historical timeline of cannabis through the ages

8/14/2019 Historical Timeline of Cannabis Through the Ages

1/47

A historical timeline of Cannabis through the ages

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Cannabis Timeline

A historical timeline of Cannabis through the ages.

000 B.C.

annabis seeds used for food in China

000 B.C.

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istory of Marijuana
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extiles made of hemp are used in China. Remains have been found of hemp fibers from this period

om Turkestan a century later.

727 B.C.

rst recorded use of cannabis as medicine in Chinese pharmacopoeia. In every part of the world

umankind has used cannabis for a wide variety of health problems.

500 B.C.annabis cultivated in China for food and fibre.

500 B.C.

cythians cultivate cannabis and use it to weave fine hemp cloth. (Sumach 1975)

200 - 800 B.C.

hang (dried cannabis leaves, seeds and stems) is mentioned in the Hindu sacred text Atharva veda

cience of Charms) as "Sacred Grass", one of the five sacred plants of India. It is used by medicinal

d ritually as an offering to Shiva.

00 - 600 B.C.

he Zoroastrian Zend-Avesta, an ancient Persian religious text of several hundred volumes, and said

ve been written by Zarathustra (Zoroaster), refers to bhang as Zoroaster's "good narcotic" (Vendid

The Law Against Demons)

00 - 300 B.C.

cythian tribes leave Cannabis seeds as offerings in royal tombs.

00 B.C.cythian couple die and are buried with two small tents covering censers. Attached to one tent stick w

decorated leather pouch containing wild Cannabis seeds. This closely matches the stories told by

erodotus. The gravesite, discovered in the late 1940s, was in Pazryk, northwest of the Tien Shan

ountains in modern-day Khazakstan.

00 B.C.

emp is introduced into Northern Europe by the Scythians. An urn containing leaves and seeds of th

annabis plant, unearthed near Berlin, is dated to about this time.

00 - 100 BCemp spreads throughout northern Europe.

30 B.C.

erodotus reports on both ritual and recreation use of Cannabis by the Scythians (Herodotus The

istories trans. G. Rawlinson).

00 - 0 B.C.

he psychotropic properties of Cannabis are mentioned in the newly compiled herbal Pen Ts'ao Chin



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hich is attributed to an emperor c. 2700 B.C.

- 100 A.D.

onstruction of Samartian gold and glass paste stash box for storing hashish, coriander, or salt, burie

berian tomb.

0

ioscorides mentions the use of Cannabis as a Roman medicament.

70

alen (Roman) alludes to the psychoactivity of Cannabis seed confections.

00 - 600

he Jewish Talmud mentions the euphoriant properties of Cannabis. (Abel 1980)

00 - 1000

cholars debate the pros and cons of eating hashish. Use spreads throughout Arabia.

090 - 1256

Khorasan, Persia, Hasan ibn al-Sabbah, the Old Man of the Mountain, recruits followers to commi

sassinations...legends develop around their supposed use of hashish. These legends are some of the

rliest written tales of the discovery of the inebriating powers of Cannabis and the supposed use of

ashish.

arly 12th Century

ashish smoking very popular throughout the Middle East.

2th Century

annabis is introduced in Egypt during the reign of the Ayyubid dynasty on the occasion of the flood

Egypt by mystic devotees coming from Syria. (M.K. Hussein 1957 - Soueif 1972)

55 - 1221

ersian legend of the Sufi master Sheik Haidar's of Khorasan's personal discovery of Cannabis and it

bsequent spread to Iraq, Bahrain, Egypt and Syria. Another of the ealiest written narratives of the u

Cannabis as an inebriant.

3th Centuryhe oldest monograph on hashish, Zahr al-'arish fi tahrim al-hashish, was written. It has since been lo

3th Century

n al-Baytar of Spain provides a description of psychaoctive Cannabis.

3th Century

rab traders bring Cannabis to the Mozambique coast of Africa.



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231

ashish introduced to Iraq in the reign of Caliph Mustansir (Rosenthal 1971)

271 - 1295

urneys of Marco Polo in which he gives second-hand reports of the story of Hasan ibn al-Sabbah a

s "assassins" using hashish. First time reports of Cannabis have been brought to the attention of

urope.

378

ttoman Emir Soudoun Scheikhouni issues one of the first edicts against the eating of hashish.

526

abur Nama, first emperor and founder of Mughal Empire learned of hashish in Afghanistan.

549

ngolan slaves brought cannabis with them to the sugar plantations of northeastern Brazil. They wer

rmitted to plant their cannabis between rows of cane, and to smoke it between harvests.

id 16th Century

he epic poem, Benk u Bode, by the poet Mohammed Ebn Soleiman Foruli of Baghdad, deals

legorically with a dialectical battle between wine and hashish.

7th Century

se of hashish, alcohol, and opium spreads among the population of occupied Constantinople.

606-1632

ench and British cultivate Cannabis for hemp at their colonies in Port Royal (1606), Virginia (1611

d Plymouth (1632).

ate 17th Century

ashish becomes a major trade item between Central Asia and South Asia.

798

apoleon discovers that much of the Egyptian lower class habitually uses hashish (Kimmens 1977).

clares a total prohibition. Soldiers returning to France bring the tradition with them.

9th Centuryashish production expands from Russian Turkestan into Yarkand in Chinese Turkestan.

809

ntoine Sylvestre de Sacy, a leading Arabist, reveals the etymology of the words "assassin" and

ashishin".

840

America, medicinal preparations with a Cannabis base are available. Hashish available in Persian



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harmacies.

843

e Club des Hachichins, or Hashish Eater's Club, established in Paris.

1850

ashish appears in Greece.

856

ritish tax ganja and charas trade in India.

870 - 1880

rst reports of hashish smoking on Greek mainland.

1875

ultivation for hashish introduced to Greece.

877err reports on Indian ganja and charas trade.

890

reek Department of Interior prohibits importance, cultivation and use of hashish.

890

ashish made illegal in Turkey.

893 - 1894

he India Hemp Drugs Commission Report is issued.

893 - 1894

0,000 to 80,000 kg of hashish legally imported into India from Central Asia each year.

906

ure Food and Drug Act is passed, regulating the labelling of products containing Alcohol, Opiates,

ocaine, and Cannabis, among others. The law went into effect Jan 1, 1907.

arly 20th Centuryashish smoking very popular throughout the Middle East.

915 - 1927

annabis begins to be prohibited for nonmedical use in the U.S., especially in SW states.

920

etaxus dictators in Greece crack down on hashish smoking.

920s



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ashish smuggled into Egypt from Greece, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, and Central Asia.

926

ebanese hashish production peaks after World War I until prohibited in 1926.

928

ecrational use of Cannabis is banned in Britain.

920s - 1930s

igh-quality hashish produced in Turkey near Greek border.

930

arkand region of Chinese Turkestan exports 91,471 kg of hashish legally into the Northwest Fronti

d Punjab regions of India.

930s

egal taxed imports of hashish continue into India from Central Asia.

