1.Jon E. Brandt, P.G.TX AML Program

2. Resources extracted for over Mineral 300 years in Texas Most of the mining since 1950 has involved coal, lignite, uranium, mercury, and other industrial minerals (talc, sulfur, sand & gravel, etc.) 3. Brief overview of the Texas AML Program Abandoned Mine Land Projects Summary of completed projects Future work Virtual Tour of Historical Mining in Texas 4. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) Title IV Abandoned Mine Land Recl. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 30 (Mineral Resources), Part 943: approval of TX AML Program in June 1980. 5. South TexasInventory Completed by Bureau of Economic Geology in 1989 6. East TexasInventory Completed by Bureau of Economic Geology in 1990 7. West TexasInventory Completed by Texas AML Staff in 1991 8. Over 12,200mine sitesThe majority of thelocations areconstruction-related 9. I concerns the protection of Priority public health, safety, general welfare, and property from EXTREME DANGER of adverse affects of mining practices.II the same, without extreme Priority danger present 10. Dangerous Highwalls (DH) Hazardous Water Body (HWB) Dangerous Piles & Embankments (DPE) Portals (P) Vertical Opening (VO) Subsidence (S) 11. Near Malakoff Brown Uranium Mine 12. Near Thurber Darco Mine 13. Darco Mine Sickenius Uranium Mine 14. Lone Star MineMalakoff 15. TimpsonGarrison 16. Malakoff 17. Marfa-Mariposa MineStudy Butte 18. 75 contracts 29 coal (17 sites) 31 uranium (16 sites) 16 hardrock (12 sites) 2,500 acres spoil 56,767 ft. highwall 350 vertical openings 70 portals $31 million 19. Archer Co. Copper Mines BridgeportCoal Mines Thurber Coal MiningTerlingua Cinnabar MiningHouston-Leon Co.Coal Company Eagle Pass Coal Mines 20. Franklin MalakoffMountains Thurber Somerset Rockdale and Big BendBastrop Area 21. Palo Pinto, Erath, andEastland Counties 1888 to 1930s Bituminous coal(Pennsylvannian)3 mining companies Texas& Pacific Railroad 22. From Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock(scanned from Thurber, Texas, The Life and Death of a Company Town, by John S. Spratt, 1986) 23. Longwall Mining 155 413 ft. deepAvg. 27-inch seams 24. Mine No. 9, Texas & Pacific Coal Co. Shale/gob pile, Strawn Coal Co. 25. Thurber Brick paved:- Congress Avenue, Austin- Galveston Seawall- Fort Worth Stockyards 26. HendersonCounty 1890s to 1943 Lignite (Eocene) Approximately15mining companies;approximately 11mining areas Cotton Belt Railroad 27. Lignite was found: 1 seam 6 to 8-feet thick 20 to 60-feet deep Earlierslope mines and later on, vertical shafts 28. 19941920s 29. Lignite discovered here in 19111991920s or earlier?4Photo reprinted in MalakoffNews, Dec. 16, 2006 30. Milam County 1890 to 1930s(underground) Lignite (Eocene) Around 12 mining companies International-Great Northern Railroad 31. Lignite was found: 1 seam 5 to 14-feet thick 33 to 180-feet deep (avg. closer to 50-60 ft)Slope Mine, 1890 Slopemines and vertical shafts Approx. 40 mines Photos courtesy of Willie, Vogels first shaft Gus, and Louise Lorenz mine, 1890 32. Vogel and Lorenz Coal &Manufacturing Co., 1913Milam County Map 1920s Photo courtesy of Willie, Gus, and Louise Lorenz 33. Big Lump Company, aroundBlack Diamond Coal Co., 19031910, electric haulage Photo courtesy of Willie, Gus, and Photo from Phillips & Worrell, Louise Lorenz1913 34. N.A.I.P. aerial photograph, 2010Inset: example of undergroundworkings - Texas Coal Co., c. 1913,Near Rockdale:from Phillips and WorrellPotential Subsidence 35. Bastrop County 1902 to 1941 Lignite (Eocene)9mining companies 23 mines Missouri-Kansas- Texas Railroad 36. Lignite was found: 1 to 3 seams 3 to 9-feet thick 20 to 165-feet deep Shafts 40 to 160-feetdeep Slope mines and vertical shafts 37. ConsumersCoal Co. Our Coal Co.Powell Bend Denison Coal Co. Calvin Coal Co. Bastrop Lignite Coal Co. Carr Coal Co. Independence Mining Co. Belto Coal Co. Waugh Coal Co. 38. BexarCounty Late 1890s to 1930 Lignite (Eocene) Brackenridge and Kirkwood Mines Artesian Belt Railroad 39. Lignite was found: 1 seam 4 to 9-feet thick Averages 40-feet deep Slope mines and vertical shafts Subsidence Problems 40. Two projects: Fall 1985 Summer 1994 41. Brewster and PresidioCounties 1890s 1940s Many mining companies Mercury (cinnabar), fluorspar, silver, copper, lead, and zinc 42. Irregular Ore Zones Prospectsand Mines Shafts,portals, trenches, pits Shaftdepths range from 50 to 750-feet deep 43. Terlingua Study Butte Christmas Mountains Big Bend Natl. Park Lone Star / Mariposa Whitroy-Fresno Buena Suerte/Chinati Big Bend Ranch S.P. 320 vert. openings 52 portals 44. Backfilling Grate Closures 45. Bat Cupola Bat-friendly Gates 46. Mortared Walls CMP Access for Bats 47. Cable Nets Recessed Grates 48. Concrete Caps Great Views 49. Four mining periods onMariscal Mountain:1900-1905; Lindsay Mine1917-1919; Ellis Mine1919-1923; Mariscal Mine1941-1943; Viviana Mine 50. Terlingua in 1936 (Natl. ParkService Historic PhotographCollection.). 51. No. 8 Shaft,Sealed in 1986Chisos Mining Company, 1922from Smithers Collection, TheUniversity of Texas, Austin 52. U.S.G.S. Map, 1902 53. Hill, 1902SmithersCollection,Univ. of Texas 54. ElPaso County 1896 to 1910s Minesand prospects Tin, copper, and iron 55. 1997 1999 56. 1999 1999 57. Head frame at Fresno Mine