historia normannis high constable wargear regulations · 2018. 11. 7. · historia normannis - high...
TRANSCRIPT
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Historia Normannis
High Constable Wargear Regulations
Supplement 1: Scottish Specific Ranks and Kit v2.2 (Bellatores)
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Index Introduction and Legal Information
The Three Estates
Constabulary Information and Contact
Scottish Regions and Ranks
Wargear by Rank
Normano-Scots Ranks
Archer Ranks
Scots Bowman (A)
Scots Levy Archer (A)
Scots Garrison Archer (A)
Infantry Ranks
Scots Levy
Scots Militia
Gaelic-Scots Ranks
Archer Ranks
Sealgair (A)
Boghadair (A)
Boghadair Cath (A)
Gall-Boghadair (A)
Boghadair Cagalor (A)
Infantry Ranks
Fear-cinnidh
Laoch
Gall-Laoch
Laoch Cagalor
Sealgair Mor
Octhigern
Toisech
Toisech Mor
Flaith
Wargear Definitions and Regulations
Celtic Sword
Seax
Langseax
Roundshields Celtic Helms
Leather Jack
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Introduction The Scots Specific Ranks and Kit outlines all the equipment and specific military ranks that
applies to Scottish groups and members. Any equipment that is listed in glossary in the main
Wargear Regulations is not repeated here- however a glossary of Scots Specific Kit is
included at the bottom of the document.
A second (new) document, the Scottish Field Manual outlines Scottish orders, field combat
styles, and other useful information.
As of this edition I’ve added more traditional Scots terms (replacing most English terms with
synonymous Scots Gaelic terms). There has also been a T1 combat archer rank added in line
with the master Normannis documents, as this was omitted by oversight- to clarify there is
now a T1 combat and T1 non-combat archer rank.
The tables have been updated and small errors have been removed (special thanks to James
Cheese for helping with the painstaking compare-and-revise proof reading).
-Daniel FitzEdward
Head of Historia Normannis, High Constable 2015
Legal Information All information and graphics contained within is the original work of Daniel FitzEdward, or
other members of the media team, unless specifically stated otherwise. All information is
thereby property of Historia Normannis, and may be reproduced in part or in entirety by its
members for the purposes of informing, educating or referencing within the society or
liaising with event organisers.
The information within is not to be reproduced in part or in entirety for the benefit of those
outside the organisation without the express permission of Historia Normannis.
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The Three Estates
Laboratores (Those who work) - Non-combative members who are not part of the Ecclesiastic structure
fall into this section, as well as combat members when not participating in military
displays/activities. See the Laboratores & Encampment Regulations for more information
about this estate.
Oratores (Those who pray) - Members who are part of the Ecclesiastical and Monastic displays within
the society. See the Ecclesiastical & Holy Orders regulations for further details on this estate.
Bellatores (Those who fight) - Members who are part of the military displays and combat within the
society. This is what this document covers specifically.
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Constabulary Structure At each level of the society there is a person responsible for melee and ranged combat-
structured as follows;
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Bellatores Contact Details
High Constable Daniel FitzEdward - ([email protected])
Marshals Paul Blakey- England- ([email protected]) Jim Fanning (Acting)- Wales- ([email protected])
Daniel FitzEdward (Acting)- Scotland- ([email protected])
Constables By Region
England
Westmorland- Sarah “Pinky” Porthouse ([email protected])
Lancashire – Michael Nicholls ([email protected])
Yorkshire – Joseph Clark ([email protected])
West Mercia – (Acting) Gareth Davies ([email protected])
North Mercia- Alex Smith ([email protected])
South Mercia- Dominic Abbott ([email protected])
Sussex – James Hutchinson ([email protected])
Wessex- Gary Colling ([email protected])
Scotland
Lalians- Luke Dawson- ([email protected])
Wales
Glamorgan- Gareth Davies ([email protected])
Master Herald Philip Roebuck - ([email protected])
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]
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Scottish Regions and Ranks
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Green Region Cell Groups The regions marked in green,
representing the most
‘Normanised’ regions, have the
most Normannis-standard
structure.
The standard Normannis cell
structure remains the same,
with the replacement of the
ranks Levy, Levy Archer,
Militia and Garrison Archer
with the Normano-Scots ranks
outlined below. These are
similar to their Anglo-Norman
counterparts, but with
ethnically distinct equipment as
marked on their rank tables.
The cell group structure
remains otherwise the same.
Yellow Region Cell-Groups The regions marked in yellow are the areas where the ethnic Scottish ways
predominated, but with an ‘overlay’ of Normano-Scots nobility. These groups replace
the first three ranks with the Scottish-specific ranks listed below- so that their rank
structure runs- Clansmen, Laoch, Gall-Laoch, Serjeant, Squire, Knight.
Red Region Cell-Groups The regions marked in red were not directly changed by the emergence of the
Norman model of feudalism- and remained entirely clan-based in structure. Groups
in these regions maintain the full run of Scottish ranks below.
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Normano-Scots Military Ranks
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Normano-Scots Ranks The infrastructure of these regions was decidedly Franco-Norman feudalism, but it
was on the traditional Scottish structure that it was built- this gave Scottish urban
forces a similar ‘blueprint’ to their Anglo and Franco-Norman counterparts, but with
the distinct regional variations that came with Scottish military traditions.
Scottish Bowman (A) (T1) Those members of the levy unable or unwilling to furnish themselves for close
combat, but instead armed with a bow and arrows only. Able to garrison positions or
provide support from behind large blocks of men, they were otherwise unable to
engage the enemy in close quarters.
Scottish Levy Archer (A) (T1) These members represent some of the lightest-equipped troops in a given force, and
would have been employed for skirmishing, scouting or light support roles, being
equipped with some form of melee weapon as well as a ranged weapon.
Sottish Levy (T1) These members represent the rural levy- and as such they would largely be farmers
with little practical military experience and without the training and equipment
infrastructure found in cities such as Edinburgh.
