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CHAETS & TABLESProduction and Consumption of Manu-factured Dpirjr Products; Changes in

Seasonal Variation of Butter Production;Cost of Manufacture and Distribution of

Butter ?nd Cheese.

Prepared bv S, si, YIpI

UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

LIBRARY

milTED STATES DSFARTl-SNT OF AGRICULTUBEBuroa.u of Aericoltiiral Economics

Reserve

Charts & Tables

Production and Consumption of Manufactured Da.iry ProductsChanges in Seasonal Variation of Butter Production

Cost of Manuf?.cture and Distrihut ion of Butter and Cheese

Prepared "by

E. E. VL4L

Washington, D. C.

May 1937

50147?nauKs 1.- Tom production o? iiamj^actuied dairy products (milk

:i:c)UIVALEHT) IN TIE UNITIID STATES, 1849-1936

1926-30 ^ 100

Indesf—

—

1845 1865'

1885 '' 1905^ ' 1925 1945

In the 46-year period 1869-1914, production increased at the rate of

2,99 percent per year, and in the post-war period 1919-34 at a lower rate,2.02 percent per year.

FIGURE 2.- PRODUCTIOII OF MANUFACTURED DAIRY PRODUCTS (MILK SI^UIVALEITT)

PER CAPITA IN THE UlTITED STATES, 1849-19361926-30 = 100

Ind(

l_ 110

-— 100

;90

tL 80

!— 70

I

..•-\

V

I I

\_'

J \A/

60

50

•A

-I

1845"'

1865"

T885" ' 1905' ' ' 1^25

Per capita production of mcamfactured dolry products (nilk equivalent)rose from 1869 to 1896, iDut declined in the period 1896 to 1914. Prom1924-36 per capita production has "been stalDle at alDout 8 percent above the1910-14 average.

2408

1945

.1

FIC-TJBE 3.- TOTAL BUTTER PRODUCTION IN TH:^ UI\TITED STATES, ISU9-I936

1926-30 = 100

Index

I 100

SO i\

^'

60

K !

- Uo

20 v-y

/'

1SI15 1S65 1SS5 1905 1925 19U5In the Ub-year period 1S69-191^^ "butter proiuction increased at the rate

of 3»CS percent per year, and in the l6-year period 1919-3^ at the rate of 2. ISpercent per year.

FIGURE U.- PRODUCTIOIT AlvD CONSUiviFTION OF BUT'TER PER CAPITA IN THEUl^TITED STATES, 12^9-1936

FoTondsj

\ 20.0 H / L-,^,

..... 10.0

\

1

v

Production« • • Consumption

ISU5 1S65 lgg5 1905 1925 19U^

Per capita production of iDutter rose from I069 to IS96, declined d-aring

the IS-year period i^rior to the World T7ar, but during the last 12 years has "been

relatively stalDle at slightl:/ aoove the 19IO-IU level. Consumption fluctuates

v7ith production.

Index

100

SO

So

- 3 -

FIGURE 5.- TO^AL CEIIESi: PRODUCTIOr! U THE UNITED ST^-TSS, ISU9-I936

1926-30 = 100

1?.0

40 r

/

/

^/

18^5 lgg5 1905 1925 19U5Total cheese produ-ctiorx increased at the reite of I.30 percent per year

in the neriod lSb9 to 191^> sud. at the rc?.te of l.JI percent per year in theperiod I919 to 193^^.

EIGUHE 6.- PHODUCTIOI^I AIvTD COITSUi.iPTION OE CHEESE PEE CAPITA 12^ THEUi^IITSD STATES, ISU9-I936

i

.' Consiiinptionj

18^5 1865 1825 1905 1925 19U5Per capita production of cheese increased from I869 to IS78, "but declined

rapidlydo-ring the iSSO's and earlj^- 90's. From IS92 to 1935 cheese production percapita has shcTn no consistent tendency to increase or decrease. The generaltrend of per capita consiijnpt ion of cheese has "been up';Tard from IS69 to 193^.

"^.^-^ 120

— H ^

100

80

60

40

20

0 Br,se

//

1905 19251845 1865 1885FIGUKS 7. - TOTAL PRODUCTION OF C0NDEHS7.D MD SVAPORATSD MILK IIT TH5

milTED STAT7.S, 1869-19361926 - 30 = 100

In the period 1869 to 1914 production of condensed ojid evaporated milkincrc^.sed at the rate of 13»19 percent per year, and in the j)eriod 1920 to

1934 at the rate of 2.54 percent per year.

