historical overview of multimedia - chapter 1 1 from “ memex ” to multimedia a historical...

Historical Overview of Multimedia - Chapter 1

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From “Memex” to Multimedia A Historical Overview of the Emergence of Multimedia Systems

M.DastbazDesigning Interactive Multimedia Systems


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As We May Think - 1945

“A record if it is to be useful to science, must be continuously extended, it must be stored and above all it must be consulted. Today we make the record conventionally by writing and photography, followed by printing…we also record on film, on wax disks and on magnetic wires…” (Keyword - Recording).“So much for the manipulation of ideas and their insertion into the record… we can hardly consult it. This is much larger matter than merely the extraction of data …” (Keyword - Selection).When data of any sort are place in storage, they are filed alphabetically or numerically, and information is found by tracing it down from subclass to subclass….” (Keyword Sequential Access).


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MEMEX

“Human mind does not work that way it operates by association. With one item in its grasp, it snaps instantly to the next that is suggested by the association of thoughts, in accordance with some intricate web of trails carried by the cells of the brain…”“Consider a future device for individual use, which is sort of a mechanized private file and library. It needs a name, and to coin one in random “Memex” will do. A Memex is a device in which an individual stores all his books, records and communications, and is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory…”


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Why Has It Taken So Long ?

State of the technology.Practical Computers effectively did not exist.Lack of private interests due to very high costs.Divergence of interests in the development of computers.


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IT History a Brief Overview1643 - Blaise Pascal created the Pascaline (it could only add and subtract).1673 - Leibniz build his calculator that could not only add and subtract but also multiply, divide and calculate square roots.1822 - Charles Babbage proposed the Differential Engine and later the Analytical Engine. The Analytical Engine was the first machine to use Punch cards (data) to tell the machine what numbers to calculate.

Babbage’s Differential Engine


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IT History Conti/...In commercial term Babbage was a failure. He spent £17,000 and none of the machines were ready in his life time. A government official at the time commented that the only use of the Analytical Engine was to calculate the large amount of money Babbage spent on it.Ada Lovelace proposed to Babbage to built-in the ability into AE to jump from one set of punch cards to another if certain conditions was met. This is the same as loops etc........ and seen as the first programming language.

Babbage’s Analytical Engine


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IT History Conti/...1940’s is the beginning of the Computer revolution.A war time project called PX later to be know as Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer ENIAC got underway and was built as the first digital computer by 1946. It was a massive machine that contained about 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighed about 30 tones and occupied an area of 1,500 square feet and consumed about 180,000 watts of electrical power. It could perform 5000 additions and 300 multiplication per second.

ENIAC - 1946


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IT History Conti/...

The first computers to use RAM were created in 1947 UNIVAC and EDVAC. The other key developments are:

• William Shockley invented the transistor in 1947

• Jack Kilby invented the first IC

UNIVAC (Universal Automated Computer) used stored program concept developed by Von Neumann.


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IT History Conti/...The 70’s mark the start of the single chip (CPU) computers. INTEL launched the 4004 single chip CPU that contained 2300 transistors in an area of 10 mm with 1KB of data memory, and 4KB of program memory. This family of chip was later replaced by the 8000 family that lasted more than 20 years.The first “Home Computer” Altair 8800 was launched in 1975 selling for $375 in kit format or $675 in assembled format.

Altair 8800 - 1975


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From the back of garage Peter Jobs and Stephen Woznick launched Apple I in 1976 to be followed by Apple II in 1977 (this was the first real PC that could use the TV as its monitor).

Apple I

Apple II

Apple III


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Based on Intel’s 8088 processor IBM launched its Personal Computer range in 1980.MS-DOS version 1 was introduced in 1981. A text-based 16 bit single user single tasking operating system.The development of Windows as a successor to MS-DOS was announced in 1983 to be released in 1985 later release V2. in 1987, V3. in 1990 revolutionized the PC interface.

Intel’s 80286 range of processors. Within 6 years of it release, there were

an estimated 15 million 286-based personal computers installed around the

world.


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In 1983 - LISA - a computer with a strange device called the “mouse” was launched; andIn 1984 the First Macintosh emerged with GUI, sound and high resolution black & white monitor.

The Original Apple Macintosh with 128KB

of memory


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The Emergence of Multimedia PC - A Chaotic Start

With the development of the PC hardware and key peripherals such as Audio cards, CD-ROM etc. the beginning of 90’s saw a rush by PC vendors to produce Multimedia PCs that was to combine sound and video all under the PC control. Two major groups were formed MPC (Multimedia PC Marketing Council headed by Microsoft) and IMA (Interactive Multimedia Association headed by IBM and Apple)In December 1990 MPC announced a set of hardware and software standards for Multimedia PCs (known as MPC I).

» Intel based 386 SX PC with » 4 MB of RAM» Audio card and CD-ROM running in a GUI environment

(such as Windows)At the same time Philips launched CDI and Commodore Launched CDTV


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The Emergence of MPC Cont/..MPC I MPC II MPC III

CPU 386sx (16Mhz) 486sx (25Mhz) Pentium (75 Mhz)

Memory 2 MB 4 MB 8 MB

HD drive 30 MB 160 MB 500 MB

Sound 8 bit + MIDI 16 bit + MIDI 16 bit + MIDI

Video-resolution- number of

colors

VGA640 x 480256 (8 bit)

SVGA640 x 480

65K (16 bit)

SVGA + MPEG I640 x 480

65K (16 bit)

CD-ROM-speed

-seek time150 Kb/s600 ms

300 Kb/s400 ms

600 Kb/s280 ms


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Other Key DevelopmentsTed Nelson coined the term “Hypertext” in 1967Englbert built the first hypertext system in 1967 Apple launched HyperCard in 1987Object Oriented languages and powerful software tools began to emerge in 1990’s (e.g.. Visual Basic, Tool Book, Authorware, Director, Visual C etc..…).


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Applications of Multimedia

EducationBroadcasting and AdvertisingPoint of sale and InformationSales PresentationDirect MarketingLiterature and Publications


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So Where is Multimedia Technology Today ?


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Hardware Technology

Key Features– Processing Speed from 8 MHz to 1130 MHz

speed– Data bus 8 MHz to 133Mhz– Storage up from 40 MB to 100 GB– Sound from 8 bit mono to 64 bit 4-8 channels– Graphic from 512 KB Video Memory to 64MB

resolution up from 640x480 16 colours to 1600x1200 16 million colours

– From CD - ROM to CD-Write & Re-Write and DVD (from 650 MB to a DVD disks which can hold 8 hours of high-quality video, or 30 hours of VHS quality video


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Hardware Technology II

Integration, Convergence & Advance of Mobile Multimedia Devices– WAP (Wireless

Application Protocols– WML (WAP Markup

Language)


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Software Technology

From “Command Line” interface move to GUIFrom old style of programming & Application development to Object Oriented tools and authoring environment.


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Finally BACK to Bush

How Does Multimedia solve the problemIntegration of MediaLarge Storing (recording facility)The power to associate dataFast Access and Retrieval

historical overview of multimedia - chapter 1 1 from “ memex ” to multimedia a historical...

Documents

brief overview

interactive multimedia

memory slide

history conti

individual use

charles babbage

money babbage

random memex