934 - 1935

hinese government moves to end all Cannabis cultivation in Yarkand and charas traffic from Yarka

oth licit and illicit hashish production become illegal in Chinese Turkestan.

936

opaganda film "Reefer Madness" made to scare American youth away from using Cannabis.

937

annabis made federally illegal in the U.S. with the passage of the Marihuana Tax Act.

938

upply of hashish from chinese Turkestan nearly ceases.

940s

reek hashish smoking tradition fades.

941

dian government considers cultivation in Kashmir to fill void of hashish from Chinese Turkestan.

941 - 1942

and-rubbed charas from Nepal is choicest hashish in India during World War II.

945

egal hashish consumption continues in India.

945 - 1955

ashish use in Greece flourishes again.



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950s

ashish still smuggled into India from Chinese Central Asia.

950s

oroccan government tacitly allows kif cultivation in Rif Mountains.

962

rst hashish made in Morocco.

963

urkish police seize 2.5 tons of hashish.

965

rst reports of C. afghanica use for hashish production in northern Afghanistan.

965

ustafa comes to Ketama in Morocco to make hashish from local kif.

966

he Moroccan government attempts to purge kif growers from Rif Mountains.

966

ngland win the World Cup.

967

mash", the first hashish oil appears. Red Lebanese reaches California.

ate 1960s - Early 1970s

he Brotherhood popularizes Afghani hashish.

970 - 1973

uge fields of Cannabis cultivated for hashish production in Afghanistan. Last years that truly great

ghani hashish is available.

972

he Nixon-appointed Shafer Commission urged use of cannabis be re-legalized, but theircommendation was ignored. Medical research continues.

arly 1970s

ebanese red and blonde hashish of very high-quality exported. The highest quality Turkish hashish

om Gaziantep near Syria appears in western Europe.

arly 1970s

fghani hashish varieties introduced to North America for sinsemilla production. Westerners bring



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etal sieve cloths to Afghanistan. Law enforcement efforts against hashish begin in Afghanistan.

973

epal bans the Cannabis shops and charas (hand-rolled hash) export.

973

fghan government makes hashish production and sales illegal. Afghani harvest is pitifully small.

975

DA establishes Compassionate Use program for medical marijuana.

976 - 1977

uality of Lebanese hashish reaches peak.

978

esterners make sieved hashish in Nepal from wild Cannabis.

ate 1970screasing manufacture of "modern" Afghani hashish. Cannabis varieties from Afghanistan imported

to Kashmir for sieved hashish production.

980s

orocco becomes one of, if not the largest, hashish producing and exporting nations.

980s

Border" hashish produced in northwestern Pakistan along the Afghan border to avoid Soviet-Afghan

ar.

arly 1980s

uality of Lebanese hashish declines.

983 - 1984

mall amounts of the last high-quality Turkish hashish appear.

985

ashish still produced by Muslims of Kashgar and Yarkland (NW China).

986

ost private stashes of pre-war Afghani hashish in Amsterdam, Goa, and America are nearly finishe

987

oroccan government cracks down upon Cannabis cultivation in lower eleations of Rif Mountains.

988

EA administrative law Judge Francis Young finds after thorough hearings that marijuana has clearl



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tablished medical use and should be reclassified as a prescriptive drug. His recommendation is ign

993

annabis eradication efforts resume in Morocco.

994

eavy fighting between rival Muslim clans continues to upset hashish trade in Afghanistan.

994

order hashish still produced in Pakistan.

995

troduction of hashish-making equipment and appearance of locally produced hashish in Amsterdam

ffee shops.

ct 23, 2001

ritain's Home Secretary, David Blunkett, proposes relaxing the classification of cannabis from a cla

to class C. As of June 10, 2002, this has not taken effect.

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10/47

History of the Medical Use of Marijuana

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istory of Marijuana

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History of the Medicinal Use of Marijuana

rom the National Commission of Marijuana and Drug Abuse

e also: The History of the Intoxicant Use of Marijuana

he term "marijuana" is a word with indistinct origins. Some believe it is derived from the Mexican

ords for "Mary Jane"; others hold that "marijuana" comes from. the Portuguese word marigu-ano

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istory of Marijuana


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hich means "intoxicant" (Geller and Boas, 1969: 14). This section outlines the many and varied use

arihuana through history, and deals with its use in medicine and its use as an intoxicant. The

perience of the 1960's might lead one to surmise that marihuana use spreads explosively. The

ronicle of its 3,000 year history, however, shows that this "explosion" has been characteristic only

e contemporary scene.

he plant has been grown for fiber and as a source of medicine for several thousand years, but until 5

D. its use as a mind-altering drug was almost solely confined in India. The drug and its uses reachee Middle and Near East during the next several centuries, and then moved across North Africa,

peared in Latin America and the Caribbean, and finally entered the United States in the early decad

this century (Snyder, 1970: 129). Meanwhile it had been introduced into European medicine short

ter the invasion of Egypt by Napoleon and had a minor vogue as an intoxicant for a time in France

egardless of which parts of the world are discussed, many of the same problems and concerns abou

nnabis are common to all, including the United States. Understanding its various uses during many

nturies in diverse countries and continents can perhaps lead to a better understanding of marihuana

neral.

istory of the Medical Use

he history of cannabis products and their use has been long, colorful and varied. "To the agriculturi

nnabis is a fiber crop; to the physician, it is an enigma; to the user, a euphoriant; to the police, a

enace; to the trafficker, a source of profitable danger; to the convict or parolee and his family, a sou

sorrow" (Mikuriya, 1969: 34). The fact is that cannabis has been held simultaneously in high and l

teem at various times throughout recorded history, particularly in our own times.

he volume of information available on the medical application of cannabis is considerable.

ccasionally certain references have been condensed or deleted, but this should not detract from thempleteness of the report. This historical survey of the medical uses of marihuana is introduced by

road overview of its use, including brief notes on current and projected research, and then consider

ecific historical settings and circumstances in ancient China, moving on to Egypt, India, Greece,

frica, and the Western World.

annabis sativa has been used therapeutically from the earliest records, nearly 5,000 years ago, to the

esent day (Mikuriya, 1969: 34) and its products have been widely noted for their effects, both

hysiological and psychological, throughout the world. Although the Chinese and Indian cultures kne

out the properties of this drug from very early times, this information did not become general in thear and Middle East until after the fifth century A.D., when travelers, traders and adventurers began

rry knowledge of the drug westward to Persia and Arabia. Historians claim that cannabis was first

mployed in these countries as an antiseptic and analgesic.

ther medical uses were later developed and spread throughout the Middle East, Africa, and Eastern

urope. Several years after the return of Napoleon's army from Egypt, cannabis became widely accep

y Western medical practitioners. Previously, it had had limited use for such purposes as the treatme

burns. The scientific members of Napoleon's forces were interested in the drug's pain relieving and



12/47


dative effects. It was used during, and to a greater extent, following his rule in France, especially a

40 when the work of such physicians as O'Shaughnessy, Aubert-Roche, and Moreau de Tours drew

ide attention to this drug.