1945

Pounds

200

16.0

12.0

8.0

4.0

Bac

/

/ 1^

production- ConsuiUTDtion

0_

_^

1845"

' 1865 " '

1885 ' 1905'

' 1925 1945

FIGUKC 8. - PHODUCTIOiT JU'ID CO'TsmCTIOlT OP COi-IDlCISED ^UXD EVAPOEATT^D I.^ILK

P3R CAPITA IH Ti-S ITrllTED STAT^.S, 1869-1936

In the period 1869 to 1914 production of condensed and evaporated milkper capita increased at the rate of 10.82 percent per year and in the period1920 to 1934 at the rate of 1.25 percent per year. Per capita consuniptionof condensed and evaporated milk increo.sed at the rate of 2.97 percent per yearin the period 1920-34#

FIGUE3 9. - FACTORY PRODUCTIOH 05^ ICE CRSiW, 1859-1936

1926-30 = 100

Index

;

- '100

80

..60

40

/20 /

\0 ^_

'

1845 1865 1885 1905 1925

The long-time up'.v-.rd trend in factory production of ice crecan \7as

interrupted during the recent depression.

FIG-UEE 10. - FACTOHY PRODUCTIOIT OF ICE CHEi\M PSR Ci\PITA, 1869-1936

Gallon^

2P

IP

i

I

1845 1865 1C85

From 1919 to 1929 per capita production of ice cream increased at therate of 4.50 percent per year. Durin^^ the depression, ho'jever, productionwas grertly reduced.

/

1905 1925

figure; 11.- PHODUCTIOH OF MxlLTF.D MILK IN THS UNITED STATES, 1887-1935

1926-50 = 100

Index

100

80

60

40

' V \ I

20

0

1845 1865 1885 1905 1925 1945

Since the World -Var production of in:i.lted milk has fluctuated violentlybut has shown no consistent tendency to increase or decrease.

FIGUE3 12.- PRODUCTIOil AITD COIISIBIPTIOIJ OF r^LTED MILK PER CAPITA IH THLUlTITFD STATES, 1899-1935

Pouixlsl

0.15

ProductionA' \

V \

I\

•

0.10

0.05

Consuii-iption

1845 1865 1835 1905 1925 1945

Production rnd consumption fluctuate together.

FIGIIRE 13.- PRODUCT lOiT OF POTDEHED (^OLE MILK) III THE IR^'ITSD STATES,

1899 - 1936

_1926-30 = 100_

Index-

! 160 ,

i / ;

120 A/

'V/

'

\ i

M ^,

18U5 1265 ' ibS? "1905 "

1925 19^5

In the 16-year period 1919-3^ prodaction of powdered milk increased atthe rate of 5»5^"+ percent per year.

EIGUEE lU.- PRODUCTXOIT AI^ID CONSUr^IPTION OF P0WDSP3D (WHOLE MILK) PERCAPITA IN THE TOUTED STATES, 1909-36

Pounds

.120

.080 i\

i

! ^\

!

/.; f

.oUc

/ ' 'Consumption

/

/

,000 /ProductionIt 11lgU5'". I865 lg£5 1905 1925 19^5

In the ItS-yea" period 1919-3^ P^r capita promotion of poTrdered milkincreased at the rate of U.17 percent per year.

lo. - PRODUCTIOIT OIT FOm^^KU) CKS.Ul IIT THE UlTITI^D STATES, 1899-1955

1926-30 = 100

Index" 250

200

150

100

50

0

1845 1865 1 385 1905

i I \

\

1925 1945

Production of dried creojii has fluctuated violently.

riG-UIG 16.- FRODUCTIOIT AlTD COiTSUiviPTIOlT 01 P0^7DEIL:D CZxJil PER CAPITA,1904-1935

Poundsi

.008

ii

.006 --4

.004

i1

I I

' I:

.002

1845 1S65 1885 1905 1925 1945

In the period 1919-34, per capita production of dried crecja declined atthe rate of 6.47 percent per ye are

FIGUK: 17.-G01TSU:-:PTIO:J op rUlTU^ACTUICD D,-JHY PRODUCTS ~XFK:SS::D A3 PAH-

c""::tac-z 0? pRODucTion, 1849-19-34

Percent)

100^v'"'v'^'. /i /

A• -1 i \ I

I

\/ \

/

On '• /V I ( i

\ A • If I

V X K / li

\

90

.' i

>

i

1845 1C55 1885 1905 1925 1945

Siiicn the early 1880' s the general tendency '-p^s "been for con3ir.:ption to

rise in relation to production.

