History 11 WWII

• Review: Last Class we finished WWI.

• Assignments you were asked to draw 2 maps: First map is Europe before WWI. The second map is Europe after WWI

• And a 2 page paper on how the great depression leads to WWII

Example of Map 1

Example of Map 2

American Depression• We already did a two page paper on what

led to the great depression. Here is the review:

American Economy in the 1920s

• United States was world’s leading economic power

• because of WWI, farms & factories supplied world– fed & supplied Allied soldiers

American Economy in the 1920s

• value of stocks skyrocketed around 400%

• new products for the common man– automobiles– radios– vacuum cleaners– washers

Hidden Problems

• wealth distribution– richest 1% of population earned 19% of nation’s

income– top 200 companies held more than 50% of

corporate wealth

• credit– borrow money to pay for items and promise to pay

back that money

October 29, 1929

• Black Tuesday– spending slowed– nervous investors sold their stocks

• feared stock prices would drop because products were bought as often

• Great Depression: severe downturn in American economy following 1929 stock market crash

It’s a wonderful life

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbwjS9iJ2Sw

Outcomes of Crash

• investors = ruined

• banks = in trouble– loans to ruined investors or companies who saw

decreased spending couldn’t be paid

• people = in trouble– money invested in bank wasn’t insured

Investorslost money when

stock market crashed &

businesses went bankrupt

Bankslost money when

people/investors & businesses couldn’t repay credit/loans

Businesseslost money when

people bought less goods & investors stopped investing

Peoplelost money when banks closed & when lost jobs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qu2uJWSZkck

Depression Spreads

• 1933 1 of every 4 workers out of jobs– fewer people could buy food/goods from

market, hurting economy even more

• bank failure– lost money when loans went unpaid

• no insurance for customers

ADD TO TERMS!!!

• Hoovervilles: collection of huts & shacks as at the edge of a city, housing the unemployed during the 1930s

American Depression

• New Deal– created jobs– spent more money on welfare & other relief– regulated banking & stock market

• Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930)– heavy taxes on goods imported into US– encouraged buying American goods

Great Britain• late 1920s still paying back debts to US

• had high interest rates, causing spending to decrease & unemployment

• industrial areas were more affected

• unemployment = 2.5M by end of 1930

Great Britain

• 1926 workers upset– general strike: strike involving all or a large

number of a nation’s workers

• Parliament passed Trade Disputes Act (1927)– made general strikes illegal

France

• WWI destroyed farmland, forests, villages, & cities and casualties were numerous

• Half of males 18-32 were killed during war

• government = bankrupt after war

• factories, railways, & canals couldn’t be rebuilt

France

• unemployment = high– led to civil unrest

• initial impact of Great Depression got worse

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WI1i5yhwOz8&feature=player_embedded

Germany

• paying back reparations for WWI– as Treaty of Versailles ordered

• faced severe inflation– money was practically worthless

INFLATION!!• If you print more money than the amount of

gold you have, the money becomes less valuable

• Hyperinflation– government prints more money businesses raise

prices government prints more money businesses raise prices etc.

– eventually money becomes worthless

Quiz 1. What day did the stock Market crash in the

US?

2. What is Inflation?

3. What is a Hooverville?

4. What name did they give the legislation that tried to help those hurt by the depression?

5. What is Hyperinflation?

Inter War Period: Leaders

• Today we are going to get to know the different leaders that took power in the various countries: We will cover Stalin & Mussolini First

• Stalin

• Mussolini

• Hitler

• Hirohito

• Aggressive leaders in Europe came to power during the interwar years. Stalin became the leader of the Soviet Union when Vladimir Lenin died in 1924 and Mussolini came to power in Italy in 1922 by forcing the king to appoint him prime minister. These leaders came to power at a time when their countries were in turmoil, having just finished WWI not more than five years prior. For much of history, when a country is having problems, it is more susceptible to have a change in government with a strong leader.