ith the rise of the literary movement of the 1840-1860 period in France (Gautier, Baudelaire, Dum

c.), cannabis became somewhat popular as an intoxicant of the intellectual classes.

the United States, medical interest in cannabis use was evidenced in 1860 by the convening of a

ommittee on Cannabis Indica of the Ohio State Medical Society, which reported on its therapeuticplications (McMeens, 1860: 1). Between the period 1840-1890, Walton states that more than 100

ticles were published recommending cannabis for one disorder or another.

oncern about cannabis as an intoxicant led the government of India to establish the India Hemp

ommission of 1893-94 to examine the entire question of cannabis use in India. Paralleling the quest

ver cannabis use in the latter half of the 19th century was the growing medical use of other medicat

perior to cannabis in their effects and more easily controlled as to dose. Consequently, medical use

nnabis declined and cannabis began to lose support of the medical profession. During the years

tween 1856-1937, cannabis lost its image as a medicine and was left with a disreputable image as a

toxicant.

rong public reaction coupled with a campaign in the public press led to a federal anti-marihuana la

937. (The drug was illegal in many states before 1937.) The issue of medical use remained active,

owever, and Dr. William C. Woodward, Legislative Counsel to the AMA, an opponent of cannabis

d the only physician to be a witness at the Taxation of Marihuana hearings, stated:

There are exceptions in treatment in which cannabis cannot apparently be successfully subsituted fo

he work of Pascal seems to show that Indian Hemp has remarkable properties in revealing the

bconscious; hence, it can be used for psychological, psychoanalytic and psychotherapeutic researcHearings, House of Representatives, 1937: 91).

lthough cannabis drugs are generally regarded as obsolete and rarely used in "western" medicine

day, cannabis is "still used extensively in the Ayruvedic, Unani and Tibbi systems of medicine of t

dian-Pakastani subcontinent" ("The Cannabis Problem, 1962: 27). The Pharmacopoeias of India

ention cannabis use in the recent past. Two preparations of cannabis, a liquid extract and a tincture

ted in the 1954 and 1966 Pharmacopoeias of India which contain descriptions of cannabis and its

tract and how it is made (Chopra & Chopra, 1957: 9).

more recent source makes reference to the fact that "in contemporary India and Pakistan, there

ntinues to be widespread indigenous medical, 'quasi-medical,' and illicit use of both opium and

nnabis" (Chopra & Chopra, 1957: 12-13). Bouquet notes that hemp resin is occasionally used in th

tive medicines of the countries where it is collected. He points especially to India where, "the med

stems . . . make much use of cannabis as a sedative, hypnotic, analgesic, anti-spasmodic and anti-

morrhoidal" (Bulletin on Narcotics, 1962:27). According to the Canadian Commission of Inquiry i

e Non-Medical Use of Drugs:



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There is no currently accepted medical use of cannabis in North America outside of an experimenta

ntext. Although cannabis has been reported to produce an array of possibly useful medical effects,

ese have either not been adequately investigated, or can be replaced by using other more readily

ailable and convenient drugs.

he natural product's variability in potency and instability over time are among the factors which ha

d to its disfavor in Western 20th century medicine.... cannabis has often been employed in the past,

nd is currently used illicitly in North America, to reduce the secondary symptoms and suffering cauthe flue and the common cold. These . . . alleged therapeutic properties of cannabis have not been

dequately studied in a scientific context, and their general medical potential remains a matter of

njecture". (1970: 74).

milar statements regarding cannabis are to be found in Marijuana, edited by Erich Goode, and in th

xtbook Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics by Goodman and Gilman (1970: 300). Concerning

erapeutic uses, the latter states:

Although cannabis was once used for a wide variety of clinical disorders and has even been

monstrated to have antibacterial activity, there are at present no well substantiated indications for

e. It is no longer an official drug. Preparations are rarely available (cannabis preparation and

nthetic THC are obtainable only for research purposes), and prescriptions are regulated by specia

x laws".

ollister (1971: 27) lists a few difficulties of the therapeutic use of cannabis:

The onset of the action of oral doses of THC is often rather slow, contrary to that of conventional

dative-hypnotics. Doses high enough to produce a marked hypnotic effect are almost always

companied by some degree of psychotomimetic-like perceptual disorders, which many patients mignd disagreeable. The fine titration of dose required to provide sedative effects is likely to be difficul

he drug does not have novel effects compared with other sedative-hypnotics".

he Department of Health, Education, and We] fare report to Congress in 1971, Marihuana and Heal

peats the statement of the Canadian Interim Report of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs,

ates:

There is no currently accepted medical use of cannabis in the United States outside of an experimen

ntext".

DHEW: 1971: 27). Allen Geller and Maxwell Boas (1969: 4) think that cannabis' "unsavory reputat

as largely stymied further research."

espite the many statements discounting cannabis' therapeutic usefulness, some authorities maintain

medical value might be reborn through further research and/or use. David Solomon, in his forewo

The Marihuana Papers (1968: xxi) argues that:

Marihuana should be accorded the medical status it once had in this country as a legitimate



14/47


escription item. After 1937, with the passage of the Marihuana Tax Act and subsequent federal and

ate legislation, it became virtually impossible for physicians to obtain or prescribe marihuana

eparations for their patients. Thus, the medical profession was denied access to a versatile

armaceutical tool with a history of therapeutic utility going back thousands of years".

a 1970 article, "Pot Facing Stringent Scientific Examination ," reference is made to Dr. Par who st

at there are three areas in which "chemical and animal experiments are under way:" (1) Analgesia-

ood elevation plus analgesic power may make useful drug. (2) Blood pressure reduction-hypertensay be helped by new drugs which lower the blood pressure by what seems to be action on the centr

rvous system. (3) Psychotherapeutic-new compounds are antidepressants and antianxiety drugs

Culliton: 1970).

ikuriya cites it studies concerning cannabis funded by the National Institute of Mental Health in 19

he studies were "either specialized animal experiments, part of an observational sociologic study of

umber of drugs, or explorations of chemical detection methods" (Mikuriya, 1969: 38). Feinglass ha

ointed to four general categories into which the clinical studies of marihuana could be divided (196

06-208). They are:

nticonvulsant effects-treatment of tetanus, convulsions of rabies, epilepsy, infant convulsions,

ychotherapeutic actions - appetite-stimulation, treatment of depression, sedative and hypnotic in

ducing anxiety, treatment of addiction, Antibiotic properties, Pain-affecting power.

rinspoon suggests:

ery little research attention has been given to the possibility that marihuana might protect some peo

om psychosis. Among users of the drug, the proportion of people with neuroses or personality

sorders is usually higher than in the general population; one might therefore expect the incidence oychoses also to be higher in this group. The fact that it is not suggests that for some mentally

sturbed people, the escape provided by the drug may serve to prevent a psychotic breakdown. (196

4).

ikuriya lists many possible therapeutic uses of THC and similar products in his paper "Marihuana i

edicine: Past, Present and Future." He includes:

nalgesic-hypnotic, appetite stimulant, antiepileptic, antispasmodic, prophylactic and treatment of th

uralgias, including migraine and tic douloureaux, antidepressant-tranquillizer, anti-asthmatic,

ytocic, anti-tussive, topical anesthetic, withdrawal agent for opiate and alcohol addiction, child bi

nalgesic, and antibiotic (1968: 39).



