histology and embryology - zhejiang...
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Zhong Jie Li (李仲杰)
Zhejiang University School of medicine
Histology and Embryology
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Final score of Histology & Embryology
1) Attendance and Picture drawing : 5% 2) Attendance for lecture: 5% 3) Quiz: 15% (each quiz 5%) 4) Lab test: 25% 5) Final written exam: 50%
http://m-learning.zju.edu.cn/Portal/index.html
Course web site:
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Chapter 1:
Histology & Its Methods of Study
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cell --- tissue---organ---system---human body
Relationship:
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They are many kinds of morphological and functions. structure:cell membrane, cytoplasma and nucleus
Cell: the smallest unit of structure and function of body
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Tissue: A group of cell and extracellular matrix Four basic tissue types: ---Epithelial tissue ---Connective tissue ---Muscular tissue ---Nervous tissue
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Organ: made up of tissue, have special shape, structure and function --- the cavity organ --- parenchymatous organ
anatomy
histology
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System: organs which have related function get together.
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I. What’s histology? II. Why do we study it ? III. How we to study it ? Ⅳ. Methods of learning histology.
Key points:
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I. What’s Histology? Anatomy: ---gross anatomy ---microscopic anatomy / microanatomy Histology : a science which study the microstructure
and the relationship between the structure and function of human being.
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What’s Embryology? a science which study of the
embryogenesis of human and its mechanism.
--- Pre-embryonic period (2 weeks) --- Embryonic period (3-8 weeks) --- Fetal period (9-38 weeks)
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Why medical students should study Histology
?
II.
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Histology & Embryology Anatomy
Pathology
Pathphysiology Pharmocology Basic medicine &Surgery
Clinic (Medicine,Surgery,Gynecology, Pedology, etc.)
Intern (exercitation) Graduate
Biochemistry Physiology Parasitology Microbiology Immunology
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The development history of Histology
Histology (microanatomy) 细胞发现和细胞学说的建立 组织学说迄今(经历了三百多年)
英国 Hooke 1635-1703 “cell” 意大利 Malpighi 1628-1694 脾,肺,肾等组织结构 荷兰 Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 精子,红细胞,肌细胞,神经细胞 法国 Bichat 1771-1882 “tissue”(21种) 德国 Mayer 1819 “histology”(8种) 德国 Schleiden 1838-18? 9 创立细胞学说 Schwann 19世纪中期 组织学(4种) 20世纪初 组化,组培 20世纪40年代 细胞,组织超微结构 我国 20世纪初 从人体解剖学分化出—组织学 马文昭 1886-1965 细胞水平 张作干 1907-1969 细胞,组织超微结构
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III. How to study it
• Microscopy: Light microscopy (LM) Electron microscopy (EM)
• Transmission electron microscope (TEM) • Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
• Staining: H&E Histochemistry Immunohistochemistry In situ hybridiztion …
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Relative Sizes in Histology Standard Units of Measure
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1.Light Microscopy
:The resolution of the human eye is 0.2 mm.
:The resolution of the light microscope is 0.2 µm.
: The resolution of the electron microscope is 0.2 nm.
resolving power
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The steps: a. Obtaining the specimen: b. Fixation c. Dehydration: d. Clearing e. Embedding f. Sectioning g. staining h. mounting
Preparation of tissue section for LM
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Unstained cells’ appearance in three types of light microscopy.
Bright-field microscopy Phase-contrast microscopy Differential interference microscopy
Living neural crest cells growing in culture
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Stain methods H.E
Hematoxylin
苏木精
Eosin
伊 红
Acidic stuctures: Nucleus RER Free ribosome
Basic stuctures: Cytoplasma lysosome、Mit.,fibers
• basophilic • acidophilic (eosinopilic) • neutrophilc
resolving power
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H&E staining
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Interpret your sample Must think in 3 dimensions Changes in apparent shape, due to
orientation of sections
Horizontal section longitudinal section
oblique section
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Simple columnar epithelium different azimuth slice map
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Part and whole
舒张状态
收缩状态
Structure and function
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2.TEM: transmission electron microscopy
The resolution of the TEM is about 0.1-0.5nm.
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Basophilic granulocyte (LM)
Basophilic granulocyte
(TEM)
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3. SEM: scanning electron microscopy
The resolution of SEM is about 5nm.
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To reveal the chemical composition of tissue and cell in situ.
4.Histochemistry & Cytochemistry
Sudan III--- orange Sudan IV--- red
Test lipids
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Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction Test polysaccharides (多糖)
PAS+ (Produce an insoluble magenta(品红) complex)
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5.Immnohistochemistry To use labelled antibodies as specific reagents
for localizing tissue and cell constituents (antigens) in situ Observation: Fluorescence microscope
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• A method for detection of specific RNA or DNA sequences directly in cells or tissue sections
• incubate tissues with probe to detect cells expressing gene
6. In Situ Hybridization
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Reference books 1. 《组织学与胚胎学》(英文), 主编:唐军民、李继承,北京大学医 学出版社,2011年 2.《 组织学与胚胎学》(第9版),主编:邹仲之、李继承,人民卫生 出版社,2018年 3. Junqueira’s Basic Histology, 15e(浙大免费) http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Understand the histologic techniques used in preparing samples for light and electron microscopy (EM).
• Explain which cellular components are preserved and which are lost during tissue preparation for microscopy.
• Understand the mechanism of routine biological staining (acidophilia and basophilia) and the way in which common stains are used to provide additional information about cells in light microscopy.
• Be able to interpret images of cells and tissues when seen with both the light and electron microscopes.
• Analyze how the plane of section affects interpretation of tubular and irregularly shaped histologic structures.