Stalin--Communist, worked his way up to his leadership position, modernized the Soviet economy with 5 Year Plans

Mussolini--socialist at first, then switched to fascist; he forced the king to appoint him prime minister, and he was a very violent person.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z4A1FuPyzvQ&feature=related

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJ13DtgOm-Q

Both Stalin and Mussolini were totalitarianists, controlling all aspects of their people's lives, and both had certain ways of making sure they remained in power (Stalin killed his opponents and Mussolini rigged elections)

With such bad leaders:

• Why didn’t the people do anything about all the killings?

• Why did they let it happen?

Hitler: socialist, attempted to overthrow the Weimar Republic in 1923, anti-Semitic.

What Hitler shared with Mussolini: both used propaganda and youth organizations to promote their ideas in their countries. What Hitler shared with Stalin: both were supported by the people of their countries as political leaders and both "got rid" of their political opponents (Hitler arrested/intimidated, Stalin killed). What all three shared: TOTALITARIANISM!!!

Assignment

• Complete the Venn Diagram worksheet.

Timeline of Events

• List 25 Events in a timeline that describes Hitler’s rise to power and what he does while in power.

• Include the date and a summary of each event.

Hirohito or Emperor Shōwa

• Upon the death of his grandfather, Emperor Meiji, on July 30, 1912, Hirohito's father, Yoshihito succeeded him on the throne, he thus became the heir apparent.

• He would take over after his father.

Japan Entering WWII

• Prior to World War II, Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 and the rest of China in 1937. They did not care much about Chine Japan really wanted to access the Soviet Union in the North.

• WHY Did Japan invade? The nationalist in the country wanted to show their greatness

Japan Becomes an Axis Power

• During World War II, ostensibly under Hirohito's leadership, Japan formed alliances with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, forming the Axis Powers.

HITLER TIMELINE

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7-I4MThZWA

*Turn in Your Hitler timeline

• Last class we learned about how Hitler came to power.

• What did you guys think?

• Most people treated him as a hero.

• What did Hitler do that made the people see him as a great savior? Even Time Magazine named him “Man of the Year”

Vocabulary

• Take 10-15 to work on these next vocabulary words.

• Add them to the rest of the words we have done. They will be on the final.

Solomon Asch Study

• In 1958 this famous psychological study was done to test conformity.

• Conformity: action in accord with prevailing social standards, attitudes, practices.

• A test to determine if people will just go along with the crowd even if they don’t agree.

• Study

• You sign up for a psychology experiment, and on a specified date you and seven others whom you think are also subjects arrive and are seated at a table in a small room. You don't know it at the time, but the others are actually associates of the experimenter, and their behavior has been carefully scripted. You're the only real subject.

• The experimenter arrives and tells you that the study in which you are about to participate concerns people's visual judgments. She places two cards before you. The card on the left contains one vertical line. The card on the right displays three lines of varying length.

• What line on the right matches the line on the left?

Example

• As you can see, the task is simple, and the correct answer is obvious. Asch asked the students to give their answers aloud. He repeated the procedure with 18 sets of bars. Asch arranged for the real subject to be the next-to-the-last person in each group to announce his answer so that he would hear most of the confederates incorrect responses before giving his own.

• What would you do? Would you go along with the majority opinion, or would you "stick to your guns" and trust your own eyes?

• What do you thin the results showed?

• To Asch's surprise, 37 of the 50 subjects conformed themselves to the 'obviously erroneous' answers given by the other group members at least once, and 14 of them conformed on more than 6 of the 'staged' trials. When faced with a unanimous wrong answer by the other group members, the mean subject conformed on 4 of the 'staged' trials.

Picture from the real study

What is the point?

• Asch was disturbed by these results: "The tendency to conformity in our society is so strong that reasonably intelligent and well-meaning young people are willing to call white black.

Conformity

• We will come back to conformity, but I bring this up because we are going to do an activity and I want you to have your own opinions.

• Don’t always be so easily influenced.

Should there be limits on personal Freedom?

• As teenagers, most of you have a good deal of experience with limits on personal freedoms. Your parents, teachers, and maybe your boss all have rules you need to keep.

• Your personal freedom is limited• Often the Government limits our personal

freedoms• Should they be able to?