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The History of the Intoxicant Use of Marijuana

ome

istory of Marijuana

edicinal History

toxicant History

annabis Timeline

edicinal Marijuana

arijuana & Health

arijuana & UK Law

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olling Techniques

msterdam Guide

isclaimer


rom the National Commission of Marijuana and Drug Abuse

e also: The History of the Medical Use of Marijuana Abuse

he preceding history of the medical use of Marijuana has provided an outline of how Marijuana has

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istory of Marijuana


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en alleged to care diseases and relieve pain. This section discusses the non-medical use of cannabi

he survey includes a discussion of Marijuana use in India, the rest of Asia, Africa, Europe, and the

nited States; and a concluding analysis of the intoxicant use in contemporary times.

ssessing Marijuana's use as an intoxicant is difficult because for many people around the world, its

mportance as an intoxicant has been secondary to its use as a folk medicine or a ceremonial adjunct

Grinspoon, 1971: 173-174). Caffeine and nicotine apart, cannabis is second in worldwide popularity

nly to alcohol.

dia

arijuana was probably first used as an intoxicant in India around 1000 B.C., and soon became an

tegral part of Hindu culture (Snyder, 1970: 125). In China, where the Marijuana plant had been use

ake cloth and certain medicines for centuries, it was not recorded as an intoxicant. Explanations are

nclear as to why Marijuana was used as an intoxicant in India but not in China.

arijuana was also used as an intoxicant in other parts of the world prior to 500 A.D. but was not as

ell documented as the use of opium. The drug "nepenthe" in Homer's Odyssey is believed by a num

scholars to have been a brew in which the most active ingredient was hemp (Brotteaux, 1967: 10)

alen wrote in the second century that it was customary to promote hilarity and happiness at banque

y giving the guests hemp (Reininger, 1967: 14-15).

annabis is used in three different preparations in India (Snyder, 1970: 27). The first is called bhang,

mparable in potency to Marijuana in the United States. It is made from the leaves and stems of

ncultivated plants and blended into a pleasant tasting liquid concoction. The second is ganja, more

otent than bhang, made from the tops of cultivated plants. The third and most potent preparation,

aras, is similar to hashish or "hash" and is obtained by scraping the resin from the leaves of the

ltivated plants. Hard blocks are pressed from this material which are converted for smoking.High-ste Hindus are not permitted to use alcohol. But they are allowed bhang at religious ceremonials, a

so employ it as an intoxicant at marriage ceremonies and family festivals. Bhang is used by laborer

dia in much the same way as beer is used in the United States (Barber, 1970: 80).The lower classes

dia use either a few pulls at a ganja pipe or sip a glass of bhang at the end of the day to relieve fatig

Grinspoon, 1971: 173), to obtain a sense of well-being, to stimulate appetite, and to enable them to b

ore cheerfully the "strain and monotony of . . . daily routines" (Geller and Boas, 1969: 5). These typ

users and objectives are frequently the reverse of those in the United States where Marijuana users

nsider themselves an exclusive and advanced "in-group" (Andrews and Vinkenoog, 1967: iii). A

ajor intoxicant use in India is for religious purposes.

sia and the Middle East

annabis spread from India to other parts of Asia, to the Middle East and then to Africa and South

merica, although some believe it may have originated independently in the latter two continents (Fo

969: 15). Cultural values may have played a part in determining its use. Opium and cannabis were

ually available in pre-Communist China; but cannabis had no vogue as an intoxicant (Barber, 1970

0). The Chinese spoke of the plant as the "Liberator of Sin." In India, it was called. the "Giver of

fe" (Fort, 1970: 15). One author proposed that temperament may have also played a role in this



18/47


termination, suggesting that perhaps the placid, practical Chinese did not appreciate the euphoria

oduced by cannabis (Snyder, 1070: 125).

dditional evidence of mid-Asian use comes from cuneiform tablet interpretations that ascribe use in

ersia circa 700-600 B.C. and of the time of Ashurbanipal's Assyrian reign, 669-626 B.C. (Blum. and

ssociates, 1969, 1: 62).

he drug's popularity as an intoxicant spread to the Middle East and thoroughly permeated Islamiclture within a few centuries (Geller and Boas, 1969: 5). Because alcohol was prohibited to the

llowers of Mohammed, cannabis was accepted as a substitute.

he Myth of the Assassins

wo Muslim myths, one from the 10th century A.D. and the other from the 13th century A.D., have

en the sources of some of the contemporary attitudes about the drug. The first myth deals with hash

a magical eastern drug brought by the Arabs into Spain in the 10th century. These invaders confin

use primarily to themselves, taking it back to Africa when they left Spain. Although it did not bec

European habit, some beliefs about the drug were left behind.

he existence of this "magical eastern drug" was probably known to Marco Polo, the Venetian travel

the 13th century A.D. before he left on his journey to the East. Marco Polo returned to Europe wit

s own tale of cannabis which, in the potent form of hashish, was said to be used as an intoxicant by

asan-I-Sabbah to send his ruthless followers on missions of murder. The word "assassin" was said t

derived from the word "hashish," or from Hasan (Geller and Boas, 1969: 6). Marco Polo had writt

out how this "Old Man of the Mountain" sent his men out on their missions with all the color and

geantry that Europeans associated with the East. As Marco Polo described:

the territory of the Assassins there were delicious walled gardens in which one can find everythingat can satisfy the needs of the body and the caprices of the most exacting sensuality. Great banks of

orgeous flowers and bushes covered with fruit stand amongst crystal rivers of living water.... Trellis

roses and fragrant vines cover with their foliage pavilions of jade and porcelain furnished with

ersian carpets and Grecian embroideries.

elicious drinks in vessels of gold or crystal are served by young boys or girls, whose dark

nfathomable eyes cause them to resemble the Houris, divinities of that Paradise which the Prophet

omised to believers. The sound of harps mingles with the cooing of doves, the murmur of soft voice

ends with the sighing of the reeds. All is joy, pleasure, voluptuousness and enchantment.

he Grand Master of the Assassins, whenever he discovers a young man resolute enough to belong to

s murderous legions . . . invites the youth to his table and intoxicates him with the plant "hashish."

aving been secretly transported to the pleasure gardens the young man imagines that he has entere

e Paradise of Mahomet. The girls, lovely as Houris, contribute to the illusion. After he has enjoyed

tiety all the joys promised by the-Prophet to his elect, he falls back to the presence of the Grand

aster. Here he is informed that he can enjoy perpetually the delights he has just tasted If he will tak

art in the war of the Infidel as commanded by the Prophet(Geller and Boas, 1969: 6).



