histology - new mexico state universitylithornis.nmsu.edu/~phoude/histology.pdf · histology the...
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Histology
The study of cells and tissues
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Tissues – 4 basic types epithelial connective muscular nervous
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Epithelium – forms internal or external linings of organs and glands, specialized for lubrication, resisting abrasion, water-proofing, absorption, and/or secretion; rests on basement membrane; basal to apical or luminal polarity; one free surface; cellularity; specialized cell junctions including desmosomes or tight junctions; rapid regeneration; nourishment by diffusion; no intrinsic vascularization or innervation
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Epithelium (pl. epithelia) simple squamous stratified squamous simple cuboidal stratified cuboidal simple columnar pseudostratified columnar transitional glands endocrine – ductless exocrine – possess ducts
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simple squamous stratified squamous flat, single layered multilayered with basal germinal layer e.g., endothelium of blood vessels e.g., epidermis of skin
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simple cuboidal stratified cuboidal e.g., glands and their ducts e.g., glands and their ducts gall bladder, sexual ducts
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simple columnar pseudostratified columnar cells tall, parallel cells tall, not parallel brush border or microvilli ciliated e.g., endothelium of intestines e.g., endothelium of trachea
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transitional urinary bladder
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glands – both excretory and secretory endocrine – ductless exocrine – possess ducts shape: tubular, alveolar, simple, complex
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Connective Tissues Non-binding Connective Tissue blood/lymph
Binding Connective Tissue loose connective tissue dense connective tissue cartilage bone
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Non-binding Connective Tissue blood/lymph
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Loose Connective Tissue – little protein in extracellular matrix areolar – collagen, forms interstitia adipose – lipid droplets, fat
reticular – reticulin, net or filter structure of lymph organs (not shown)
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Dense Connective Tissue – much protein in extracellular matrix regular – parallel collagen fibers irregular – nonparallel collagen fibers e.g., tendons e.g., dermis of skin
elastic – elastin, rebounds after deformation e.g., arteries
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fibrous – fibrin, very tough joints e.g., intervertebral discs
Cartilage – extracellular matrix with glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid; chondrocytes reside in lacunae; interstitial and appositional growth hyaline – collagen, most common type elastic – elastin, e.g., skeletal system e.g., pinna of ear, epiglottis
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Bone – highly vascularized extracellular matrix of precipitated collagen and apatite [Ca3(PO4)2]; osteocytes reside in lacunae; appositional growth only
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Muscular Tissue – Ca++ and ATP dependent contraction; thin filaments – actin,
troponin, meromyosin; thick filaments – myosin smooth muscle striated muscle skeletal striated muscle cardiac striated muscle
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Smooth Muscle – spindle shaped cells, mononucleate, in walls of organs (e.g., digestive tract, blood vessels, skin), respond to hormones, stretch, and innervation by autonomic nervous system
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Striated Muscle – myofilaments bundled into myofibrils forming ‘striated’ sarcomeres (alternating interdigitating bands of thick and thin filaments), juxtaposed to sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER sequesters Ca++) and transverse tubules (invaginations of sarcolemma); numerous mitochondria
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Skeletal Striated Muscle – giant multinucleate linear cells of voluntary skeletal muscular system, syncytium, every cell innervated with motor endplate, responds to neurotransmitter acetylcholine; denervation results in atrophy
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Cardiac Striated Muscle – myocardium of heart; branching cells joined at intercalated discs; syncytium but few nuclei; intercalated discs possess gap junctions (electrical connectivity) and desmosomes; cells depolarize spontaneously and wave of contraction passes from cell to cell; rate modulated by hormones and autonomic innervation
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Nervous Tissue neuroglia or glial cells – structural, supportive, insulating neurons – excitatory
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Neuroglia or glial cells
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Neurons – excitatory; cell body or ‘neuron’; cell processes are axons and dendrites; slow transport of neurotransmitters from neuron to presynaptic vesicles of axon; membrane depolarization causes release of neurotransmitters into synapse which are bound by receptors of postsynaptic dendrites; neurotransmitters may be excitatory, inhibitory, or modifying to membrane depolarization of postsynaptic neuron