Scottish Militia Archer (A) (T2) The militia system that emerged in cities and urban areas was designed to produce
garrison troops- as such a large number of equipped and trained archers were
considered an important asset, both in defending towns and supporting heavier
troops.
Scottish Militia (T2)
The militia represent those forces raised from towns and urban centres. These men
had better, formalised access to training and equipment, and would attend regular
military drill (around once a month). These were the preferred troops to provide
medium infantry on campaign- being considered more reliable than the general levy.
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Wargear by Rank
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The information contained in this section explains what kit is allowable for which rank, as
well as stating the ‘required minimum’ kit impression- that is, the kit a member must have to
be considered as portraying that given rank.
Unlike previous seasons, the ‘Unacceptable’ column has been removed from each rank; any
equipment not listed explicitly is assumed to be ‘unacceptable’.
Due to the new arrangement of the information, archer ranks are now integrated into the list
and are marked with an (A) after their name.
Normano-Scots Ranks Scottish Feudal Troops Scottish Bowman (A)
Scottish Levy Archer (A)
Scottish Levy
Scottish Garrison Archer (A)
Scottish Militia
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Archer Ranks
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Scottish Bowman (A)
Rank at a Glance
Scottish bowmen are non-combat archers, and
as such do not participate in the melee
aspect of combat displays, therefore it is
generally not advisable that they carry
and perceivable hand-weapons other
than, perhaps, a long-knife slung
from the belt. This is also the de-
facto rank for any members aged
14-16 who take part in the archery
phase of combat.
Despite being an item of
clothing the hood is listed as
ideal, as it neatly completes the
kit impression as well as helping
conceal female members
shooting; for a description of the
item refer to the clothing regulations.
Please note as the rank is a non-
combative one, it is the only rank listed that
does not require the member to wear some form of
hand protection.
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head - Hood Arming Cap
Body - - -
Legs - Winningas -
Additional Gear Arrows/Quarrels (6) Waist-belt
Arrows/Quarrels (12) Hip-quiver/Bolt-box
Leather gloves
Weapons Bow/Crossbow Selfbow Warbow/Crossbow Long-knife/Seax
Shield - - -
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Scottish Levy Archer (A)
Rank at a Glance
Levy Archers represent those men of the general levy who were primarily equipped
with bows and crossbows to fight. These weapons proved invaluable in
the defence of garrison towns and castles- and were widely used both
north and south of the border.
Members of this rank are ‘combat archers’- that is they take part
in both the archery and subsequent melee phases of combat.
As such they require the basic combat gear necessary to
fight and to shoot. Members with crossbows are advised to
use padded leather or woollen mufflers as they can still
operate their crossbow in such gloves. Bow-users
are advised to either modify leather mufflers or
use a pair of leather combat gloves to allow them to
use their bow effectively.
Wherever possible Scottish Levy Archers should
practise switching between their chosen bow-weapon
and melee weapon, and ensure they can do quickly
when required to at events.
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head - Celtic Helm Skullcap/Nasal Helm
Body - Leather Jack Light Gambeson
Legs - Winningas -
Additional Gear Arrows/Quarrels (6) Combat Gloves
Waist-belt
Arrows/Quarrels (12) Combat Gloves
Hip-quiver/Bolt Box
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Weapons Bow/Crossbow Spear/Polearm
Selfbow/Crossbow Bill/Spear
Warbow, Long-knife/Seax
Lance/Langseax/Warclub Hand-axe/Long-axe
Shield Roundshield (if using a single-
handed weapon in melee)
Roundshield (Not worn when shooting)
Soldier’s Kite (not worn when
shooting)
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Scottish Garrison Archer (A)
Rank at a Glance Garrison archers are those men who fulfilled their military quarantine by
performing guard duty in castles and cities, furnishing themselves with crossbows or
bows. They would have opportunity to train and practise, and would have access to
some disposable income to allow for acquiring armour.
These members should represent the general line archer- and for
preference should fight with polearms and a back slung shield - if
members do fight with melee equipment they must
furnish themselves with a single-handed spear in addition
to a hand-weapon to meet the requirements of the
Assize of Arms.
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Arming Cap (no body armour)
Skullcap/Nasal Helm Celtic Helm
Body - Light Gambeson Leather Jack
Legs - Winningas -
Additional Gear Arrows/Quarrels (8) Combat Gloves
Hip-quiver/Bolt-box
Arrows/Quarrels (12) Combat Gloves
Hip-quiver/Bolt Box
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Weapons Bow/Crossbow Polearm/Spear
Selfbow/Crossbow Spear, Long-axe
Seax (as secondary)
Warbow Long-Knife/Langseax,
Lance Warclub, Hand-axe, Bill
Shield Roundshield (if using single-handed
weapon in melee)
Roundshield (not worn when shooting)
Soldier’s Kite (not worn when shooting)
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Infantry Ranks
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Scottish Levy
Rank at a Glance Levy members represent those poorer freemen who would answer a
general summons to arms; some of whom managed to reach
the minimum requirements laid down in the Assize of
Arms, and some of whom did not.
This is the ‘starter rank’ for most members - some
members may wish to remain as such due to the low kit
requirements. In the normal course of events once a
member has attended a few events they are usually
eligible for progression to Militia if they so wish.
Ideally members should seek to begin acquiring the
light gambeson, helm and arming cap ideal for the rank
towards the end of their first season of shows, allowing for
them to progress to Militia.
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head - Celtic Helm Skullcap/Nasal Helm
Body - Light Gambeson Leather Jack
Legs - Winningas -
Additional Gear Combat Gloves
Combat Gloves Padded Leather/Wool
Mufflers
-
Weapons Polearm/Spear Spear/Lance, Bill, Long-knife/
Hand-axe
Seax, Long-axe Langseax
Shield Roundshield Roundshield Soldier’s Kite
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Scottish Militia
Rank at a Glance Militia as Normannis represents them would make up the bulk of most ‘levied’ forces
from the Freemen of the realm. This is the ‘default’ military rank for members
who take part in the military displays of Normannis.