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nother translation (Kitti, 1967: 24) begins the tale this way:

ow no man was allowed to enter the Garden save those whom he intended to be his ASHISHIN.

reality, this was a religious situation and scholars have long since exposed Marco Polo's tale as be

myth, at best an imaginative embellishment of tales he had heard.

fricase of cannabis in most parts of Africa developed slowly, most of it during the past 100 years (Blum

d Associates, 1969, I: 73). A report from Africa in 1891 (Reininger, 1966: 141-142), dealt with a tr

at used hemp as an intoxicant in their newly formed religion and in preparation for battle. A simila

e is described in the Congo, when Simba warriors in 1964 were said to use a cannabis-alcohol mix

preparation for battle, to rouse themselves for the battle and to magically guarantee immunity from

rm.

Morocco, Marijuana, called kif, has been used as an intoxicant by adult males for centuries; that

stom continues today even though the drug is illegal (Mikuriya, 1970: 122-123).

lthough moderate use appears to be tolerated in the areas of India, North Africa and the Middle Eas

cessive use is generally viewed as indicative of serious personality problems (Geller and Boas, 196

.

urope

ne of the more suggestive parallels between 19th century France and the United States today is the

at the French interest in cannabis at that time was aroused by the returning French soldiers and

ientists of Napoleon's army in Egypt, a source of the drug. A similar interest occurred in the United

ates after the Korean conflict, and has intensified since Vietnam (Geller and Boas, 1969: 7).

uring the 19th century, European interest in the drug was aided by two scientific reports, the first by

. B. O'Shaughnessy in 1839, and the second report by Queen Victoria's physician, Russell Reynold

oth men recommended its medical use for a variety of ailments and as a mild euphoriant (Grinspoo

971: 56). Cannabis received highly laudatory testimonials from the medical profession of that day a

as readily available without prescription (Snyder, 1970: 121).

terest in cannabis was further kindled by popular writers who used and spoke of hashish

thusiastically, including Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud, and Pierre Gautier. Gautier andaudelaire, in fact, were members of the Club des Hachischins, in which a number of writers and

tellectuals gathered and experimented with hashish (Geller and Boas, 1969: 13).

lthough the public delighted to read of the French writers' drug experiences, the public did not care

gage in the same kind of activity; to them the experiences were frightening and repugnant. "As a

sult, the smoking of hashish remained the sub-rosa province of a few European artists until the rece

ans-Atlantic phenomenon of the American drug culture" (Geller and Boas, 1969: 8).



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ploration of the personality. At a certain stage of development, there is less need to produce and m

me to spend consuming. This is healthy. If used properly, Marijuana could be helpful at this stage o

velopment. However, countries which are only beginning to develop a more complex economic

ructure must channel all their energies into creating a new system. This means that they must sacrif

ore of their pleasure. People who smoke hemp seem on the whole to be less aggressive than people

ho drink alcohol. Hemp smoking may have a positive value for certain social functions....

ne of the first acts of the Military Government was to issue a decree making it punishable by death ow Marijuana, and by up to twenty years of prison for merely being in possession of it . . . meantim

e Nigerians have to stop getting high for a while and develop our country.

the United States, the decade of the 1960's has seen a spectacular and unprecedented spread of the

Marijuana, chiefly among the youth. An estimated 24 million persons have used Marijuana and

proximately 3.4 million are current users. The numbers involved and the fact that use spans all age

oups and social classes in American life has produced marked public reaction and a need for more

formation on the drug.

isclaimer:

uch of the information contained on this website would be illegal were it to be practiced in most

untries around the world - including the UK. Our intent is to educate and inform NOT to encourag

yone to break the law.

age [ 1 ] of [ 1 ]

opyright 2002 SKD



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Marijuana for medicinal purposes

ome

istory of Marijuana

edicinal Marijuana

arijuana & Health

arijuana & UK Law

rowing Marijuana

arijuana Pictures

olling Techniques

msterdam Guide

isclaimer

Medicinal Marijuana

Medical Applications of Cannabinoids.

annabinoids are molecules unique to the cannabis plant. There are over 60 such cannabinoids in th

ant including 9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 9-THC Propyl Analogue (THC-V), Cannabidiol (CBannabidiol Propyl Analogue (CBD-V), Cannabinol (CBN), Cannabichromene (CBC),

annabichromene Propyl Analogue (CBC-V) and Cannabigerol (CBG).

HC is the cannabinoid that has to date received most attention both from the scientific community a

e general public. However, THC and other cannabinoids have been shown to have analgesic, anti-

asmodic, anti-convulsant, anti-tremor, anti-psychotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-emetic and appetite-

mulant properties. Research is ongoing into the neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects of

nnabinoids.

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edicinal Marijuana


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elow are 3 recent reports of interest:

ouse of Lords Science & Technology Committee - Ninth Report

annabis: The Scientific and Medical Evidence (November 1998)

ouse of Lords Science & Technology Committee - Second Report

herapeutic Uses of Cannabis (March 2001)

ational Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine

arijuana and Medicine - Assessing the Science Base (1999)

herapeutic Cannabis Users & the Law

here have recently been a number of high-profile cases involving the prosecution of therapeutic use

cannabis: the memorandum by the Alliance for Cannabis Therapeutics (ACT) (p. 26) has highligh

number of them. The decision to prosecute, taken by the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), does n

em to be consistent from region to region. Moreover, in some cases, juries have acquitted therapeuers who do not deny the offence, but plead therapeutic use in mitigation; in other cases, defendants

ve been found guilty and sentenced.

inisters sought to deny that therapeutic cannabis users were subject to "postcode prosecuting". The

ressed that the number of therapeutic users who were prosecuted was extremely small when compa

the total of 89,000 cases involving cannabis in 1998.[10] He also said that the variation in the

utcome of cases for therapeutic users was less than for other offences, including the recreational use

nnabis. The number of cases of therapeutic users of cannabis being prosecuted is certainly small.

xact statistics are difficult to obtain, however, as the Home Office does not maintain a record of tho

osecuted for cannabis use who claim therapeutic use as a defence.

he Minister further said that he had no intention of changing the current position, whereby the decis

hether or not to prosecute for cannabis-related offences is made locally by the Police and the CPS.

d, however, emphasise that discretion could be exercised at three levels of the prosecution process:

e Police; by the CPS; and by the Courts. Guidelines issued by the Association of Chief Police Offic

ACPO) on dealing with cannabis offences specifically refer to therapeutic use, and recommend that

ution is usually appropriate; the CPS guidelines require that any prosecution should be in the publi

terest; and the Court of Appeal issues guidance that the possession of small amounts of cannabis fo

rsonal use can often be met by a fine.