- )0 -

Table ^ Cons-onption per capita of r.ianufactured dairy products

for selected periods, 1870-1934

PeriodButter :

T /

1/ •

Cheese

1/

: Condensed: rnd: evaporated: milks 2/

: Conner-:

: cial;

: ice :

: cream :

Malted :

milk :

Dri edwho 1 e

milk\

Driedc recm

: Total: milk; eo jLiva—

: lent-

• Pounds Pounds Pounds Gallons Pounds Pounds Pounds Po'onds

1910-14 : 17.5 4.28 7.27 .545 .046 .018 .0015 4341926-30 : 17.4 4.58 12.63 2.020 .162 .096 .0035 -±65

1870-79 ; 13.1 2.83 0.18 .002 3051880-89 : 16.1 3.13 0.48 .008 3701890-99 : 18.2 3.33 1.52 .036 4211900-09 : 18.6 3.89 3.96 .177 .006 .001 .0001 4411910-19 : 16.8 4.22 8.51 .838 .087 .038 .0032 4241920-29 : 17.1 4.46 11.41 1.816 .146 .066 .0035 4531930-34 .: 18.0 4.56 13.95 1.495 .114 .088 .0014 472

Index numbers of consui-tption -per capita of moiiufactured dair^^ productsfor selected periods, 1870-1934

(1926-30 = 100)Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent

1910-14 : 100.6 93.41926-30 : 100,0 100.0

1870-79 : 75.3 61.81880-89 .: 92.54- 68.31890-99 : 104.6 72.71900-09 .: 106.9 84.91910-19 ;. 96.6 92.11920-29 I. 98.3 97.41930-34 J 103.4 99.6

57.6 27.0 28.4100.0 100.0 100.0

1.43 0.13.80 0.412.0 1.831.4 8.8 3.767.4 41.5- 53.790.3 89,9 90.1

110.5- 74.0 70.4

18.8 42.9 93.3

100.0 100.0 100.0

65.679.6S0.5+

1.0 2.9 94.839.6 91.4 91.268.8 100.0 97.491.7 40.0 101.5+

Consumption of manufactured dairy products (milk equivalent),percenta^^e each product is of total, for selected periods,

1870-1934Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent

1910-14 ; 84.581 9.881 3.574 1.895 .028 .034 .007 100.0001926-30 .: 77.805 9.857 5.546 6.522 .091 .165 .014 100.000

1870-79;: 90.429 9.438 . 125 .008 100.000

1880-89 ; 91.194 8.496 .280 .030

3/

100.0001890-99

; 91.099 7.998 .777 .126

3/

100.0001900-09

; 88.617 8.827 1.945 .506 .004 .001 100.0001910-19 : 82.611 9.969 4.252 3.025 .055 .073 .015 100.0001920-29

;. 78.793 9.860 5.130 6.008 .084 .111 .014 100.0001930-34 79.209 9.646 6.178 4.749 .063 .150 .005 100.000

1/ Farm oiid factory. 2/ Bulk and case, unskimi".ied. 3/ Less th<?ai .0005.

ziouhp: is. - pERcr^iiTAas 05^ ahitual butt::h b::c::ipts iit TnF. niiium mtdSPRIITG MOIITHS AT CHICAGO, 1867-1935

percont

1

I

20 . A ,

/. /

10

V .^0 /\ / .A /\' Dec.-Peb.

;

1365'

'" 1B90 ' ' ' iil5

'"'' 1935

Receipts in the winter and spring, months p.re rel.'^.tively low \-h.en

suiinier receipts are rel?.tively hi^h. The proportion of the receipts in March,April, cjid Ivuay has increased.

nouic IS. - p::rc::htagb of AmiU-xL butt::jR igcsipts ih tit: suh:.i:p aitd

AUTUrST MOIITHS AT CHICAGrO, 1&67-I9b5

Percent,'

40 \f\

30

20 .

