Jefferson

Louisiana Purchase (cont.’d)

• Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)– First transcontinental expedition to the Pacific Coast– Scientific expedition plus a search for overland trade route– Sacajawea, Shoshone guide– Mostly peaceful Indian relations– And they survive!

Burr–Hamilton Duel• Aaron Burr

– Shunned by Jefferson as Vice-President – No wonder, the House selection process made them rivals– Schemes with faction of Federalists to secede NY and NE– Runs for New York Governorship– Defeated by propaganda from Alexander Hamilton—AGAIN!

• Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel– Meet July 11, 1804– Both men fire shots– Hamilton misses, Burr kills Hamilton, flees South

• Burr conspiracy– Arrested and tried for treason– Burr acquitted

Foreign Woes

• Barbary states depended on piracy– Demand “protection money” from U.S.– Jefferson refuses, pirates seize American crew and frigate– Marines under Stephen Decatur board and burn the seized

frigate and becomes an American hero – Jefferson fights, but finally pays $60,000 to free the prisoners

• War between Britain and France– U.S. neutral, U.S. shipping make large profits– War stalls, Britain and France issue orders that discourage

neutral countries, such as U.S. to trade directly with Britain and France

– Britain and France seize U.S. merchant ships

Foreign Woes (cont.’d)

• British violate American rights– Impressment of American sailors– Americans demand war– Jefferson chooses “peaceable coercion”

• Embargo Act of 1807– Forbids American ships to leave port– Supposed to force British to respect U.S.– U.S. trade suffers more than Britain– Jefferson abandons embargo

The War of 1812• President James Madison

– Student of political philosophy– Not a strong head of state

• #1 In 1807, Britain introduced a series of trade restrictions that impede American trade with France– US says this is illegal

• Why—because these England and France were at war—of course

• #2 Impressment of US sailors• #3 Brits covertly (not really) supporting Indian insurgency

(fueled by expansion and the Non-Intercourse Act)

War of 1812 (cont.’d)• Macon’s Bill No. 2

– Opens trade with both Britain AND France – BUT only if they stopped molests US shipping– Whoever acted first would gain favor with the US– Confused?

• SO—Napoleon leaves American shipping alone; U.S. becomes economic ally of France– Napoleon seeks to provoke war between Britain and U.S.

• U.S. declares war on Britain (after they agreed to leave US shipping alone—slow comms)

• America divided over war with Britain – Mercantile states oppose war—why?– Agrarian states support war—why?– War Hawks (mostly Southerners) want Canada (power)

War of 1812 (cont.’d)

• Tenskwatawa: “The Prophet”– Indians should abandon white ways– Indians should form confederacy

• Tecumseh, brother of “The Prophet– Military chief of Indian confederacy (Cherokee, Creek,

Choctaw, and Chickasaw)– Recruited more allied tribes to oppose the Americans– Confederacy congregates at Tippecanoe– Confederacy defeated by American forces led by William

Henry Harrison, territorial governor of Indiana, in 1811

War of 1812 (cont.’d)

• War of 1812– Assault on Canada a fiasco– British take Detroit, Fort Dearborn– U.S. secures Lake Erie by winning Battle of Thames– British invade New York, burn Washington D.C.

• Treaty of Ghent formally ends war December 1814– Restores British–U.S. relations to pre-war status– Battle of New Orleans fought two weeks later January 1815– Huge victory for Americans– Andrew Jackson the hero

Era of Good Feelings

• American Nationalist Spirit– Begins after Battle of New Orleans– Americans see themselves as new chosen people

• Patriotic culture– Fourth of July became popular– Folk art, songs, verses

• Biographies on revolutionary heroes– George Washington biography

• Americanization of language

Happy Presidency of James Monroe

• James Monroe – Virginian and disciple of Jefferson– Good diplomat and administrator– Presided during political calm– Federalists rapidly dying out– Monroe easily wins in 1816 and has no opposition in 1820

• Politics of Calm– Little interest in national politics– People focus on expansion, economics– Secretary of State John Quincy Adams– Monroe, Adams focus on foreign affairs

Successful Diplomacy?

• Oregon– Set boundary between Canada-US at 49th parallel

• Florida– Spain losing New World empire– Andrew Jackson invades Florida– Jackson ignores Spanish authority– Quincy Adams buys Florida in Adams-Oñis Treaty• Pays $5 million to Spain

Real Diplomacy

• Monroe Doctrine– John Quincy Adams main author– U.S. would not intervene in Europe BUT…– Western Hemisphere closed to colonization– European intervention deemed act of war

Nationalism in the Courtroom

• Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816)– Established Supreme Court’s authority to reverse State

Court decision

• McCullough v. Maryland (1819)– Maryland tried to tax Bank of United States– Denied states rights to tax federal institutions

• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)– Gave federal government jurisdiction over commerce on

rivers that touched more than one state

Henry Clay

• Lawyer, planter, speculator, politician• Westerner with a national perspective• Speaker of the House (1810-1821)– Worked to create compromise– Most everyone liked him

• Called for internal improvements• Wanted to create system to bind all sections of

nation together, the American System• More Usa than uSa

American System

• Bank of the US (BUS)– Holds government deposits from sell of western lands– Original BUS had died in 1811– 1816 another Bank was chartered

• Internal improvements in West help everyone– Industrials have greater demand for goods– Westerners have greater demand for food– Southerners have greater demand for cotton

• Impose a high protective tariff– This was least popular part of the system, particularly in

the South

Transportation Revolution

• Roads– Most became impassable in rain– John McAdam developed an all-weather road

• National Road– Government funded – Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Ohio– Made Henry Clay popular with many small

farmers

Erie Canal

• Hudson River to Lake Erie• Paid for by New York state• Slashed transportation costs• Expensive but paid for itself in first year

– Navigators guided flatboats, pulled by mules• Erie Canal success leads to canal building boom

– Mainline canal in Pennsylvania– Over 4,000 miles of canals

• Overcome by what?• Economic bust left states with debts from public

projects

Early Railroads

• 1825 first railroads• Could be built more places, cheaper to

operate and hardly ever stopped running• 1827 first two U.S. railroads– Built by mining companies– Other railroads built by entrepreneurs

• Could be expensive to build– Best for long hauls– Baltimore & Ohio RR

River traffic

• Mississippi River– Drained central U.S.– Hard to bring cargo upriver until?

• Queens of the Mississippi– Steamboats/Paddle wheelers– Very shallow drafts were needed– Not very safe—frequent boiler explosions

Two Sections, One Country

• Sectionalism– North was capitalistic• Felt southerners were lazy & indolent

– Southern aristocrats guarded civilization• Felt northerners were greedy money grubbers

– Slavery was powerful force in South• Had been abolished in North

– Political parties contributed• Federalists in north• Republicans in south

Next week

• Chapters 14-15• Quiz on Chapters 10-13• Southern Tariffs and Nullification Presentation– Chad

• Two weeks we have Uncle Tom’s Cabin!