Therapeutic Uses of Cannabis - March 2001)

IDS Wasting Syndrome

rthritis

rain Injury/Stroke

ultiple Sclerosis

http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldselect/ldsctech/151/15101.htmhttp://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldselect/ldsctech/151/15101.htmhttp://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200001/ldselect/ldsctech/50/5001.htmhttp://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200001/ldselect/ldsctech/50/5001.htmhttp://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/marimed/notice.htmlhttp://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/marimed/notice.htmlhttp://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200001/ldselect/ldsctech/50/5001.htmhttp://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200001/ldselect/ldsctech/50/5001.htmhttp://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/marimed/notice.htmlhttp://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/marimed/notice.htmlhttp://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200001/ldselect/ldsctech/50/5001.htmhttp://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200001/ldselect/ldsctech/50/5001.htmhttp://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldselect/ldsctech/151/15101.htmhttp://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldselect/ldsctech/151/15101.htm


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ultiple Sclerosis

ultiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease affecting the central nervous system. MS exacerbations appear to

used by abnormal immune activity that causes inflammation and the destruction of myelin (the

otective covering of nerve fibers) in the brain, brain stem or spinal cord. Common symptoms of M

clude muscle spasms, depression, and incontinence (involuntary loss of urine) or urinary retention.

a 1998 review article published in the journal Drug and Alcohol Review, Drs. Linda Growing et abserved that the distribution of cannabinoid receptors in the brain suggests that they may play a role

ovement control. The authors hypothesized that cannabinoids might modify the autoimmune cause

e disease. If so, it is possible that cannabis may both relieve symptoms of MS and retard its

ogression.

ausea associated with cancer chemotherapy

large body of clinical research exists concerning the use of cannabis and cannabinoids for

emotherapy- induced nausea and vomiting. A review of the medical literature reveals at least 31

uman clinical trials examining the effects of cannabis or synthetic cannabinoids on nausea, notcluding several U.S. state trails that took place between 1978 and 1986. In reviewing this literature

all et al. concluded that " THC [delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol] is superior to placebo, and

uivalent in effectiveness to other widely-used anti-emetic drugs, in its capacity to reduce the nause

nd vomiting caused by some chemotherapy regimens in some cancer patients".

nti-Tumor Effects

merging research indicates that cannabinoids may help protect against the development of certain ty

tumors. Most recently, a Spanish research team reported in Nature that injections of synthetic THCadicated malignant brain tumors - so-called gliomas - in one-third of treated rats, and prolonged lif

other third by as much as six weeks. Team leader Manuel Guzman called the results "remarkable"

eculated that they "may provide a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of malignant gliomas

n accompanying commentary remarked that this was the first convincing study to demonstrate that

nnabis-based treatment may combat cancer. Other journals have also recently reported on

nnabinoids' anti-tumoral potential.

sthma

sthma is a breathing disorder caused by inflammation and swelling of the small airways (bronchiol

at afflicts some 10 million Americans, killing more than 4,000 annually. When the bronchioles

come inflamed, swollen, and filled with mucus, the airways constrict and patients have difficulty

eathing. Asthma attacks are typically treated with "bronchodilators," drugs that relax and open the

onchioles, or anti-inflammatory steroids to reduce swelling.

he Australian National Task Force on Cannabis determined, "Smoked cannabis, and to a lesser exte

al THC, have an acute bronchodilatory effect in both normal persons and persons with asthma". A

ndful of human studies demonstrate this effect, including one that showed smoking even low THC



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nnabis produced bronchodilation nearly equivalent to a clinical dose of isoproterenol. The House o

ords 1998 "Ninth Report" on cannabis acknowledged that cannabinoids seemed to work as effectiv

conventional asthma drug treatments. Experiments using oral THC produced a smaller bronchodil

fect after a substantial delay, and proved to be a bronchial irritant when administered as an aerosol.

pilepsy

pilepsy is a common neurological disorder that afflicts nearly 2.5 million Americans. Patients suffeom epilepsy experience periodic, recurrent seizures triggered by the misfiring of certain brain cells

hese seizures occur in various forms, ranging from mild to severe convulsions and loss of

nsciousness. Standard treatment for epilepsy involves anti-convulsants. While there are several stu

d references by the Institute of Medicine, House of Lords Science and Technology Committee,

ustralian National Task Force on Cannabis, and others regarding cannabis' anti-convulsant properti

ere are few human studies specific to epilepsy.

double blind controlled study on the effects of the marijuana compound cannabidiol (CBD) on

ilepsy yielded favorable results. "Fifteen patients suffering from secondary generalized epilepsy w

mporal focus were randomly divided into two groups. Each patient received, in a double-blind

ocedure, 200-300 mg daily of CBD or placebo. All patients and volunteers tolerated CBD very

d no signs of toxicity or serious side effects were detected on examination. Four of the eight CBD

bjects remained almost free of convulsive crises throughout the experiment and three other patient

monstrated partial improvement on their clinical condition".

laucoma

laucoma is a disorder that results from an imbalance of pressure within the eye. The condition is

aracterized by an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) that progressively impairs vision and may permanent blindness. Glaucoma remains second leading cause of blindness in the United States.

he aim of glaucoma treatment is to reduce interocular pressure. Several human studies demonstrate

haled cannabis lowers IOP in subjects with normal IOP and glaucoma. Some animal studies indica

at cannabis can also be effective when administered topically (e.g. as an eye drop.) Two of the eigh

gal U.S. medical marijuana patients have used government cannabis to effectively maintain their

esight for more than a decade.

igraine

igraine is a type of episodic, recurrent, severe headache lasting hours to days. Migraine is typically

companied sensitivity to light, intolerance to loud noises, and nausea or vomiting. Surveys indicate

at 15 to 25 percent of women and five to 10 percent of men suffer from migraine.

century ago, physicians commonly prescribed cannabis for migraine. Famed physician William Os

rote that it was "probably the most satisfactory remedy" for migraine in his textbook, The Principle

d Practice of Medicine.



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ome patients and physicians are once again showing interest in examining cannabis' potential to tre

mptoms of migraine. A recent article in the medical journal Pain (Journal of the Association for th

udy of Pain) concluded that "cannabis delivered in the form of a marijuana cigarette, or 'joint,'

esents the hypothetical potential for quick, effective, parenteral [non-orally administered] treatmen

ute migraine." The author called cannabis a "far safer alternative" than many prescription anti-

igraine drugs, and reported that a large percentage of migraine sufferers fail to respond or cannot

lerate standard therapies.

chizophrenia

annabis' impact on patients suffering from schizophrenia is not well understood and often disputed.

he Australian National Task Force on Cannabis cites anecdotal clinical evidence that "schizophreni

tients who use cannabis and other drugs experience exacerbations of symptoms, and have a worse

inical course, with more frequent psychotic episodes than those who do not". However, the researc

mit that "very few well controlled studies" have documented this relationship.

his book Marihuana The Forbidden Medicine, Dr. Lester Grinspoon (with James Bakalar) cites a p

studies that found schizophrenic patients who used cannabis responded better to the disease than

onusers. One study reported that patients who smoked marijuana had "fewer delusions and, above a

wer of the so-called negative symptoms, which include apathy, limited speech, and emotional

nresponsiveness." The other study concluded that those who used cannabis had a "lower rate of hos

missions than those who used no drugs at all. The paticipants said that cannabis helped them with

xiety, depression, and insomnia." Grinspoon also notes that in his own clinical experience,

hizophrenics who regularly use cannabis generally regard it as helpful.

ating Disordersurvey data beginning in 1970 demonstrated a strong relationship between inhaling marijuana and

creased appetite. This data also found a majority of cannabis users reporting that "marijuana made

em enjoy eating very much and that they consequently ate a lot more.") Cannabis is also document

enhance the sensory appeal of foods.

everal human trials have established cannabis' ability to stimulate food intake and weight gain in

althy volunteers. Dr. Leo Hollister of the Veterans Administration Hospital in Palo Alto, Californi

esided over two separate experiments that found "total food intake, as well as reports of hunger and

petite, are increased after oral administration of marihuana." A later trial of 27 cannabis smokerd ten controls concluded that marijuana smokers ate more and gained more weight than non-smok

ter 21 days in a hospital research ward. The cannabis-smoking group immediately began eating les

ter ceasing their marijuana use.

eneral Pain

ain is a sensation of physical discomfort, mental anguish, or suffering caused by aggravation of the

nsory nerves. It remains the most common symptom for which patients seek therapeutic relief.