\/

; I

1 i

^ AM

J-jne-Aur:.

7 V \

SeiDJr-ITov.

.1 I .! ! J _ J _ » .1 _ ./ .. L. - -

1865 1890 ' 1915 1935

There is a cycle in the proportion of the receipts occurring in theSTimiTier inonths. The proportion of the receipts in September, October, andHovember has decreased.

Percent

Chicr-go / . L. /V > / \ M;

20 Ho-^' York

1865 1B90 .S15 1935

riGUHE 20. ~ P"RC:^ivITAaj^ OP Jil'JlTU.lL BUTTIiH HSC'JIPTS IV. JUI^T., JULY,AlID AUGUST AT CHICAGO MH) iTT.W YORS:, 1867-1935

Tlie proportion of the total yer.rly receipts of butter at Hevj Yorkin Jijinc, July, and Au^st does not sliov? the cyclical movenent that is

shown in Chica-,o rccei-ots.PIGUKD 21. - IIID3X irjivBr.RS OP TIE PUHCIiilSIilG POX-R OP TKP; PJiSivI PEICP OP

BUTTr^HPAT IH T^IS OP Y2:7D GRAINS AlID r^GAT PHIALS, 1910-14 = 100, AITP TH*] PI^R-

CP.1TTAGP OP THS JiirilU.iL RSCHIPTS OP BUTTPR AT CHICAGO III JUl^H ,JULY AUG. 1851-1936

IncLox;I

140

Percent

50

120

100 /!t e t

'- . . \

I

':

t

1/' \'-\

Butterreceipts

' 1

I

\

; I

i

40.

30

80

1860 1875

Purchas ing powerof iDutterf

1890 1905 1920

20

1935The periods of hi^^h prices of butterfat in relation to feed ;;rainc rnd

meat ani::ials have coincided in a rou^h way with the periods when receipts of"butter at Chica.jo in the suiir.ior months were relatively low or when the proportion

tfthe^receiiDts in the summer declined. The -oGriods of relatively low prices of

^k^^^iat have coincided with the periods in which smiaer receipts were relatively

Table I,.-Farm price of iDutterfat, retail price of butter, and margin"between retail price of "butter and farm price of butterfat, 1910-36

: Farm price : -detail : MarginIndex niimbers 1910-14= 1 00'— XT. — X o

^

' Percent-: 0.8085 ; price of ; between

• age farm; pounds of ,1 but t er • retail and : Farm : Retail : Margin

• p ri c e i s

Year - : butterfat *

; per ; farm ; ' price : price : between , 01: iV• ±j "Dound ' "nri f p

\ yj X JL w w . of ;: of : retail' retail

: but t e r- ,; butter : sjid farm "

' price: fat price

: Cents Cents Cents Percent

1910- 14< 21 .

3

1 R n±o • u 100 100 100 591915-20" 1 QX • o 159 147 1 29 641921-24- 32 1 SI 7«^x • <

1 Q A 151 142 131X^X 621925-29: 1 Q 5 167 152 130X v> 551930-34* 19.4 33 4 14 0 91 92 93 58

1910 ' 21. 6 35 9 14'^ 101 99 601 911 19 2 "V^ 7 1 4. Sx^. o 90 93 97 57

1912 22.0 37 4 1 R 4XO • X 103 103 103 591913 : 22.5 38 3 15 7X O . 1 106 106 105X 591914 : 20 9 35 ? X o . o 98 100 102 58

1915 21.3 OO . o 14 5 100 99 97 591915 • 39 4 1 R 1XO • X 114 109 101X V/X 621917 • 31.

1

w X • X 4R 7 1 7 146 134 117X X 1 6419"t 8 37.

