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HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS Preformationism . John Locke tabula rasa or Jean Jacques Rousseau noble savage,.

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Charles Darwin forefather of scientific child study. Mental Testing Movement Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon.

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THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Sigmund Freud childhood experiences and unconscious forces influence our behavior. Personality consists of : Id Ego reality principle.

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Superego morals,

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Defense Mechanisms: ways in which people cope with anxiety 1)Denial refusing to accept the reality of a situation. Ex. 2)Displacement transferring strong emotions to a scapegoat. Ex. 3) Regression reverting to earlier forms of behavior. Ex.

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4) Projection seeing your behavior mirrored in others. Ex. 5) Reaction Formation behaving in the opposite to what one is thinking or feeling. Ex. 6) Rationalization making up excuses for unacceptable behavior. Ex.

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7) Repression trying to forget about an event by pushing it into the unconscious because the event is disturbing. Ex. 8) Sublimation replacing unacceptable behavior with more socially acceptable behavior. Ex.

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Psychosexual Stages: 1) Oral stage (birth-1 year) the ego directs the baby towards sucking activities (breast or bottle). a) Oral Aggressive b) Oral Passive

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Anal stage (1-3 years) children enjoy holding and releasing urine and feces. Toilet training is a major feat.

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How do I know my child is ready for toilet training? Is coordinated enough to walk and even run steadily Urinates a fair amount at one time Has regular, well-formed bowel movements at relatively predictable times Has dry periods of at least 3-4 hours (shows that the bladder muscles are developed enough to hold urine) Can sit down quietly in one position for 2-5 minutes

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Can pull pants/underwear up/down Gives a physical sign such as grunting, squatting, or telling you. Demonstrates a desire for independence Is not resistant to learning to use the toilet Can follow simple instructions Has words for urine or stool

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What if your toddler says no or gets upset? This is a way of exerting his power. Back off and let him feel that he is in charge of this project. Resist reminding put a potty chair in a central location and let him run around bottomless if possible. Dont hover can sow seeds of rebellion. If he sits then jumps up. Bite your tongue. He probably will hop back on when he feels the need. Be calm about accidents overreacting can create fear. Dont punish him for an accident it can lead to long-term resistance.

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Reward good behavior praise your childs efforts. Celebrate the first time something gets in the potty. Tell him now and then how nice it is that he has dry underpants. Dont make a big deal of every potty trip it may make him nervous and skittish (easily frightened and jumpy).

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a)Anal aggressive excretes maliciously just before or after placed on the toilet. b) (Resolution of this stage sets the stage for handling authority).

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Phallic stage (3-6 years)- children are attracted to the parent of the opposite sex. Id impulses transfer to the genitals. Oedipus complex the boy is attracted to the mother and wants to get rid of the father. Electra complex the girl is attracted to the father and wants to get rid of the mother. Phallic fixation

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Latency stage (6-11 years) sexual instincts are dormant, superego develops more.

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Genital stage (11 years +) phallic impulses reappear. Because of incest taboo, children focus on relationships externally, having boyfriends and girlfriends.

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Behaviorism 1.A mechanisitc theory 2.The environment is influential - we react to conditions in the environment (pleasant, painful, threatening). a)Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov): We learn through association Dogs salivating at the sound of a bell Mc Donalds, traffic lights, certain noises and behavior (school bell, fire engine, ambulance). Certain experiences car accident, graduation Little Albert

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John B. Watson (Little Albert experiment)- trained an 11 mth. old baby to fear furry white objects. This is a mental link formed between two events.

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Classical Conditioning is important especially to children because:

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Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner): We learn to make connections between our behavior and what happens to us as a result of it. Reinforcement: a consequence of behavior that increases the chances that the behavior will be repeated. 1.Positive reinforcement:

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2. Negative Reinforcement

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3.Punishment: 4. Extinction: sometimes it is best to ignore the behavior and it will diminish or go away. Video: Backtalk

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4 Steps to eliminate Backtalk: 1.Recognize the backtalk. 2.Choose the right consequence 3.Enact the consequence immediately follow through. 4.Disengage ignore the childs protest for the consequence you used.

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Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura): Observational Learning Modeling Children advance their own learning by choosing which models to imitate. The specific behaviors imitated depends on what they perceive as valued in their culture and who is doing it. Bobo Doll experiment Song: Cats in the Cradle

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Jean Piaget: Cognitive Development Hands-off approach children must discover their environment. Revolutionized how we understand and teach children. 1.Scheme 2.Organization (we interpret new experiences on the basis of already existing schemes. If enough mistakes and misinterpretations occur, we adjust this is called Adaptation).

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