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annabis has historically been used as an analgesic, and was commonly prescribed by physicians in

ngland and America in the 19th and 20th centuries. Many researchers now believe that cannabinoid

old promise as safe and effective pain reducers with no physical-dependence-inducing properties.

uthors of the 1999 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, "Marijuana as Medicine: Assessing the Scie

ase," describe three types of pain that may be ameliorated by cannabinoids: somatic pain, visceral p

d neuropathic pain. Researchers appear most interested in examining cannabis' ability to relieve

uropathic pain, which results from injury to nerves, peripheral receptors, or the central nervousstem, because it is often resistant to standard opioids.

isclaimer:




age [ 1 ] of [ 1 ]

opyright 2002 SKD



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Growing Marijuana - UK Specifics

ome

istory of Marijuana

edicinal Marijuana

arijuana & Health

arijuana & UK Law

rowing Marijuana

K Specifics (Part I)

ydroponics (Part II)

arijuana Pictures

olling Techniques

msterdam Guide

isclaimer

Growing Marijuana in the UK

A complete guide to everything you wanted to know aboutrowing marijuana in the UK, but were just too stoned to ask.

y Sensi Sid

cknowledgment:e author does not claim originality for this guide. It has been assembled from a variety of sources, mainly on

ttp://www.skunked.co.uk/articles/growing-marijuana.htm (1 of 3)2/9/2004 3:34:20 PM

rowing Marijuana
http://www.skunked.co.uk/articles/marijuana-health.htmhttp://www.skunked.co.uk/articles/marijuana-law.htmhttp://www.skunked.co.uk/articles/growing-marijuana-21.htmhttp://www.skunked.co.uk/disclaimer.htmhttp://www.skunked.co.uk/disclaimer.htmhttp://www.skunked.co.uk/articles/growing-marijuana-21.htmhttp://www.skunked.co.uk/articles/marijuana-law.htmhttp://www.skunked.co.uk/articles/marijuana-health.htm


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ernet, and edited so that only the information relevant to a UK grower is included. Many thanks to all thoseandestine authors who provided such a wealth of data. You are encouraged to distribute this guide as widelyssible; however, do not pretend you wrote it and don't try to make any money from it.

ocation, heating & ventilation

ghting Systems & Techniques

ermination & Vegetative Stage

owering stage, harvesting & curing

troduction

annabis is an annual herb - that is to say it germinates, flowers, sets seed and dies in one year. Male

d female flowering parts appear on separate plants (although it is possible to grow hermaphrodites

annabis Sativa Leaf

Erowid.org

annabis has two main varieties, cannabis sativa and cannabis indica.

ativa is characterised by a tall growth habit, slender fingered leaves, lowish flower to leaf ratio and

ther long flowering period.

dica is characterised by a bushier growth pattern with wider fingered leaves, a higher flower to leaftio and a shorter, more predictable flowering period.

hen smoked, sativa gives a clear, up, cerebral high while indica produces a 'stonier' more physical

the last few decades, enthusiasts have created sativa/indica hybrids which combine the best feature

both varieties.

he weather in the UK does not entirely suit the requirements of what is, essentially, a tropical plant

his guide attempts to show how a carefully controlled environment coupled with a suitable choice o

http://www.skunked.co.uk/articles/growing-marijuana-03.htmhttp://www.skunked.co.uk/articles/growing-marijuana-04.htmhttp://www.skunked.co.uk/articles/growing-marijuana-05.htmhttp://www.erowid.org/http://www.erowid.org/http://www.skunked.co.uk/articles/growing-marijuana-05.htmhttp://www.skunked.co.uk/articles/growing-marijuana-04.htmhttp://www.skunked.co.uk/articles/growing-marijuana-03.htm


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ant variety can produce herb of the highest quality. In the author's opinion, herb

annabis Indica Leaf

Erowid.org

own organically tastes and smells better than hydroponically grown; therefore a compost-based

ethod is fully described but fans of hydroponic methods will find that the principles outlined still h

ood.

here to grow Outdoors The growing season in the UK is rather short. Cannabis is induced to flowe

hen the daylight has reduced to about 13 hours per day. This happens sometime during September,

erefore the plant has only 6 to 10 weeks flowering time before the first frost kills the plant.

eptember and October can also be cold and wet, increasing the chances of fungus and disease ruinin

e crop. There are varieties bred especially for outdoor growing in Northern Europe, but these tend t

ve poorer results than the best indoor or greenhouse types.

isclaimer:




age [ 1 ] of [ 5 ] next >>

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Marijuana Pictures from around the world

ome

istory of Marijuana

edicinal Marijuana

arijuana & Health

arijuana & UK Law

rowing Marijuana

arijuana Pictures

olling Techniques

msterdam Guide

isclaimer

Marijuana Pictures

A selection of marijuana pictures from around the world and attle on hybrid breeding illustrated in the pictures below.

ost of the marijuana pictures below are the result of extensive breeding, and creation of hybrids byterbreeding of marijuana plants with the desired charateristics. Each generation of plant builds on t

aracteristics of it's parents.

his can take many generations to acuire the desired features. Some of the well known Amsterdam s

ppliers are reputed to breed 1000 plants at a time, pick the best 50 plants, breed them with each oth

d then starting the process again with another 1000 plants of the new genetic mix.

