Peoplev. JulioPomar / GRNo. L-22008/ November 3, 1924/Johnon, J! / "ali#i$% o& 'e($ion 13 ) 1* o& +($ No. 30,1 a $o $he$a$e e-er(ie o& poli(e po.er.F: Defendant (Pomar) runs a tobacco manufacturing company; People &Macaria(Defendant-Appellant) isanemployeeof theformer Pomar isaccused of not paying Macaria !hat is due to her" regular !ages" as she!as on pregnancy lea#e (P$%) Pomar is arguing that the pro#isions of Act&%'(" is #oid and unconstitutional )F* ruled in fa#or of Macaria" P+%" andimprisonment if insol#ent Pomar no! appeals" raising that )F* erred innotdeclaring,ec (&tobeunconstitutional" ,ec(&gi#es!omentheright to be paid !hile on pregnancy" &% days prior and another &% post-pregnancy/e&en#an$0main ar1umen$i$ha$ hei#eprive#o&hiliber$%$o(on$ra($,.hi(h$he(on$i$u$iono&$hePhilippine2lan#1uaran$ee$oever%(i$i3enhiliber$%an#oneo& hiliber$ie i $he liber$% $o (on$ra($.24 5he$her or no$ $he proviion o& e($ion 13 an# 1* o& +($ No.30,1 are a reaonable an# la.&ul e-er(ie o& $he poli(e po.er o&$he $a$e.R4 6n(on$i$u$ional, 7820 rulin1 revo9e#. :he rule in $hi;uri#i($ioni, $ha$ $he(on$ra($in1par$iema%e$ablihan%a1reemen$, $erm, an#(on#i$ion$he%ma%#eema#viable,provi#e#$he%areno$(on$rar%$ola., moralorpubli(poli(%.rm, or (orpora$ion.i$han%.oman .ho ma%, #urin1 $he (oure o& her emplo%men$, be(omepre1nan$, an# a &ailure $o in(lu#e in ai# (on$ra($ $he $erm >-e#$o a >ne an# imprionmen$. 7learl%, $here&ore, $he la.ha#eprive#, ever% peron, >rm, or (orpora$ion o.nin1 or mana1in1a&a($or%, hoporpla(eo&laboro&an%#e(rip$ion.i$hin$hePhilippine 2lan#, o& hi ri1h$ $o en$er in$o (on$ra($ o&emplo%men$ upon u(h $erm a he an# $he emplo%ee ma% a1reeupon. :he la. (rea$e a $erm in ever% u(h (on$ra($, .i$hou$ $he(onen$ o& $he par$ie.5?': 7@+': A@:?L 7o. v. P+RR2'A / 300 6' 3,9 reat Depression)2oth cases in#ol#ethe Afreedom of contract"= ho!e#er the Bth and the (Bth Amendment doesnot mentioncontracts" it onlyspea0sof libertyandplacesalimit onliberty by due process of la! As such" regulation !hich is reasonable inrelation to its subCect and is adopted in the interests of the community isdue process -his limitation of liberty in particular go#erns the Afreedom ofcontract= -here is no absolute freedom to do as one !ills or to contractas one chooses" because liberty implies the absence of arbitrary restraint"not immunity from reasonable regulation imposed in the interests of thecommunity -hisallo!sfor stateinter#ention!henthestateholdsaparticular interest of protection; especially !hen the parties to a contactAdo not stand one 1uality"= such as in an employerDemployee relationshipD*,,9E-*E> FP*E*FE: ,;-:98GAED: 9conomic conditions should not begrounds for the re-e.amination of the precedent established by Ad0ins #)hildren?s :ospital ((6@&) because to say that the )onstitution changes!ith the times and has to potential to not mean something gno! that itmeant !ith the document !as drafted does it a disser#ice )onsiderationsof !hat the statute !ill ultimately do" good or bad" should not beconsidered by the )ourt" it must only ans!er the constitutionalconsiderations in#ol#ed As such" !hile legislatures are free to recogni/edegrees of harm" the statute only applies to !omen and since thecontractual rights of men and !omen are the same the statute creates anarbitrarydiscriminationbasedonse. -hisimpliesthatthebargainingabilitiesof!omenandmenarenote1ual becauseofgender!hichisinherentlyuntrue Hustices2;-G98" M)89IEFGD," andJAED9JAE-98also dissented,;MMA8I FF G9>AG P8*E)*PG9,: -his case in#ol#es the legal principle ofAfreedom on contract= as established by the Fifth Amendment :o!e#erthe +th and (Bth Amendments do not reference contracts but instead statethatlibertycannotbedepri#ed!ithoutdueprocessof la! 7hiledueprocess of la!is yet another abstract termthe court de5ned it inreference to contracts: Aregulation !hich is reasonable to its subCect andisadoptedintheinterestsofthecommunityisdueprocess=*nother!ords" legislaturescanplacelimitsonliberty" speci5callyAfreedomofcontract?" as long as the regulation is not arbitrary and reasonable to thee.tent that is protects the interests of the community as a !hole ,incelegislaturesarefreetorecogni/edegreesof