8

57 7O 1 . 1 1 Q Q 177 159 133 66

1919 : 43.8 57 8 P4 0 206 187 150X w w(~ r~

1920 ' 45.2 70 1 P4 Q 212 193 156 641 921X <^OX 4 31 0 Rl 7Ox . r

PO 7 146 142 1 38XO CJ 501 9?? 4-7 Q XO.o 139 132 1 pp

/IOO. pn R 164 153 1 "^7X O 153vJO

^P 7 R1 7ox . fion 154 142 1 "^7 r^3vJO

J. i7^<J a"^4- P o^ • b -oU. b 161 151 1 '^7Xo f

nP

J. a OO « Do • 1 159 146 1 PR fi4.Dt:

'^R Q oD. D ly. r 169 153 XoX (^ROo

O ( mC/ Do • o iy.o 175 156 1 PQ DO1929 ; 36 .

5

55.1 18,6 171 152 124 661 Q'zn <1 t'ou ;1 /do. O 4b. 1 17.8 133 127 xiy bx1931 : 20.5 35.4 14.9 96 98 99- 581932 : 14.6 27.4 12.8 69 75 85 531933 ! 15.2 27.3 12.1 71 75 81 561934 \: 18.6 31.2 12.6 87 86 84 601935 !: 23,0 35.6 12.6 108 98 84 651936^;: 25.7 39.2 13.5 121 108 90 66

\j According to survey made by the Bureau of Agricultural SconomicE, creameriespurchased .8085 pounds of butt erfat per pound of butter made-.

2/ January to Augast,

9

Ta"ble Index nmlDers of cost of maniifacture and distribution of "butter andother food products, and farmer* s share of consumer's dollar, I9IO-36

Year

Cost of manu-facture anddistribution^jsf butter,

1910- lU = 100;

V/arren and :Been and Wa^agh, : Fanner'sPearson, cost: margin between: share of

of distribu- : farm and retail: consumer'stif^n of food, : prices for 5^ : dollar,1910-lU r: 100: foods, 1913-1^: 5S foods

1/ ; ^ 100 2/ : 2 /

Percentage the

farm price of

O.SOS5 pounds ofbutterfat is ofretail price of

butterPercent Percent

1910 : J J 9? 601^11 •

J [9S^0 R7y 1

IQl? 1 no RQ1^1"^-i-j 1 oUJ. yy jy RQyy19lU •-1- _y -1-1 « X w C_ 1 OR R"^yj RSy"IQIR Q7J (

1 07 RP RQyyTin J-Uo

1 7 117 6U

±y JLo : l^y OU

1919 : 160 17U 169 57 65

1920 : 166 202 202 53 6U

1921 : 13s 190 IS7 60

1922 : 122 175 169 62

1323 : 137 177 177 U5 G^

19 2U : 127 ISO 177 U5 631925 : 137 1^5 177 US 62

1926 : 12s 192 ISO Us 6U

1927 : 131 190 ISO ^7 65192s : 129 190 17s us 66

1929 ' I2U 19 s IS^ U7 66

1930 : 119 196 uu 61

1931 99 17s 16s 3S 5S

1932 S5 153 151 33 53 ^

1933 : SI lUo 35 56

1934 : ?U 15s 157 37 60

1935 : m 17-1- IbO U2 t:5

1936 : 1/ 90 2/ 66

1/ Farm Economics, No 2317, May 193^ and Yio. 50, page S35, Jan.

£/ Eee:ri, Pi chard 0 •

,

and Waugh, Frederick V., Price Spre^^ds Between the Faand Cons"uiR3r, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, mimeograph report, table 9

page 3 3, July 1936. The index was published 011 a 192b base.

^/ January to August.

Table Farm price of milk used for cheese production in Wisconsin, retailprice of cheese and margin "between price of milk and

cheese and index ni2!n"bers, 1910-1936

: Price paid to• Retail

.:Marfxiin

• Trifl'^x,nnmhp.rr, ,1 .91 0-14= 1 no

: famers for • price;

"betv.^een\ Price :

Year : 10.429 pounds of! of;retail :paid to: Retail :

: milk used for ••cheese

;and

: farmers

:

"orice : Mar;"in! cheese production per Ih, . farm for

« • of :

! in Wisconsin i/

•

J—f

.

2/ . Drice • mi Ik .

.chprflae :

; Cents Cents CentsAverage

:

1:^10-14 : 13.6 22.4 8. 8 100 100 1001915-20 : 22.5 33.7 11.2 165 150 1271921-2^^ : 18,1 34.8 lb. 7 133 155 1901925-29 : 20.2 37.5 17. 3 149 167 197"1 Q r//~\ 1-7 A

: 11.1 26.5 15. 4 82 118 Toe175

ly lu ; 15.