Please note that as of the 2014-2015 the equipment listed allows for
a range of kit impressions- allowing for a more ‘professional and
affluent’ militia impression. Those members being put
forward for Serviens should seek to acquire the maille
listed in the ‘Acceptable’ column.
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Skullcap Helm Nasal/Skullcap Helm Celtic Helm
Body Leather Jack Light Gambeson Full gambeson Maille Corslet
(over either gambeson)
Legs - Winningas -
Additional Gear Combat Gloves
Combat Gloves Padded Mufflers
(with Full Gambeson)
Padded Leather/Wool Mufflers
Weapons Polearm/Spear Spear/Bill/ Lance, Hand-axe, Long-axe,
Langseax Seax
Proto-falchion, Long-knife (as primary/secondary)
Fauchard/Warclub
Shield Roundshield Roundshield Soldier’s Kite
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Gaelic-Scots Ranks
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Gaelic-Scots military society was divided into three distinct groups- Clan Levies Military service was an integral part of medieval life across the British Isles, long
before the coming of the Normans or even the Romans. Celtic society expected every
man between 14 and 50 to fight at a moment’s notice- either in inter-regional or
national warfare. Typically these men provided themselves with spears, shields and
bows, the staples of Celtic warfare, though in Scotland lingering Saxon and
Scandinavian influence had also left cultural traces in the form of hand-axes, seaxes
and polearms.
Mercenaries and Household The term mercenary has a very broad definition in medieval parlance- it means any
man who fights for pay, rather than for a feudal obligation. These men could be
foreigners who travelled to local conflicts to find employment, but equally local men
who had attained arms and the skill to use them could charge for their service. In
modern terms all professional soldiers would be considered ‘mercenaries’ by the
medieval definition. Members of the clan leadership’s household were, technically,
mercenaries (in that they would receive cash reward for their service), but this was
less regular payments as much as periodic reward when times were good.
In Scotland these men would often be from a different clan or region than then one
in which they presently served, though Gaelic Irish and North-Sea Scandinavian
troops would not have been unknown.
Clan Nobility The traditional ruling class of Scotland- these men blended elements of Anglo-Saxon,
Hiberno-Norse and traditional Celtic notions of leadership into a complex
conceptional model somewhere between a chieftain and a jarl. The military aspect of
all these cultures necessitated a war-like countenance, if not in practise then at least
in theory, and these men were highly resistant to the modern Norman-model
‘imported’ nobility increasingly present in Royal lands. Their households were
usually formed from the second-sons and cousins of their immediate family, creating
a complex web of authority and family that shaped the concept of the ‘clans’.
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Gaelic-Scots Ranks Clan Levies Sealgair (A)
Boghadair (A)
Fear-cinnidh
Boghadair Cath (A)
Laoch
Mercenaries and Household Gall-Boghadair (A)
Gall-Laoch
Boghadair-Cagalor (A)
Laoch-Cagalor Sealgair Mor (A) Clan Nobility Octhigern
Toisech
Toisech Mor
Flaith
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Clan Levies Sealgair (A) T1 Clansmen who hunted for their living, and therefore avoided hand-to-hand combat in
preference of their skills with bow. These men would be used to stalking and
shooting a single accurate shot, and would be of most value scouting for the army
and providing forage.
Boghadair (A) T1 The catch-all term for freemen who were members of the Scottish clan system and
wielded a bow when on campaign as their primary weapon.
Fear-cinnidh T1
The catch-all term for freemen who were members of the Scottish clan system- these
men would be drovers, farmers and fishermen by tradition, and would fight
whenever called upon by their Thane.
Boghadair Cath (A) T2
A Fear-cinnidh who has focused their martial skills on the use of the bow- and had
practised the use of it in combat. These men would have other primary occupations,
but if called on could use both their bow and their other weapons to good effect.
Laoch (T2)
The term Laoch roughly translates into ‘warrior’, and reflected that these men, whilst
having other primary occupations, were experienced, and prepared, for war.
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Mercenaries and Household Gall-Boghadair (A) (T3)
Archers, usually of a Scandinavian background, who sold their services with a bow or
crossbow in return for money. These men would be consummate professionals,
usually hired for skirmishes at sea, where their skills were highly valued before ships
closed contact.
Gall-Laoch (T3)
The mercenaries present in Scotland varied in ethnic background from some
Northern Englishmen to Scandinavian to native Scots who sold their services to the
highest bidder. These men were usually more experienced and reliable than their
contemporary levied troops.
Boghadair Cagalor (T4)
Archers who were members of the local Toisech (or Thane)’s warband- utilising the
bow for loose-formation fighting and skirmishing in areas where the terrain favoured
broken formation skirmish-tactics as much as direct conflict. These men were often
found in walled settlements where their skills were useful in defending the walls and
gates.
Laoch-Cagalor (T4)
Men sworn to their Toisech (or Thane) had a similar relationship to Anglo-Saxon
Huscarls- they were kept by their lord, would live within his extended dwelling, and
serve him in war. These men had close blood ties to the Toisech and treated warfare
as a way of life.
Sealgear-Mor (A) (T5)
Literally the ‘great huntsmen’- the head Sealgair and part of the Toisech’s household,
this man would be highly skilled with a bow and coordinate other bowmen on behalf
of his chieftain.
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Clan Nobility Octhigern (T5) Members of the Toisech’s family who also served as the foremost members of his
Laoch-Cagalor; usually second-cousins and nephews. These men would treat warfare
as a way of life, as well as trying to prove themselves and their ability to one day lead
the clan.
Toisech (T6) A term anglicised to ‘Thane’- these men were the clan chieftains, owning lands and
wielding authority through blood-ties and tradition. Their weapons and armour
would be, in some cases, almost indiscernible from their Normano-Scots
counterparts.