harm" regulationscanbemadetoaddress the#aryingdegrees" suchas aminimum!agefor!omen+778+ v. +778+ 5@RE?R' +''@72+:2@N ) 7R2 / GR No. L-21484 )23F0* / November 29, 19F9 / Ga9alin$al, J.4 / Governmen$al&un($ion, proprie$ar%&un($ion, (on$i$uen$ &un($ion, mini$ran$&un($ionF: -he Agricultural )redit and )ooperati#e Financing Administration(A))FA) !as a go#ernment agency created under 8epublic Act Eo $@(-he Gand 8eform )ode (8epublic Act Eo &$BB) reorgani/ed and changedits name to the Agricultural )redit Administration A collecti#e bargainingagreement !asenteredintobet!eenA))FAanditst!ounions -he;nion declared a stri0e and" together !ith its mother union" the)onfederation of ;nions in >o#ernment )orporations and FKces();>)F) 5led a case !ith the )ourt of *ndustrial 8elations ()*8) for unfairlabor practice Duringthependency of this case" theunions 5ledapetition for certi5cation election !ith the )*8 *n both instances" A))FAchallenges the Curisdiction of the )*8 arguing that is engaged ingo#ernmental functions24 5he$her or no$ +7+ i a 1overnmen$ en$i$%, $here&ore i$ 6N2@Nma% no$ $ri9e.He. :he6nion havenobar1ainin1ri1h$ .i$h+7+. ?@,*pla(e# +7+ un#er $he LRP+ an# b% vir$ue o& R+ 3844 $heimplemen$a$ion o& $he Lan# Re&orm Pro1ram o& $he 1overnmen$ia1overnmen$al &un($ionN@:aproprie$ar%&un($ion. Iein1u(h,+7+(annolon1er $ep#o.n$o#eal priva$el%.i$hai#union a i$ ma% have been#oin1.heni$ .a $ill +778+.Ao.ever, $he 1ro.in1 (omple-i$ie o& mo#ern o(ie$% haveren#ere# $he (lai>(a$ion o& $he 1overnmen$al &un($ion aunreali$i(, i& no$ obole$e. Gini$erial an# 1overnmen$al&un($ion (on$inue $o loe $heir .ell-#e>ne# boun#arie an# areaborbe# .i$hin $he a($ivi$ie $ha$ $he 1overnmen$ mu$un#er$a9e in i$ overei1n (apa(i$% i& i$ $o mee$ $he in(reain1o(ial (hallen1e o& $he $ime an# move $o.ar# a 1rea$ero(iali3a$ion o& e(onomi( &or(e.-his is contrary to ,ection (( of 8epublic Act Eo $'+" !hich pro#ides:o#ernment 4 -he terms andconditions of employment inthe>o#ernment" includingany politicalsubdi#isionor instrumentalitythereof" arego#ernedbyla!andit isdeclaredtobethepolicyof thisAct that employeesthereinshall notstri0e for the purposes of securing changes or modi5cation in their termsand conditions of employment ,uch employees may belong to any labororgani/ation !hich does not impose the obligation to stri0e or to Coin instri0e:Provi#e#, Ao.ever, $ha$ $hie($ionhall appl%onl%$oemplo%ee emplo%e# in 1overnmen$al &un($ion o& $heGovernmen$ in(lu#in1 bu$ no$ limi$e# $o 1overnmen$al(orpora$ion.JIen13on v. /rilon / GR No. 103*24 / 1992-04-1* / Gu$$iere3, Jr. J.4/ "e$e# Ri1h$ $o +((rue# PenionF: 8epublic Act Eo ('6'" as amended" !as enactedtopro#idetheHusticesof the,upreme)ourt andof the)ourt of Appealsretirementpensions 9#entually" President MarcosissuedPresidential DecreeLBBmodifyingthepensionstobe5.edtothethenpre#ailingsalaryrates"insteadofgi#ingthemautomaticreadCustmentfeature(ie pensiontoincrease or decrease as the salary at the time increases or decreases)"li0e !hat they had pre#iously in 8A ('6' :a#ing the impression that PDLBB repealed 8A('6'" !hich resulted to the discrimination againstretiredmembersof theHudiciaryinterms of pensionrates; )ongressappro#ed:ouse2ill Eo (L@6'(:2(L@6') torestoretheautomaticreadCustment feature :o!e#er" President A1uino#etoedthebill for it!ould allegedly disrupt the compensation standardi/ation *t turned outho!e#er" that absent its publication" PD LBB has ne#er become a #alidla!" ma0ing :2 (L@6' superMuous for 8A ('6' !as still in eNectAdditionally" the #eto on :2 (L@6' produced no eNect Pursuant to such")ongress included in the >eneral Appropriations 2ill (>A2) for Fiscal Iear(66@ certain appropriations for the Hudiciary intended for the payment ofthe adCusted pension rates President A1uino #etoed particular pro#isionsin >A224 5@N $he ve$o #eprive $he re$ire# Ju$i(e o& $heir ri1h$ $o $hepenion #ue $hem.8: Re$ire# Ju$i(e have ve$e# ri1h$ $o $he a((rue# penion #ue$o$hempuruan$ $oR+1,91. 7omplian(e.i$h$he$a$u$or%prereKuii$e &or re$iremen$ 1ran$ ve$e# ri1h$ $o re$ire an# #ra.alar%, an# ma% no$, $herea&$er, be revo9e# or impaire#.As Hustice )ru/ aptly stated in -eodoro H ,antiago # )FA" (>8 Eo 6@@$B"Huly (@" (66():