Activity

• As I call out a restriction that limits personal freedom “Take a Stand” go to the number in the room that best reflects the appropriateness of that restriction.

• Should people be restricted in that way?

• Numbers 1 through 10

• 1 being very appropriate. There should be restrictions.

• 10 being very inappropriate.

Justification

• As you score each restriction. Write down 1 or 2 sentences that justifies your reasoning. After you write it down discuss it with the other kids in your group, If there is anyone.

Curfew1 Very Appropriate 10 Very

Inappropriate

Piercings 1 Very Appropriate 10 Very

Inappropriate

Dress Code1 Very Appropriate 10 Very

Inappropriate

Drivers License1 Very Appropriate 10 Very

Inappropriate

Verbalizing Opinions1 Very Appropriate 10 Very

Inappropriate

Gun Ownership1 Very Appropriate 10 Very

Inappropriate

Messy Yard1 Very Appropriate 10 Very

Inappropriate

Drugs1 Very Appropriate 10 Very

Inappropriate

Media1 Very Appropriate 10 Very

Inappropriate

Religion1 Very Appropriate 10 Very

Inappropriate

Internet 1 Very Appropriate 10 Very

Inappropriate

Fighting 1 Very Appropriate 10 Very

Inappropriate

Learning 1 Very Appropriate 10 Very

Inappropriate

Friendships 1 Very Appropriate 10 Very

Inappropriate

Alcohol1 Very Appropriate 10 Very

Inappropriate

Tattoos1 Very Appropriate 10 Very

Inappropriate

Cell Phones1 Very Appropriate 10 Very

Inappropriate

Have Children 1 Very Appropriate 10 Very

Inappropriate

Discrimination 1 Very Appropriate 10 Very

Inappropriate

Lets Discuss each one

• Why would you need to restrict people?

• What should decide a restriction?

How Many of These things did the WWII leaders take away?

• How many of the freedoms we talked about in the TAKE A STAND activity did they control during the war?

Within the first few weeks of Hitler being Chancellor he took:

• Freedom of the Press

• Freedom of expression

• Freedom of assembly

Parallel Leaders

• Throughout the world we had these terrible leaders exerting their influence on the people at the same time. They successful guided their economies, but each had issues with human rights. These leaders massacred many people.

• Lets Walk through each leader.

Mussolini attacks Ethiopia A people who could not defend

themselves

Stalin was responsible for no fewer than 15 million deaths some estimates upwards 80 million

Hitler tried to ensure the pure Arian race and killed millions in

the concentration camps

With all of these Human Rights violations what should be done?

• Should some countries interfere when there are countries that are letting people be mistreated terribly?

• Who decides what condones interference?

• If that is what the UN does how have they done so far?

• On the same paper as the activity write a journal expressing your feelings about these questions?

Violations of the Treaty of Versailles

• 1st thing: Right when Hitler became Chancellor he started to rebuild the military.

• The Nazi party was a military party.

• This was forbidden by the treaty.

• Hitler starts doing this in 1933.

2nd Treaty Violation

• In 1935 Germany started to build submarines again. They were allowed to do this by the British.

• They claimed it was necessary to help defend against the spread of communism.

3rd Violation of the Treaty

• Hitler sent troops to the Rhineland. The land that borders between France and Germany. The Rhineland was a very contested area. Good farming.

• He claimed this was in reaction to a French-Soviet agreement.

• Complaints but no action taken to prevent.

4th step• Hitler takes Austria. He knew his opponents

in Europe hoped to avoid war.

• March 1938, marched into the country without opposition (began to demand officials to let him annex it in early 1938)

• Europe supported the annexation, especially when realized Hitler would take it by force anyway.