6

22.8 9.2 100 102 105ly ii ; 11.9 20.8 8.9 88 93 101

: 15.0 23.6 8. 6 110 105 98

1913 : 13.8 3^ • -L 8. 3 101 99 941914 J: 13.7 22.9 9.2 101 102 1051915 : 1-3.

8

2 3. 2 9.4 101 104 1071916 ,; 17.2 25.8 8.6 126 115 98191 r ; 23.4 33.2 9.8 172 148 1111918 ; 27.3 o<j . ^ 8. 6 201 160 981919 ; 29.1 42.6 13.5 214 190 153I9<i0 : 24.3 41.6 17. 3 179 186 197ly cfi { 16.5 34.0 17. 5 121 152 199iy*d2 : 17,8 32.9 15.

1

131 147 172iy<do ; 21 .

3

36.9 lo. 6 157 165 1771 Qd/i •iy/-:;4 ; 16.6 35. 3 18.

7

122 158 212ly-do ; 20.0 36.7 16.

7

147 164 r\r\190ly^D : 19.2 36.6 17.

4

141 163 198

21.7 37.6 15. 9 160 158 1811928 : 21.0 38.5 17. 5 154 172 1991929 : 19.2 38.0 18. 8 141 170 2141930 : 15.7 ii5 • 1 19.4 115 157 22019 ol : 11.4 28.1 16.7 84 125 1901932 : 8.6 23.0 14.4 63 103 1641933 : 9.4 22.5 13.1 69 100 1491934 : 10.5 23.7 13.2 77 106 1501935 : 13.5 26.0 12.5 99 116 1421936 5/ : 13.8 27.1 13.3 101 121 151

1/ According to a survey made hy the Bureau of A,_rri cultural Economics it wasestimated that cheese factories in Wisconsin producing American cheese pur-chased 10.429 po^jjids of m.ilk per pound of cheese made. The price of 10.429pounds of milk was calculated from the prices paid to producers for milkused for cheese as reported hy the Wisconsin Crop and Livestock Reporting-Service, Dr, Walter K. Ehling, Statistician.

2/ Retail prices of cheese in cities as reported hy the United States Eureauof Lahor Statistics.

3/ Avera.^e January-July,

TalDle ~ Parmer's chare of consimer ' s dollar for cheese, "butter,

and 5S foods conhined, 1910-193^

1/

• 2/:t

• !/Ye-r : Cheese :Buttcr : 5s foods :

t

Year : Chees e : Butter: 5s foods

_.. -

• Percent Percent percent Percent Percent—

^

percentAvera^'e

:

' 1910-1^ : 61 59 i/ 53 : 1921 • 49 60 44I915--20 66 64 56 : 1922 " 54 62 451921-2)4 : 62 45 : 1923 . 5S 631925-23 ' 65 4s ! 1924 : 47 631930-3^ : 42 5S 37 J 1925 : 54 62 ) ' Q.H-O

1935- : 52 65 42 : 1926 !' 52 6U 4S

1 60 601327 5S 65 ^7

i9ie! : 192s

: 55 66 4g1311 ! 57 57 : 1929 : 51 66 U71912 !. 64 59 1930 : 45 61 441913 ; 62 59 53

'

: 1931 !; 41 58 3S

191^ ;• 60 5S 53 : 1932 -

! 37 53 331915 : 59 52 : 1933 :: 42 56 351^16 i 67 62 5h : 1534 J 44 60 371917 ; 7® 64 69 I 1935 :; 52 65 421512

! 76 66 5S : 1936 ':y 51 ^/ 6b ^31319 : 6S 65 571320

: 5S 64 53

ly The Dairy Situation, Bureauof Af- r - ciJ. tural Eccnoniics, DS~62 Vol. 3, page120, Octoher 21, I936.

2J Been, Richard 0., and TJau^^h, Prederic> V., Price Spreads "betv;een theParmer and Consumer, Bure?.u of Agricultural Scononics mimeograph report,tahlc 9, page 33, ^-^1 1936.

^/ Average I913 and 1914.4/ Average Jan-uary to July.

5./ Average Janua.ry to May.

r

OEC 14 1938

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