Toisech-Mor (T7) A term anglicised to ‘Great Thane’- these men were the foremost clan chieftains in
their lands- leading large clans that might sprawl across several different settlements
and include ‘sub chiefs’ who answered to the Toisech Mor.
Flaith (T8)
A term anglicised to ‘Baron’ or ‘Overlord’- these men were the overarching authority
in their lands- leading groups of clans in war and peace. These men were often
wealthy and affected some Norman luxuries, but would remain relatively aloof from
the Normanised world until the end of the 13th century.
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Archer Ranks
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Sealgair (A)
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head - Hood -
Body - - -
Legs - - Winningas
Additional Gear Arrows/Quarrels (6) Waist-belt
Arrows/Quarrels (12) Hip-quiver/Bolt-box
Brown leather gloves
Weapon Bow/Crossbow Selfbow Warbow/Crossbow Long-knife/Seax (worn at belt)
Shield - - -
Rank at a Glance Some clansmen would be hunters by trade- and when
marching to war would take only their bow with
them. These men would not be experienced
warriors, but would instead be excellent
trackers, hunters and woodsmen, serving the
force more as a scout and hunting for forage
rather than as a dedicated field archer.
As these members are non-combat
archers they are not required to wear any
kind of hand-protection, to better nock
and draw.
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Boghadair (A)
Rank at a Glance Unlike Huntsmen, who represent men who hunted for a living and
were unable or unwilling to furnish themselves with close-combat
weapons, these men represent those men who actively used the bow
as their weapon of choice.
These men would be drovers and farmers most of the year
round, but during conflicts would campaign across the summer
to return home for the harvest or droving season.
This is a rank of Scottish soldier permitted to wear a leather jack
as armour- but it must be worn with a
helm.
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head - Hood/Arming Cap (without body armour)
Celtic Helm
Body - None Light Gambeson Leather Jack
Legs - - Winningas
Additional Gear Arrows/Quarrels (6) Combat Gloves
Waist-belt
Arrows/Quarrels (12) Combat Gloves
Hip-quiver/Bolt-box
Padded Leather Mufflers
Weapon Bow/Crossbow Spear/Polearm
Selfbow Spear/Bill
Seax (as secondary)
Warbow/Crossbow Lance
Long-knife Hand-axe/Langseax
Shield Roundshield (if using single-handed
weapon in melee)
Roundshield (not worn when
shooting)
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Boghadair Cath (A)
Rank at a Glance Literally translating as ‘war bowmen’, this rank represents men skilled
with the use of the bow that chose it as their primary weapon. The
skirmish-and-ambush style of Scots combat suited their weapon
perfectly, as loose formations of men could be locked down, dogged
or even eliminated by bows from a distance. Due to their
experience of warfare these men would often wear light armour
and carry melee weapons with which they were also
accustomed, acting as an all-purpose soldier on campaign.
This is a rank of Scottish soldier permitted to wear a
leather jack as armour- but it must be worn with a helm.
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head - Celtic Helm
Arming Cap (without body armour)
Body - Leather Jack Light Gambeson
-
Legs - - Winningas
Additional Gear Arrows/Quarrels (6) Combat Gloves
Waist-belt
Arrows/Quarrels (12) Combat Gloves
Hip-quiver/Bolt-box
Padded Leather Mufflers
Weapon Bow/Crossbow Spear/Polearm
Selfbow Spear/Bill
Seax (as secondary)
Warbow/Crossbow Lance
Long-knife Hand-axe/Langseax
Shield Roundshield (if using single-handed
weapon in melee)
Roundshield (not worn when
shooting)
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Gall-Boghadair (A)
Rank at a Glance The term Gall-Boghadair translates roughly as ‘foreign archer’- this would be
synonymous with mercenaries armed with bows. Mercenaries were an ever-present
group in most countries- and due to the endemic border and inter-clan warfare in
Scotland, were a common sight. Some of these men would be Scots from other
regions of the country, or Flemish, Northern English or Scandinavian in origin.
Members portraying this rank are encouraged to explore an ‘ethnic’ impression on
the Encampment and battlefield, and engage in further research on such cultures
and languages.
These men were of great use, but equally considered
ultimately expendable.
Archers were in high demand in 12th century
warfare- especially armoured and well-trained
professionals who could support formations of infantry,
drive back cavalry on rough terrain, attack or defend in siege
warfare and, crucially in Scottish warfare, be used in ship-based
warfare and raiding.
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Celtic Helm Celtic Helm
Nasal/Skullcap Helm
Body Light Gambeson Full Gambeson Leather Jack (worn over full gambeson)
Legs - - Winningas
Additional Gear Arrows/Quarrels (6) Combat Gloves
Waist-belt
Arrows/Quarrels (12) Combat Gloves
Hip-quiver/Bolt-box
Padded Leather Mufflers
Weapon Bow/Crossbow Spear/Polearm
Warbow/Crossbow Spear, Bill/Glaive,
Seax (as secondary)
Selfbow Langseax/Long-knife/Hand-axe
Lance, Celtic Sword/Sword
Shield Roundshield (if using single-handed
weapon in melee)
Soldier’s Kite (not worn when shooting)
Roundshield (worn when shooting)
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Boghadair Cagalor (A)
Rank at a Glance Some Scottish terrain favoured the bow much more than the
spear or sword, and as such many warriors were as skilled
with the bow as with their hand-weapons.
Whilst dedicated use of the bow was sometimes
sneered at by their peers, and not as popular as the use
of the axe and the sword, some bowmen made their
way into the households of clan nobility. These men
were useful in defending walled settlements,
skirmishing around the flanks of formations and
bringing down enemy skirmishers in battle.
Members of this rank represent the first level of
‘hearth-troop’- albeit the lighter-armed skirmish
element of such forces.
This is a rank of Scottish soldier permitted to wear a
leather jack over their armour- but it must be worn
with a helm.