Axis Aggression:_ War Begins_

Lightning Attacks_

• September 1, 1939-Germany attacked Poland-new tactic: blitzkrieg

-air attack to damage defenses

-fast-moving tanks & mobile artillery attack

-foot soldiers clear out the rest

Poland_

• Polish air force = destroyed

• Polish soldiers = no match for Germans

• Polish landscape = no natural barriers to slow the blitzkrieg

War on Poland

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfpg9unh_Fs

Allied Response_• Poland had support from Great

Britain & France

• September 3, 1939

-Great Britain & France declare war on Germany

• Great Britain & France didn’t give much help to Poland

Allied Response_

• collapse of Poland = fast• little could be done to stop German

invasion

• German troops move to western border

• German leaders made plans for invading

Attack on France_

• spring, 1940-Germans invaded Denmark &

Norway (lightly defended)

• May 1940 = northern France-Germans go through

Netherlands & Belgium-around Maginot Line

Attack on France_

• May 1940 = northeast France-Germans attack Ardennes

-dense forest region near French/

Belgian border (undefended)

-Germans move northwest to coast

Dunkirk_

• Dunkirk = coastal town (northwest France, near English Channel)

• German troops trapped hundreds of thousands of Allied troops

• Allied military & civilian ships saved over 300,000 retreated to Great Britain

France_• remaining Allied troops couldn’t stop

Germans from taking Paris

• June 22, 1940-France surrendered to Germany

• Germany occupied France• area under control of French officials

cooperating with Hitler = Vichy France

Germany Attacks France

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DnS39cJIbDY

Battle of Britain

• Winston Churchill is the Prime Minister

• August-October 1940-Germany sent thousands of aircraft to attack British targets

• Hitler’s plan = destroy Royal Air Force (RAF) to make it possible to invade

-Germans failed

British Advantages

• British had new technology-radar

• British air defenses = more effective than other countries’

London Blitz

• September 1940-German planes began bombing British ports & cities, including London-Hitler attacked civilians = tried to break the will to fight; demoralize-fires often worse than bombs

• 57 straight nights• people took shelter in the Underground

(subway)

Evacuation of London

bombing continued, but British refused to give in

• early 1941-Hitler called off his plans to invade Britain

• children evacuated to countryside/north

German Invasionof the

Soviet Union

First Attempt: 1941• June 1941

– Hitler broke non-aggression pact with Stalin

– 3 million German soldiers into Soviet Union

• Germans used blitzkrieg tactic (again)– effective at first

First Attempt: 1941• Red Army was no match for

overwhelming German forces• Soviet Union did NOT collapse

– Germans failed to reach goals (Moscow, Leningrad)

– Germans unprepared for Soviet winter

• Siege of Leningrad– Winter, 1941-1942 Soviets starved to death

(at rate of 3K-4K people a DAY)

Second Attempt: 1942-43

• Spring 1942– Hitler ordered new attack– soldiers from Germany, Italy,

Romania, & Hungary

• Summer 1942– large Axis force ready to take

Stalingrad on Volga River

Second Attempt: 1942-43

• Stalingrad– grain, oil, etc. shipped from ports on the

Volga• Battle of Stalingrad

– city bombed heavily (air, artillery attacks)– civilians in Stalingrad were NOT evacuated

• Civilians weren’t evacuated because

1) Stalin wanted to save the city that was named after him

2) Stalin felt the Soviet soldiers would fight harder for a “live city” than for a “dead” one

Second Attempt: 1942-43

• Fall 1942– Soviets regroup for a counterattack– November 1942 Soviets broke

through Axis defenses

• Hitler did not allow Axis troops to retreat– promised air support– effort fell short of needed aid

Second Attempt: 1942-43

• January 1943– Germans had no: ammunition, food,

& medicine

– Hitler did not allow Axis troops to retreat

– 90,000 “half-dead” Axis soldiers were captured

Second Attempt: 1942-43

• Hitler was defeated

• Axis forces retreated

• Axis forces were losing in North Africa & Italy

United States

• What are we doing in the US at the time?

• How are we involved in the war?

