historical perspectives of research animal protection dr. susan wilson-sanders
TRANSCRIPT
Historical Perspectives of Historical Perspectives of Research Animal Research Animal
ProtectionProtection
Dr. Susan Wilson-SandersDr. Susan Wilson-Sanders
Participants in the ProcessParticipants in the Process Laboratory Animal ScientistsLaboratory Animal Scientists
Animal Care PanelAnimal Care Panel AALASAALAS AAALACAAALAC ILARILAR
PublicPublic Animal-centric organizationsAnimal-centric organizations Health care consumersHealth care consumers
Research communityResearch community
GovernmentGovernment CongressCongress USDAUSDA HHS: PHS (NIH, FDA)HHS: PHS (NIH, FDA)
Laboratory Animal Scientists:Laboratory Animal Scientists: Five “Founding Fathers Five “Founding Fathers””
Dr. Robert J. Dr. Robert J. SchroederSchroeder
Dr. Nathan R. Dr. Nathan R. BrewerBrewer
Dr. Elihu BondDr. Elihu Bond Dr. Robert J. FlynnDr. Robert J. Flynn Dr. Bennet J. CohenDr. Bennet J. Cohen
Timeline ContinuedTimeline Continued
19671967 Name of the ACP changes to the Name of the ACP changes to the American Association for laboratory American Association for laboratory
Animal Science (AALAS)Animal Science (AALAS)
The Public:The Public: Changing Attitudes Changing Attitudes
Animal-centric organizationsAnimal-centric organizations
Public’s InvolvementPublic’s Involvement
19621962Silent SpringSilent Spring, by Rachel Carson, by Rachel Carson19661966LIFE magazine and Sports Ill LIFE magazine and Sports Ill
articlesarticles1969 1969 Greenpeace foundedGreenpeace founded19751975Animal LiberationAnimal Liberation, by Peter Singer, by Peter Singer19821982The “Silver Spring Monkeys”The “Silver Spring Monkeys”19831983University of Pennsylvania head University of Pennsylvania head
injury studies injury studies
Sports Illustrated ArticleSports Illustrated Article
Life MagazineLife Magazine
Life MagazineLife Magazine
RESEARCH INVOLVEMENTRESEARCH INVOLVEMENT
ACADEMIC FREEDOMACADEMIC FREEDOM
Government InvolvementGovernment Involvement
19621962 NIH Contract –First NIH Contract –First GuideGuide
19661966 Laboratory Animal Laboratory Animal Welfare Act (1970, Welfare Act (1970, 1976, 1985, 1990)1976, 1985, 1990)
19711971 NIH PolicyNIH Policy 19731973 Public Health Public Health
Service Policy Service Policy (1979)(1979)
19851985 PHS Act (Health PHS Act (Health Research Extension)Research Extension)
1966 Laboratory Animal Welfare Act1966 Laboratory Animal Welfare Act
HousingHousing FeedingFeeding WateringWatering SanitationSanitation
ShelterShelter Separation of Separation of
SpeciesSpecies VentilationVentilation Adequate Vet CareAdequate Vet Care
Preventing theft of dogs and catsRegistration limited facilities with dogs/catsHolding areas onlyOnly records of acquisition requiredDeveloped 8 areas of minimum standards
1970 Animal Welfare Act1970 Animal Welfare Act LAWA changed to AWALAWA changed to AWA Extension into the laboratoryExtension into the laboratory Report number of animals Report number of animals
by pain categoriesby pain categories Require appropriate use of Require appropriate use of
anestheticsanesthetics Included standards for Included standards for
animal transportanimal transport Include all warm blooded Include all warm blooded
except those excluded by except those excluded by the Sec of Agthe Sec of Ag
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1985 Animal Welfare Act 1985 Animal Welfare Act AmendmentsAmendments
Establishment of IACUCEstablishment of IACUC Assign responsibility to Institutional OfficialAssign responsibility to Institutional Official Review of protocolsReview of protocols Semiannual program review & inspectionSemiannual program review & inspection Search for alternatives to painful Search for alternatives to painful
proceduresprocedures Personnel qualificationsPersonnel qualifications Environmental enrichment for NHPsEnvironmental enrichment for NHPs Exercise for dogsExercise for dogs
Animal Welfare ActAnimal Welfare Act
Applies to any live or Applies to any live or dead warm-blooded dead warm-blooded animal which is being animal which is being used, or is intended for used, or is intended for used for research, used for research, teaching, testing, teaching, testing, experimentation, or experimentation, or exhibition purposes, or exhibition purposes, or as a pet.as a pet.
Definition of AnimalsDefinition of Animals
Includes:Includes: Wilds mammals used Wilds mammals used
in field research and in field research and laboratory researchlaboratory research
Farm mammals used Farm mammals used in biomedical researchin biomedical research
Act Applies To:Act Applies To:
Horseshows (particularly Gaited, Horseshows (particularly Gaited, prevention of “soreing”.prevention of “soreing”.
Dog/cat breeders with more than three Dog/cat breeders with more than three breeding bitches or queens.breeding bitches or queens.