Marijuana plants inherit their genetic characteristics from their sets of parents. Natural heredity law

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arijuana Pictures


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fine why offspring inherit different traits from the same parents. These laws assist breeders to fore

e number of offspring that stand to inherit a specific trait. Anybody who is serious about breeding h

good background in the laws of heredity. Its essential.

breeding establishes a pure breed. A pure breed has consistent chromosomes. That is, the genetic

akeup of offspring is relatively uniform. This true or pure breed is necessary so common growth

aracteristics may be established. If the plants are not a pure breed, it will be impossible to predict t

utcome of the hybrid plant. After the 4th to 6th generation of inbreeding, negative characteristics, liw potency, legginess and lack of vigor tend to dominate. Inbreeding is necessary to establish a true

eed, but has been shied away from after the strain has been established".

xtract from:Breeding for Beginners by Jorge Cervantes

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age [ 1 ] of [ 2 ] Next >>

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How to Roll The Perfect Joint or Marijuana Origami

olling the perfect joint

oducing a consistently good roll-up is something that without doubt takes practice, but with

nowledge of some good techniques and a few tips, it can become much easier.

ere we present 3 different rolling styles for you to play with, remember practice makes perfect, and

fore you know it you'll be able to roll a joint one-handed walking down the street on a windy day (

uy in the pictures does!).

emember, the text under each picture links to a larger image.

he basics

eaders from other countries may find this strange but most rollers in the UK will mix their chosen

gredients with tobacco - mixes can be expensive over here, and so it pays to stretch them out a little

any smokers just take a cigarette, turn the tobacco end down, and squeeze until the leaf drops out. T

n be messy, and lacks finese (not the SKD way).

wo spit cigarettes. The lower

ustrates the seam method.

he image on the left shows two similar superior methods. A slightly damp tongue, run the length of

garette, softens the paper enough to simply split the cigarette lengthways in between your thumbs.

his technique is improved on by running your tongue along the length of the seam of the cigarette. T

en allows you pinch the tip of the cigarette, and pull back, a neat seam is then exposed.

he Standard 3 Paper Strategyany people stick with this method for rolling - usually the first technique they learned. It consists o

ree papers (fig. 1), two of which are partially glued lengthways to extend the length (fig. 2). The th

then glued accross the back of the two papers, securing the sections together (fig. 3).

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g.1etting started, the three papers

g.2

oining the first two papers

g.3

ecuring with the third paper

he excess is then trimmed (fig. 4), and you're ready to rock... and roll.

g.4

emoving the excess

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g.5lling, and adding roach

g.6

olling - the inital pinch

g.7

he final roll

g.8

rming up & packing down

otice how we insert the roach *before* we start rolling (fig. 5). Fig.6 shows the all important pinch

ith the thumbnail, allowing us to move into the final roll (fig.7).

otice in (fig. 8) the packing device - the flint insert from a standard lighter does just the job!

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ow here at SKD, we're not a great fan of this method, firstly because you end up smoking loads of

per, and we're not here to smoke paper, and secondly, well frankly it's just not very cool.

g.9

um the long edge to the short

he Two Paper Pyramid

ther than only using two papers, this technique is useful for those of us that need a little more room

ll.

ake the two papers, and glue the the short edge of one paper to the long edge of the other (fig.9), tak

re not to wet the whole of the long edge.

g.10

olding the corner into the long

dge of the second paper

g.11

earing the diagonal fold

t this point, we still have un-needed paper. Fold the corner of the paper glued along it's long edge

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g.10) into the edge of the second paper.

few more folds, and you'll have a beautiful swan... sorry origami is the next section.

g.12

he final result

ery slightly, run your tongue along the edge of the fold we've just made to soften it, and tear along

agonal (fig.11).

he final result is shown in (fig.12).

he next page we discuss rolling with a sushi mat, an alternative roach, and the SKD ultimate rolling

chnique - remember where you saw it first!

isclaimer:




age [ 1 ] of [ 2 ] Next >>

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A smokers guide to Amsterdam

ome

istory of Marijuana

edicinal Marijuana

arijuana & Health

arijuana & UK Law

rowing Marijuana

arijuana Pictures

olling Techniques

msterdam Guide

isclaimer


A smokers guide to Amsterdam and surrounding areas,ncluding coverage of the law, and a review of the 13 bestoffee shops out there.

e had very much wanted to bring you these 'Dam articles this month, however our intrepid reporter

pears to have been "mislaid" somewhere in the vincinity of Central Station. As soon as he is no lon

matose, and capable of stringing an intelligent sentence together, we will get the full report publish

re ASAP. Any readers spotting "Whitey" are encouraged to let us know - the last we heard we thou

'd said something about Excercise - or was that Excise?

e do have some great video footage, interviews and photos on the way - so check back real soon!

ttp://www.skunked.co.uk/articles/amsterdam.htm (1 of 2)2/9/2004 3:34:40 PM

msterdam Guide


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d.

isclaimer:




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Looking for a great source Marijuana - information of course!

appy New Year to all our readers. Now I know we've been promising this for a while, but the

mainder of the site is going live on January 10th. Whilst we have had a fair few compliments abou

is site - we felt the design could be improved. So Skunked has been through a complete "Changing

ooms" makeover to make it faster and easier to use, as well as launch the online shop we've promis

r so long. Watch out Carole Smile - the countdown has started!

elcome to Skunked, a site we hope will provide a real resource of value to the pro-Marijuana

galisation lobby in the UK. Whilst our opinions will never allow us to be truely neutral, we do hope

e information you find here is as well balanced as it is well argued. We will try not to wear our rose

nted spectacles all the time!

d.

the news:mon Woodroffe, founder of the Yo! Sushi restaurant chain, is among investors standing by - among

em pop stars, venture capitalists and even a television racing pundit. While most established

usinesses are keeping silent on their plans, Woodroffe is looking to create an "elegant" range of hig

ass cannabis bars in London that would redefine the drug's image.

ondon Evening Standard - Cannabisness: springing up

isclaimer:

uch of the information contained on this website would be illegal were it to be practiced in mostuntries around the world - including the UK. Our intent is to educate and inform NOT to encourag


opyright 2002 SKD

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Growing Marijuana - Greenhouse heating & ventilation

at below, awkward questions will be asked! The floor (wardrobes and cupboards) should be strong

ough to support the weight of your plants, pots and water-soaked compost.

ake a door big enough to allow easy access to the plants and equipment inside. You could try

sguising the door of a floor to ceiling box such that it is not obvious that the growing room even ex

ne or paint the room with something reflective; matt white seems to work better than a mirror finis

emember that the inside will have to be cleaned periodically to remove dust, compost, mould and a

entilation

entilation is very important; plants need CO2 for photosynthesis and the temperature and humidity

ust be kept to an acceptable level. Louvres at the top and bottom of the space will sometimes be

ough but it is better to arrange for some forced ventilation. Electronics shops like Maplin or Tandy

ll 240v fans for around 15. Fans need to be kept running 24 hrs/day irrespective of the length of

ghting period. If you can, take the fan exhaust through an outside wall to reduce the smell. Some

owers report that an ioniser operating near the exhaust end of the air vent reduces the smell

nsiderably. A circulating fan inside the room is desirable but not essential.

eating

or healthy growth, the temperature needs to be maintained at 15C to 30C. Cannabis will tolerate

mperatures as low as 5C and as high as 40C but these do not represent ideal growing conditions. If

our grow room is in an otherwise unheated area (like a cellar or garage) you will need to install som

rt of electric heating controlled by a central heating thermostat.

isclaimer:


untries around the world - including the UK. Our intent is to educate and inform NOT to encouragyone to break the law.

age [ 2 ] of [ 5 ] >

opyright 2002 SKD
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historical timeline of cannabis through the ages

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