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Celtic Helm Celtic Helm
Nasal/Skullcap Helm
Body Full Gambeson Leather Jack (over full gambeson)
Full Gambeson Maille Corslet
(over either gambeson)
Legs - - Winningas
Additional Gear Arrows/Quarrels (6) Combat Gloves
Waist-belt
Arrows/Quarrels (12) Combat Gloves
Hip-quiver/Bolt-box
Padded Leather Mufflers Padded Mufflers
Weapon Warbow/Crossbow
Warbow Lance, Celtic Sword Seax (as secondary)
Crossbow Long-knife (as secondary)
Langseax/Hand-axe/Glaive Long-axe/Spear
Shield Roundshield
Roundshield Soldier’s Kite
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Sealgair Mor (A)
Rank at a Glance Most important Toisechs would have a huntsman as part of their household-
the man who managed the local forested areas and acted as gamekeeper, as
well as providing meat for the lord’s table.
These men would be well-versed with a bow, familiar with woodlands
and familiar with the local land, and therefore were a natural choice
when the clan’s archers required a captain. As a member of the
Toisech’s household they could usually afford wargear of
some value, and would have experience of campaigning and
raiding.
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Celtic Helm Celtic Helm Nasal/Skullcap Helm
Body Maille Corslet Maille Corslet (over full gambeson)
Maille Haubergion Leather Jack over maille
Legs - - Winningas
Additional Gear Arrows/Quarrels (6) Combat Gloves
Waist-belt
Arrows/Quarrels (12) Combat Gloves
Hip-quiver/Bolt-box
Padded Leather Mufflers Padded Mufflers
Weapon Warbow/Crossbow Hand-weapon
Warbow Lance, Celtic Sword Seax (as secondary)
Crossbow Long-knife (as secondary)
Langseax/Hand-axe
Shield Roundshield
Soldier’s Kite (not worn when shooting)
Roundshield (worn when shooting)
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Infantry Ranks
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Fear-cinnidh
Rank at a Glance The term Fear-cinnidh translates as “man of the clan/tribe”- used in
a similar manner as the defacto Anglo-Norman term “freeman”.
Most male members of the clan would be expected to fight in
blood-feuds, border disputes, or on campaign when their lords were
called on.
These men were not soldiers by trade- but would have some very
limited experience of war and basic wargear.
These members are representing the bulk of Clan forces- those
men who would give weight to formations but not expected to
stand up to direct combat with more professional or well-equipped
forces.
This is a rank of Scottish soldier permitted to wear a leather jack as
armour- but it must be worn with a helm.
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head - Celtic Helm Skullcap/Nasal
Body - Leather Jack Light Gambeson
-
Legs - - Winningas
Additional Gear Combat Gloves
Combat Gloves
Padded Leather Mufflers
Weapon Lance/Spear Spear/Lance/Bill Long-axe /Hand-axe
Long-knife/Seax
Langseax
Shield Roundshield Roundshield
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Laoch
Rank at a Glance The term ‘Laoch’ was roughly synonymous with ‘soldier’ in most Celtic countries-
poetically alluding to the most common weapon of such men.
These members represent the bulk of ‘clan’ forces- men with some military
experience from raiding or local feuding warfare, but who followed other
occupations as their primary concern.
These men would be drovers and farmers most of the year round, but during
conflicts would campaign across the summer to return home for the harvest or
droving season.
This is a rank of Scottish soldier permitted to wear a leather jack as armour- but it
must be worn with a helm.
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Celtic Helm Celtic Helm Skullcap/Nasal Helm
Body Leather Jack Light Gambeson Maille Corselet
(over leather jack)
Full Gambeson Maille Corselet
(over full gambeson)
Legs - - Winningas
Additional Gear Combat Gloves
Combat Gloves
Padded Leather Mufflers
Weapon Spear/Polearm Spear/Lance/Polearm, Langseax/Hand-axe
Seax (primary/secondary)
Long-knife
Shield Roundshield Roundshield
Soldier’s Kite
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Gall-Laoch
Rank at a Glance The term Gall-Laoch literally means, “foreign soldier”- which is roughly synonymous
to the term mercenary. Mercenaries were an ever-present group in
most countries- and due to the endemic border and inter-clan
warfare in Scotland, were a common sight. Some of these men
would be Scots from other regions of the country, or Flemish,
Northern English or Scandinavian in origin. Members
portraying this rank are encouraged to explore an ‘ethnic’
impression on the Encampment and battlefield, and
engage in further research on such cultures and
languages.
The most common mercenaries in Scotland were
heavy infantry wielding axes or swords- men
designed to stiffen the ranks of Clan levies and
challenge heavily armoured horsemen.
In later years the Irish would hire large numbers
of such men, of Norse and Scotio-Norse origin, to
contend with the heavy Norman cavalry. Such
men were called ‘Galloch-Glaich’’, or
‘Gallowglass’, which meant literally, ‘Scottish
Axeman’.
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Celtic Helm Celtic Helm Nasal Helm
Body Maille Corselet (over leather jack)
Maille Corselet (with ventailed coif over full gambeson)
Maille Haubergion
Legs - - Winningas
Additional Gear Combat Gloves
Combat Gloves
Padded Leather Mufflers
Weapon Spear/Polearm Spear/Lance Long-axe/ Sword
Seax (as secondary)
Ball Mace, Hand-axe, Bill/Glaive, Celtic Sword, Langseax,
Long-knife (as secondary)
Shield Roundshield Soldier’s Kite
Transitional Kite/Roundshield
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Laoch Cagalor
Rank at a Glance Toisechs would maintain a group of armed retainers, much in the same way as the
Anglo-Saxon lords would have a company of Huscarls. These men were sworn to
their lord’s service, and were honour bound to him.
Whilst not formally paid for their services, nor granted lands, these men received
social status and a share of their lord’s wealth and spoils. As such they had a vested
interest in their lord’s fortunes.