• Neutrality

Neutrality Acts• 1935

– prohibited export of “arms, ammunition, & implements of war” to foreign, warring nations

• 1937– warring nations could get any item except

arms

• 1939– lifted arms embargo, putting all trade with

warring nations under terms of “cash-&-carry”• any item could be sold as long as it was

immediately paid for

Lend-Lease• United States would provide a country

with supplies needed to fight Germany• the country would NOT have to pay the

United States back immediately

• United States contracted Lend-Lease agreements with 30+ countries, worth $50B

• program was designed to allow America to indirectly help defeat Germany

Pearl Harbor• December 7, 1941

– hundreds of Japanese bombers & fighters attacked naval base Pearl Harbor

– RESULTS• 2,400 Americans dead• nearly 200 aircraft destroyed• all but 8 battleships were sunk/damaged

– December 8 US declares war on Japan

– December 11 Germany & Italy declare war on US

Movie Scene

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1e6h9h7ky0E

Why were we attacked at Pearl Harbor?

• September 1940. The U.S. placed an embargo on Japan by prohibiting exports of steel, scrap iron, and aviation fuel to Japan, due to Japan's takeover of northern French Indochina.

• Basically, Japan had the desire to control all of China but the US and other countries tried to prevent it.

Why we were attacked at Pearl Harbor

• April 1941. The Japanese signed a neutrality treaty with the Soviet Union to help prevent an attack from that direction if they were to go to war with Britain or the U.S. while taking a bigger bite out of Southeast Asia.

Oil Embargo

• June 1941 through the end of July 1941. Japan occupied southern Indochina. Two days later, the U.S., Britain, and the Netherlands froze Japanese assets. This prevented Japan from buying oil, which would, in time, cripple its army and make its navy and air force completely useless.

• Toward the end of 1941. With the Soviets seemingly on the verge of defeat by the Axis powers, Japan seized the opportunity to try to take the oil resources of Southeast Asia. Japan had two choices. Get the embargo lifted or go to war.

Why were we attacked at Pearl Harbor?

• LOCATION: Close to Japan. Easy target.

• RETALIATION: almost all of the immediate forces were naval. Hence, they decided to bomb pearl harbor, as it held the majority of the American naval forces in the pacific. By bombing the navy, they managed to cripple any efforts at an attack force following them immediately to retaliate.

Quiz 1. What was the London Blitz

2. What technological advantage did the British have that helped them know when the Germans were coming?

3. What caused the most damage in London?

4. Why didn’t Stalin evacuate Stalingrad?

5. List the order of events from the Neutrality Act to the Lend Lease?

After Pearl Harbor

• attack on Pearl Harbor = huge success for Japan

• damage to US Navy’s Pacific Fleet– took time to overcome– limited American ability to strike back

Allies Fight Back• Japanese advantages:

– navy ruled the seas after Pearl Harbor– better equipped– fighting closer to home

• Japan conquered many strategic islands/territories in the Pacific:

• Singapore, Hong Kong, Burma

Military Strategies

• island hopping– skipping over Japanese strongholds &

capturing weaker targets– not always easy (ex: Battle of

Guadalcanal)

• kamikazes– Japanese pilots who loaded planes with

explosives & deliberately crashed into Allied ships

Allies Fight Back

• General Douglas MacArthur– April 1942, surrendered the Philippines

(American territory) to Japanese

• Bataan Death March– 70,000 prisoners (American & Filipino

soldiers) forced to march to a prison camp• 600 Americans & 10,000 Filipino prisoners

died

Bataan Death March Clip

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPlfhVEw-7U

Battle of Midway

• June 1942 Midway was island in middle of Pacific– key American military base

• Japanese = more ships and aircraft carriers

• Americans = broken secret Japanese code

• Americans won because they knew when and where the Japanese were going to attack

• Destroyed 4 carriers, only lost 1

War Ends in Europe

• Soviet Victories- 1943 won Battle of Stalingrad- end of 1943 advanced & pushed back Germans- early 1944 Siege of Leningrad ended- January 1945 Soviets within 40 miles of Berlin

War Ends in Europe

• D-Day- invasion required two things:

1) attack from sea2) attack directly against strong

German positions- June 6, 1944 Allied forces invaded France at Normandy & triumphed- Allies quickly re-conquered France

D-Day Invasion Clip

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPU4p7UQOtU

War Ends in Europe• Battle of the Bulge

- December 1944 massive German counterattack in Belgium- January 1945 Allies crushed German counterattack- Allies closed in on Germans from east & west