Definition ExcludesDefinition Excludes
Production farm animalsProduction farm animals Laboratory rats and Laboratory rats and
micemice Birds, bred for or used in Birds, bred for or used in
research (new in 2004)research (new in 2004)
Animal Welfare ActAnimal Welfare Act
The Act is administered by the U. S. The Act is administered by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. At least once a Department of Agriculture. At least once a year, unannounced inspections of all year, unannounced inspections of all registered facilities are conducted by registered facilities are conducted by USDA veterinarians. These inspectors USDA veterinarians. These inspectors have the authority to review all housing have the authority to review all housing areas, laboratories and offices where areas, laboratories and offices where animals or records pertaining to animals animals or records pertaining to animals are kept.are kept.
Animal Welfare ActAnimal Welfare Act
Fines and penalties Fines and penalties are levied for violating are levied for violating the actthe act
AWAAWAEstablishes the Institutional Animal Care Establishes the Institutional Animal Care
and Use Committee (IACUC) as the internal and Use Committee (IACUC) as the internal regulatory authority for each Research regulatory authority for each Research FacilityFacility
1971 NIH Policy1971 NIH Policy
Institution had to have Institution had to have AssuranceAssurance AAALACAAALAC Local CommitteeLocal Committee
Annual InspectionsAnnual Inspections Compliance with AWACompliance with AWA Follow Follow GuideGuide
1985 PHS Policy1985 PHS Policy Health Research Extension ActHealth Research Extension Act More detailed AssuranceMore detailed Assurance IO ultimately responsibleIO ultimately responsible CEO appoints IACUC membersCEO appoints IACUC members Minimum of 5 IACUC members:Minimum of 5 IACUC members:
DVM program authorityDVM program authority Once practicing scientistOnce practicing scientist One community member One community member
Protocol ReviewProtocol Review Semiannual reports of program Semiannual reports of program
reviewreview Detailed training program Detailed training program
descriptiondescription
Public Health Service PolicyPublic Health Service Policy The Public Health Service Policy on the Care The Public Health Service Policy on the Care
and Use of Laboratory Animalsand Use of Laboratory Animals is a is a Congressionally mandated Act in the same way Congressionally mandated Act in the same way the AWA is, the AWA is, but applies only tobut applies only to vertebrate vertebrate animals used in PHS funded researchanimals used in PHS funded research. Such . Such research includes that performed by the National research includes that performed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Cancer Institutes of Health (NIH), National Cancer Institute (NCI) and other branches of the PHS.Institute (NCI) and other branches of the PHS.
PHS PolicyPHS Policy
Under the PHS Policy Under the PHS Policy farm animals, birds, farm animals, birds, laboratory rodents, laboratory rodents, fish, amphibians, and fish, amphibians, and reptiles, as well as all reptiles, as well as all other vertebrates, other vertebrates, would be covered, as would be covered, as long as the study was long as the study was funded by PHS.funded by PHS.
PHS PolicyPHS Policy
In 1966, a panel of In 1966, a panel of experts commissioned by experts commissioned by the PHS wrote the the PHS wrote the Guide Guide for the Care and Use of for the Care and Use of Laboratory AnimalsLaboratory Animals, which , which has become the primary has become the primary reference in the United reference in the United States for animal care and States for animal care and use programs.use programs.
PHS PolicyPHS Policy
The Policy addresses The Policy addresses concerns for the welfare concerns for the welfare of PEOPLE, as well as of PEOPLE, as well as animals.animals.
Requirement that each Requirement that each Institution have an Institution have an Occupational Health Occupational Health Program to protect Program to protect humans against animal humans against animal hazards.hazards.
PHS PolicyPHS PolicyNo routine inspections; however, NIH No routine inspections; however, NIH
inspects several institutions per year inspects several institutions per year checking for compliance with the Guide checking for compliance with the Guide and Policyand Policy
Major violations? Major violations? Loss of all PHS funding Loss of all PHS funding to the institutionto the institution
PHS PolicyPHS Policy
Requires each institution have an IACUC, Requires each institution have an IACUC, which is the local authority over the animal which is the local authority over the animal care and use programcare and use program
““Animals” at the UA Animals” at the UA
ALL VERTEBRATES ALL VERTEBRATES animals, regardless of animals, regardless of use are covered.use are covered.
Other Federal Laws Affecting Animal Other Federal Laws Affecting Animal ResearchResearch
Good Laboratory Practices Act—Requires Good Laboratory Practices Act—Requires to meet standards of PHS Policy and AWAto meet standards of PHS Policy and AWA
Animal Enterprise Protection ActAnimal Enterprise Protection ActControlled Substances ActControlled Substances ActPatriot ActPatriot Act
Federal and State Wildlife Federal and State Wildlife Protection LawsProtection Laws
Non-Regulatory Policies Affecting Non-Regulatory Policies Affecting ResearchResearch
Association for Assessment and Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Care Accreditation of Laboratory Care
InternationalInternational
AAALACAAALAC
Considered the Gold Considered the Gold Standard for animal Standard for animal carecare
AAALAC uses AWA, AAALAC uses AWA, PHS and other PHS and other sources as guidessources as guides
Applies to all animals Applies to all animals used by the institutionused by the institution
AVMA Panel on EuthanasiaAVMA Panel on Euthanasia