Members of this rank are representing almost a
military body-guard- men who were expected to
keep their lord alive and make up an easily
mobilised, quickly-deployed and highly
professional fighting force- the ‘heavy hitters’ of
clan warfare.
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Celtic Helm Celtic Helm Nasal Helm
Body Maille Haubergion
Maille Haubergion (with ventailed coif)
Early Hauberk Leather Jack worn over maille
Legs - - Winningas
Additional Gear Combat Gloves
Padded mufflers Padded Leather Mufflers
Weapon Spear/Polearm Sword (either)
Spear/Lance/ Long-axe Celtic Sword/Sword Seax (as secondary)
Ball Mace, Hand-axe, Glaive, Langseax,
Long-knife (as secondary)
Shield Roundshield Roundshield Soldier’s Kite
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Octhigern
Rank at a Glance Octhigerns were members of the
Toisech’s family- usually cousins and
nephews. These men, with their blood ties
to the lord, were considered ‘lesser lords’ in
their own right, as well as serving the Toisech
in a similar capacity to knights in Franco-
European feudalism.
These men would treat warfare as a way of life,
and be well-equipped for battle.
Members portraying this rank represent the
warrior elite of the clan system- men who would
fight for most of their life and look to inherit
their own lands and sects of the clan in time.
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Celtic Helm Celtic Helm Nasal Helm
Body Maille Haubergion
Early Hauberk (with ventail)
Maille Haubergion (with ventailed coif)
Leather Jack worn over maille
Legs - - Winningas
Additional Gear Combat Gloves
Padded mufflers Padded Leather Mufflers
Weapon Spear/Polearm Sword (either)
Spear/Lance, Dane-axe Celtic Sword/Sword Seax (as secondary)
Ball Mace, Hand-axe, Long-knife (as secondary)
Shield Roundshield Soldier’s Kite
Roundshield
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Toisech
Rank at a Glance
Often anglicised in modern English to ‘Thane’, these men were the Clan chiefs- considered minor nobility in the Celtic world. In some
cases these men would actually hold a knighthood under the feudal
system, as well as their traditional claims to their lands and title
through the clan system.
These men would be the leaders of the clan in both war and
peace, answerable only to the Mormaer (the Celtic
equivalent of an earl) or higher-born nobles of their
family (Flaith).
The Toisech who would hold lands with
multiple clans or sects of clans.
Depending on member’s desires (and
consideration to how remote their lands are)
these members can give a highly Celtic
impression, or alternatively a highly Normano-
inspired kit impression (which was increasingly
the case in areas bordering Norman-influence).
Please note the lack of maille mufflers- a feature
which is not apparent outside of Norman-
influenced lands.
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Open Helm Celtic Helm/Nasal Helm Open Helm Expanded Nasal Helm
Body Maille Haubergion
Early Hauberk (with ventail)
Hauberk Leather Jack worn over maille
Legs - - Chausses, Winningas
Additional Gear Combat Gloves
Padded mufflers Padded Leather Mufflers
Weapon Spear/Polearm Sword (either)
Spear/Lance Celtic Sword/Sword
Long-knife/Seax (as secondary)
Mace, Hand-axe, Long-axe, Dagger
Shield Roundshield Soldier’s Kite Knight’s Kite Roundshield
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Toisech Mor
Rank at a Glance Often anglicised in modern English to ‘Great Thane’, these men were the foremost
Clan chiefs- considered nobility in the Celtic world. In some cases these men would
actually hold a knighthood under the feudal system, as well as their traditional
claims to their lands and title through the clan system.
These men would be the leaders of clans in both war and peace, answerable only to
the Mormaer (the Celtic equivalent of an earl) who would hold lands with multiple
clans or sects of clans.
Depending on member’s desires (and
consideration to how remote their lands
are) these members can give a highly
Celtic impression, or alternatively a
highly Normano-inspired kit impression
(which was increasingly the case in
areas bordering Norman-influence).
This is a rank of Scottish soldier permitted to
wear a leather jack over armour- when
wearing full maille, a surcoat should be worn.
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Open Helm Celtic Helm/Nasal Helm Open Helm Expanded Nasal Helm
Body Early Hauberk Leather Jack over Hauberk Hauberk
Legs - Chausses Winningas
Additional Gear Combat Gloves
Padded mufflers Padded Leather Mufflers Maille mufflers
Weapon Spear/Polearm Sword (either)
Spear/Lance, Celtic Sword/Sword
Long-knife/Seax (as secondary)
Mace, Hand-axe, Long-axe Dagger
Shield Roundshield Knight’s Kite Soldier’s Kite Roundshield
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Flaith
Rank at a Glance The term ‘Flaith’ meant ‘Noble’, and seems to have been used roughly analogously
with the term ‘Baron’ in Western Europe.
These men were powerful magnates who held sway over a swathe of Clans, all of
whom would be tied to the Flaith by blood-ties or complex
marriage alliances.
Depending on member’s desires (and consideration to how
remote their lands are) these members can give a highly
Celtic impression, or alternatively follow the
standard Normannis kit regulations for Baron
(which was increasingly the case in areas
bordering Norman-influence).
This is a rank of Scottish soldier permitted to
wear a leather jack over armour- when
wearing full maille, a surcoat should be
worn.
