histology the study of tissues. homeostasis maintenance of a constant internal environment. we...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
HistologyThe study of tissues
![Page 2: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Homeostasis
• Maintenance of a constant internal environment.
• We Don’t Like Stress.
• Physiology identifies and studies the mechanisms of homeostasis.
• Controlled by Two Systems– A.– B.
![Page 3: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Levels of Organization
Cells
Tissues
organs
organ system
organism
![Page 4: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Tissuesgroups of cells with a common structure and function
Four categories
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
![Page 5: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Epithelial tissuelocation: outside of body, line organs and cavities
Function: barrier, absorption or secretion– Glandular secretory portion of gland
2 types
simple - one layer
stratified - multiple layers
“pseudostratified” appears stratified due to cells of various lengths
![Page 6: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Epithelial tissueCell Shapes
squamous - floor tiles
cuboidal - dice
columnar - bricks on end
![Page 7: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Simple SquamousLeaky to allow diffusion/osmosis.
Capillaries, alveoli.
May be keratinized on body surfaces.
Connective Tissue
Basement Membrane
![Page 8: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Stratified Squamous
Connective Tissue
Readily sloughed off.
Skin, anus, vagina.
![Page 9: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Simple Cuboidal
Area of secretion or absorption.
![Page 10: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Stratified Cubiodal
![Page 11: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Simple Columnar
Ciliated Columnar
Lumen of vessel
High secretion and absorption, High SA/VOL
![Page 12: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Pseudostratified ColumnarPseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
Some cells do not reach the surface
![Page 13: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Connective TissueMOST ABUNDANT TYPE OF TISSUE.
binds and supports other tissues, TRANSPORT, FRAMEWORK, STORE ENERGY
cells create a matrix/ web of fibers [Matrix non-living web of fibers.]
3 kinds of fibers
collagenous fiber - made of collagen
Elastic fibers - Elastin Protein
reticular fibers - Thin collagen fibers
![Page 14: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Types connective tissueloose connective binds epithelia to underlying tissue; holds organs
1-Fibroblasts- secretes extracellular proteins
2-Macrophages- amoeboid WBC’s; phagocytosis
3-Adipose tissue- fat storage; insulation
![Page 15: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Types of Connective Tissuefibrous connective - parallel Bundles of cells
Ligaments, Tendons,
cartilage - collagen in rubbery matrix
bone - mineralized tissue
blood - liquid plasma matrix
![Page 16: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Collagen
Tough, somewhat flexible protein. Provides the toughness of meats.
Very strong, resists longitudinal stress (tensile strength). Underlies epithelial tissue.
![Page 17: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Elastic fibersLong threads of elastin.
Easily returns to original shape (rubberband). This is from an aorta. Also found in skin and lungs.
Small, unbranched.
Secreted by fibroblasts.
Nuclei of Fibroblast
![Page 18: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Loose Connective Tissue (areolar)
• Loose web of fibers (all 3)
• Fills space between organs (Styrofoam peanuts). Gel-like matrix.
• Composed of elastin (elasticity), collagen (strength), reticular fibers (support/form).
• Edema: excess interstitial fluid absorbed by LCT
![Page 19: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Dense Connective tissue
Tendon Fibrous Connective Tissue.
Bundles of collagenous fibers. Secreted by fibroblasts.
Non-elastic. Resists pulling forces
Fxn: strong attachment between structures (tendons & ligaments)
Nuclei of Fibroblast
![Page 20: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
CartilageHyaline
Elastic cartilage
Chondrocyte
Large amount of collagen, embedded in chondroitin sulfate.
Provide rigid support. Nose, ear, trachea, interverterbral disks.
Reduces friction on ends of long bones, absorbs shock
![Page 21: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Blood
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Connective tissue with liquid matrix (plasma). Two types of cells RBC’s (Erythrocytes) and WBC’s (Leukocytes)
Plasma composed of H2O, NaCl, plasma proteins
R.B.C’s
W.B.C.
![Page 22: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Adipose (FAT)
Nucleus
Adipocyte
15% Male body wt.
22% Female body wt.
![Page 23: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Bone
Osteocytes
Haversian System/ Canal
Support, protection, storage, movement.
Osteocytes produce collagen + calcium phosphate hydroxyapatite
![Page 24: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Muscle Tissuelong cells called muscle fibers capable of contracting when stimulated
3 types
Smooth - involuntary
Skeletal - voluntary
cardiac - walls of heart
![Page 26: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
MuscleSkeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle
Fxn: Motion, Heat production, maintain posture.
Highly specialized for contraction
Aka. VoluntaryStriated, branched.
Intercalated disks to speed impulse.
![Page 27: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Smooth Muscleaka: visceral, unstriated.
Surround hollow structures (stomach, blood vessels, intestine, bladder.
![Page 28: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Nervous tissue
neuron or nerve cell
specialized to transmit nerve impulses
Dendrites: transmit impulses from tips to rest of neuron
Axons: transmit impulses toward another neuron or effector
![Page 29: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Neuron and Glial Cells
![Page 30: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Nervous Tissue
Neuromuscular Junction
![Page 31: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Create a presentation: use microscope pictures
Show the All types of epithelial: simple squamous, simple cuboidal, stratified squamous, simple columnar
tell what they are where they would be located
SHow types of connective tissue and what they do:
adipose, cartilage, loose connective, ground bone (no longer a ground bone slide)
show the 3 kinds of muscle tissue and how to tell them apart:
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Show a neuron - what are the axons and dendrites? - Use a web picture
![Page 32: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Organ systems
Organ: organization of tissues
Mesentaries: suspension of organs (connective tissue)
Thoracic cavity (lungs and heart)
Abdominal cavity (intestines)
Diaphragm (respiration)
Organ systems…...
Digestive-food processing
Circulatory-internal distribution
Respiratory-gas exchange
Immune/Lymphatic-defense
Excretory-waste disposal; osmoregulation
Endocrine-coordination of body activities
Reproductive-reproduction
Nervous-detection of stimuli
Integumentary-protection
Skeletal-support; protection
Muscular-movement; locomotion
![Page 33: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Regulation of Internal Environment
Interstitial fluid: internal environment of vertebrates; exchanges nutrients and wastes
Homeostasis: “steady state” or internal balance
Negative feedback: change in a physiological variable that is being monitored
response counteracts the initial fluctuation;
i.e., body temperature
i.e., uterine contractions at childbirth
![Page 34: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Positive Feedback
Positive feedback: physiological control mechanism in which a change triggers mechanisms that amplify the change;
![Page 35: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Metabolism: sum of all energy-requiring biochemical reactions
Size vs. Metabolic Rate
Inverse relationship
Small = high metabolic rate
Large = low metabolic rate
Endotherms: bodies warmed by metabolic heat
Ectotherms: bodies warmed by environment
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): minimal rate powering basic functions of life (endotherms)
Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR): minimal rate powering basic functions of life (ectotherms)
![Page 36: Histology The study of tissues. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment. We Don’t Like Stress. Physiology identifies and studies the](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e955503460f94b998f9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Countercurrent exchange
Counter Current -Common process in multiple systems
Heat exchange example