War Ends in Europe

• Germans surrender– late April 1945 Soviets surrounded

Berlin

– May 7, 1945 Germany surrendered

– V-E Day = Victory in Europe Day

War Ends in the Pacific• Final Battles

- American forces regularly bombed Japanese cities

-pilots had to travel long distances to targets = risky- Battle of Iwo Jima Japanese island conquered by American forces- Battle of Okinawa another Japanese island conquered by American forces

War Ends in the Pacific• Atomic Bomb

- Japanese soldiers would fight to the death•invasion of Japan would be too costly

- May 1945 Harry Truman became President

•made decision to use atomic bomb- July 1945 Allies demanded surrender from Japan- atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima & Nagasaki

• Bombs dropped in August 194570,000 people died instantly in Hiroshima; 75,000 in

Nagasaki

What Happened to Hitler?

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p92hZ1ye8A

The Postwar WorldMilitary Dead Military

WoundedCivilian Dead

China 1,310,000 1,753,000 1,000,000+

France 213,000 4,000,000 350,000

Great Britain 264,000 277,000 93,000

Soviet Union 11,000,000 unknown 7,000,000+

United States 292,000 672,000 6,000

Germany 3,500,000 5,000,000 780,000

Japan 242,000 66,000 153,000

Italy 1,300,000 4,000,000 672,000

• millions of people died- heaviest losses in Eastern Europe

• physical devastation- cities, villages, farms = destroyed- economies near collapse

– Former prisoners of war & Holocaust survivors; also people who had been forced out when national borders changed after the war

– Ex: Polish Jews who survived went home & found that their homes/property had been taken (some where killed by hostile neighbors)

The Postwar World

Holocaust

• How did Hitler get the people to join.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASW3UCc17AI&bpctr=1365723947

Anti-Semitism

• Definition• hostility or prejudice towards Jews

• History• existed since Middle Ages

• widespread in Christian Europe

Anti-Semitism

• Nazi Germany• changed from hatred based on religion to hatred based on race

• Hitler’s “Aryan” Master Race

• non-Jewish Caucasian, especially with blonde hair & blue eyes

“Final Solution”

• Definition• Nazi Party’s plan to murder the entire Jewish population of Europe & the Soviet Union

• Methods1) ghettos: confined area within a city where Jews were kept; surrounded by walls/barbed wire

2) labor camps: where enemies of the state were subjected to work as slave laborers

3) large-scale executions/mobile killing units

4) death camps/killing centers: special concentration camps where people waited for death; designed to have gas chambers and furnaces for disposal

Warsaw Ghetto

Dachau Concentration Camp

Bergen-Belsen Crematorium Oven

Holocaust VictimsHolocaust Victims

3,000,000

3,000,000

700,000

250,000

80,000

70,000

12,000

2,500

6,000,000

European Jews

Soviet POWs

non-Jewish Poles

Serbians

Roma (Gypsies)

Germans (political, religious, & Resistance)

Germans (handicapped)

Homosexuals

Jehovah's Witnesses

Post War Planning

• Atlantic Charter (Before the War had ended) - issued by Churchill & Roosevelt in July 1941- declared neither wanted more territory - declared both wanted world of peace

• Tehran, November 1943

- Churchill, Roosevelt, & Stalin- agreed on plans for D-Day invasion- agreed to work together in peace after war

Planning for the Future

• Roosevelt, Churchill, & Stalin meet• goal: agreement on postwar Europe

• certain leaders wanted certain things- Stalin wanted to keep territory in Eastern Europe & promised to respect democracy in those countries- Roosevelt wanted Stalin to join new world organization—United Nations

Yalta Conference, early 1945

United Nations, June 1945

• similar to League of Nations (post-WWI)

• encouraged international cooperation & prevention of war

• US, Great Britain, France, Soviet Union, & China = UN Security Council

- had more power than other member countries

• Roosevelt & Churchill worried about Stalin’s plans in Eastern Europe

• didn’t want communism/Soviet influence to spread

• WWII ended, but another struggle was about to begin

Soviet Plans