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Open Helm Celtic Helm/Nasal Helm Open Helm Expanded Nasal Helm
Body Early Hauberk
Leather Jack over Hauberk Hauberk
Legs - Chausses Winningas
Additional Gear Combat Gloves
Padded mufflers Padded Leather Mufflers Maille mufflers
Weapon Spear/Polearm Sword (either)
Spear/Lance, Celtic Sword/Sword
Long-knife (as secondary)
Mace, Hand-axe, Long-axe Dagger
Shield Soldier’s Kite Knight’s Kite Late Kite Heater Shield
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Wargear Definitions
And Regulations
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Celtic Sword Celtic Sword R I A U Sealgair (A)
X
Boghadair (A)
X
Boghadair Cath (A) X
Gall-Boghadair (A) X
Boghadair-Cagalor (A) X
Sealgair Mor (A) X
Fear-cinnidh X
Laoch X
Gall-Laoch X
Laoch-Cagalor X
Octhigern X
Toisech X
Toisech Mor X
Flaith X
Overview Swords represent the pinnacle of 12th century weapon prestige, and as such should be
very well maintained - the blades and fittings featuring no tarnishing or rust, with no
notable dents or nicks in the sword edge (these should be smoothed away) and with a
well maintained leather-wrapped or bare wooden grip. When selecting a sword, most
members should look at the ideal lengths, however, as weapons should always be in
proportion to the owner, particularly short or tall members should look at the
minimum and maximum lengths.
These sword should feature a single fuller running either the length of the blade or
2/3rds of the length of the blade. These swords can be slung from split sword-belts, or
slung from shoulder-baldrics or waist belts with suspension loops.
Celtic Sword Minimum Maximum Ideal
Blade Length 26” 32” 28”-30” Point Profile 2008 issue 1p 3” rounded 2008 issue 10p
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When selecting a sword, please refer to the sword table below
The pommels have been assigned letters (A-E) and the five predominant forms of crosses numbers (1-
5). The intention is that the crosses represent bars of steel without additional embellishment or
notable design features. Other styles were present, but these are significantly rarer and should be
discussed with the Constabulary.
The given letter-number combinations represent finished ‘swords’- so A3 would be a trilobe
pommel with a wide, narrow cross.
Period Dateline Ideal Rank
A1 X 9th Century X TOO EARLY FOR USE X
A2 Mid 11th-12th century T5-9
A3 Mid 11th-12th century T5-9
A4 Early 11th century T5
A5 Late Late 12th-Early 13th century T5-9 B1 Early 11th century T3-5 B2 Mid 11th-12th century T3-5 B3 Late Late 12th-Early 13th century T5-9 B4 Early 11th century T3-5 B5 Late Late 12th-Early 13th century T5-9 C1 Early 11th century T3-5 C2 Mid 11th-12th century T3-5 C3 Mid 11th-12th century T3-9 C4 Early 11th century T3-5 C5 Mid 11th-12th century T3-9
D1 X 9th century X TOO EARLY FOR USE X D2 Early 11th century T3-5 D3 Mid 11th-12th century T3-9
D4 X 9th century X TOO EARLY FOR USE X D5 Mid 11th-12th century T3-9
E1 X 9th century X TOO EARLY FOR USE X E2 Mid 11th century T3-9 E3 Mid 11th-12th century T3-9 E4 Early 11th-12th century T3-5 E5 Mid 11th-12th century T3-9
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Seax Seax R I A U Sealgair (A) X
Boghadair (A) X
Boghadair Cath (A) X
Gall-Boghadair (A) X
Boghadair-Cagalor (A) X
Sealgair Mor (A) X
Fear-cinnidh X
Laoch X
Gall-Laoch X
Laoch-Cagalor X
Octhigern X
Toisech X
Toisech Mor X
Flaith X
Seax Minimum Maximum Ideal
Blade Length 6” 18” 16” Point Profile 2008 issue 1p 1” rounded 2008 issue 10p
Overview Seaxes, either in their rounded form, or the
more ‘classic’ broken-back triangular form,
remained in common use in Scotland long after
fading out and evolving to different profiles in
England.
These may be mounted with wooden, bone or antler hilts- or a hilt that comprises a
mix of these materials. They may feature additional metalwork in the way of guard
or cap plates.
These weapons conform to the same basic measurements and restrictions as the
long-knife, but conform to a different blade profile. Care should be taken to ensure
that the rear ‘point’ is rounded to acceptable proportions as well as the point of the
weapon.
Knives, like all blades, must be accompanied by a scabbard - either a leather scabbard
with a semi-rigid 'back-seam' or a leather covered wooden scabbard. Saexes classically
had a scabbard with a seam along either the blunt or sharp edge of the knife, and
were suspended either vertically or horizontally from the belt.
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Langseax Langseax R I A U
Sealgair (A) X
Boghadair (A) X
Boghadair Cath (A) X
Gall-Boghadair (A) X
Boghadair-Cagalor (A) X
Sealgair Mor (A) X
Fear-cinnidh X
Laoch X
Gall-Laoch X
Laoch-Cagalor X
Octhigern X
Toisech X
Toisech Mor X
Flaith X
Overview A Langseax is a Germanic/Scandinavian weapon comprising a long, vaguely
triangular section blade, sharpened along the ‘flat’ edge, with a hilt without pommel
or cross. By the 12th century these seem to have evolved in such a way to feature a far
more rounded blade profile,
These weapons served a similar function to the Proto-Falchion, but were distinctly
Anglo-Scandinavian in origin, but developed from the same evolutionary family as
the seax.
These weapons should feature a blade that conforms to standard sword regulations,
with a single fuller running along the ‘spine’ of the blade. These weapons may be
mounted with wooden, bone or antler hilts- or a hilt that comprises a mix of these
materials. They may feature additional metalwork in the way of guard or cap plates.
These weapons must be accompanied by a scabbard - either a leather scabbard with a
semi-rigid 'back-seam' or a leather covered wooden scabbard. Saexes classically had a
scabbard with a seam along either the blunt or sharp edge of the knife, and were
suspended either vertically or horizontally from the belt.
Langseax Minimum Maximum Ideal
Blade Length 18” 22” 20”
Point Profile 2008 issue 1p 3” rounded 2008 issue 10p
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Roundshield Roundshield R I A U Sealgair (A) X Boghadair (A) X X
Boghadair Cath (A) X X
Gall-Boghadair (A) X X
Boghadair-Cagalor (A) X X
Sealgair Mor (A) X X
Fear-cinnidh X X
Laoch X X
Gall-Laoch X X
Laoch-Cagalor X X
Octhigern X
Toisech X
Toisech Mor X
Flaith X
Shields Minimum Maximum Ideal
Diameter 24” 30” 28”
*Please note- where stated as required (R) these shields are the required minimum in a scale that runs:
roundshield, soldier’s kite, knight’s kite.
Overview A roundshield may be between 24” and 30” in diameter, and either flat or domed in
section. These shields must feature a central boss or umbo with a grip bar riveted to
the back - this may be of iron or more preferably, wood.
As with all shields these should be scored in the direction of the grain to indicate
planking, and faced in canvas or suitably heavy-grade fabric, stiffened with glue
before painting. A poly-urethane spray varnish with a silk finish may be applied to
seal the shield- such sprays should be applied in careful even coats so as not to appear
sprayed.
Spearmen/Polearmsmen may sling their shield across their back to allow free
movement, or may sling their shield across their front and using the leather back
strap to guide the shield, use it in conjunction with a two-handed pole arm. This is
provided they keep two hands on the weapon throughout combat, and the shield is
not slung across the throat.
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Painting Scottish Shields Unlike kite-shields which must always feature the group's heraldry, round shields
may be painted in the group's heraldic field (plain blue, in the case of Stirling). They
may also feature some decoration in the group's charge colour (yellow, in the case of
Stirling), but this must be limited to simple geometric designs, such as a cross or bar.
Whilst this may seem an unnecessary regulation, it is to prevent heraldic confusion
on the battlefield, and to aid group identification.
In the case of Scots groups in the RED zone marked on the map, they should discuss
period clan markings with the College of Heralds. When these are given, they should
be marked consistently on shields belonging to members of the Laoch-Cagalor rank
and higher.
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Celtic Helms
Celtic Helmets in General
Helmets that feature cheek-pieces and a nasal (1+3) may also feature an aventail of
maille or boiled leather at the back of the neck, though this is preferred for lower ranks
(T1-4).
Cheek-pieces themselves may be made from either steel or thick leather (~3mm either
boiled or tanned)- and should ideally be hinged with leather stitched into the rim of the
helmet, though basic steel hinges are also allowed.
‘Pudding bowl’ helms
(A, A1, A3)
The low style of helmet that became popular across Europe in the latter part of the 12th
century seems to have already been popular in the ‘Celtic fringe’ areas of Britain-
assumedly as a direct descendent of the last Romano-British helmets which featured low
rounded domes. These helmets could be worn with a simple nasal bar, much as they were
in the rest of the British Isles, without any additional facial protection or cheek-pieces.
Celtic Helms R I A U Sealgair (A) X
Boghadair (A) X
Boghadair Cath (A) X
Gall-Boghadair (A) X
Boghadair-Cagalor (A) X
Sealgair Mor (A) X
Fear-cinnidh X
Laoch X
Gall-Laoch X
Laoch-Cagalor X
Octhigern X
Toisech X Toisech Mor X Flaith X
Dome Plain 1 2 3 1 + 3
A (Dome)
T1-5 T1-9 N/A T1-5 N/A
B (Peaked Dome)
T1-5 T1-9 T1-5 T1-5 T1-6
C (‘Guthlac’ Dome)
T1-5 T1-9 N/A N/A N/A
(1= Plain Nasal, 2= Inset Brows, 3= Cheek-Pieces)
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‘Peaked’ helms
(B, B1, B2, B3, B1+3)
These helmets seem to have developed almost universally across Europe- though in the
Celtic fringe they retained distinct local flavour- sometimes featuring a more inset nasal
in the style of earlier Saxon helmets, or sometimes with cheekpieces (again, as seen on
the Lewis Chessmen). The European fashion for helmets raised in a single piece took
longer to take hold in more remote areas as the production method was more
problematic for those who were not dedicated armourers- and required a greater quality
of steel not always readily available.
‘Guthlac’ helms
(C, C1)
Seen on both the Guthlac Rolls (from which it derives its Normannis nomenclature) and
the Lewis Chessmen, this helmet seems to have been influenced by both Hiberno-Norse
and Celtic military fashions. The helm has an odd ‘flower-pot’ profile, terminating in a
rounded top. In all depictions a reinforcing band with some incised/stamped decoration
runs around the brow just above the brim- and the helmet is depicted both with and
without a nasal bar, though not with cheekpieces. The helmet’s design would facilitate
glancing, as well as allowing the top to be reinforced with thicker steel to better resist
percussive weapons- and seems to have been the Celtic parallel to the European flat-
topped helmet that developed in the latter half of the 12th century.
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Leather Jack Leather Jack R I A U
Sealgair (A) X
Boghadair (A) X
Boghadair Cath (A) X
Gall-Boghadair (A) G
Boghadair-Cagalor (A) G
Sealgair Mor (A)
M
Fear-cinnidh X
Laoch U X
Gall-Laoch
U
Laoch-Cagalor M
Octhigern M
Toisech M
Toisech Mor M
Flaith M
X- worn alone M – worn over maille G- worn over gambeson U- worn under maille
Overview
Leather jacks would be worn in period as much as a measure against weather as a
practical form of armour. Where specified these items are listed as allowable, they
may be worn over maille or padding, or as armour in their own right. Leather
jacks are, when made correctly, considered to be the equivalent of padded armour
and therefore allow the member a single additional hit to their allowance when
worn as independent armour.
Such garments must be constructed from flexible leather of at least 1.5-2mm in
thickness and should cover the arms to the elbow and from the neck to the knee.
They should follow the rough pattern laid out above- sewn down the side as far as
the waist and then left vented thereafter (to allow free leg movement), but not
featuring a front split. The armpit may also be left slightly open at the nexus of
the two seams to allow better movement and ventilation.
Members portraying Toisech, Toisech Mor and Flaith may wear such items over their
maille, as a weather-proof layer that would serve a similar role to a Norman surcoat,
a reasonable measure in the British Isles.
Waist Height
Side Venting
Armpit Vent