history and development of grammar teaching (2)

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Shaharni Aliaa bt Sharizan

Rabi¶atul µAdawiyah bt Muhmad TohaNor Amalina bt Mohamad Arshad

Noor Aqeela bt Mohd Noor

Nur Laila bt Abdol Rahman

Nurulhusna bt Mohamed Nasir



History anddevelopment of

grammar teaching



W hat is grammar?

The word grammar comes (indirectly) fromthe Greek word techné grammatiké which

simply meant the art of using letters(grammata)

Introduction



Starts ± Ancient Greece, around 300 BC thoughSocrates, Plato and Aristotle had all madeincidental contribution to its foundation

µModern grammar¶ nowadays was built onµtraditional grammar ¶



300 BC-

1957

1957 ± now

T imeline



300 BC ± 1957 (Traditional)

Some very important general facts werediscovered and applied to the grammar of

various European languagesEg. ± word classes (verb and noun),grammatical functions (subject and object)

Languages could best be described in terms of abstract categories ± number, gender and case



1957 ± Now (Modern)

Linguistics has changed into a scienceNoam Chomsky (Massachussets Institute of

Technology) showed how grammar could bestudied in a scientific way by building completely explicit formal models of grammars

Grammar was called µgenerative grammar¶ (they generate structures in a technical sense)It contains rules



It refers t ra ar t at evel e i t e i le f 18t a 19t ce t ry.

T raditional Grammar



H allmarks (features) of

Traditional Grammar:1. Insisted that only certain styles of English were worth

studying.Formal speech was given more priority compared to informal speech.Informal speech was condemned as incorrect.

2. Treated their subject in a highly difficult way Describe grammatical patterns through the use of an analytical apparatus which derived from Latingrammars.



H ow grammar was treated? During the traditional era, English grammar wastreated seriously.Examples of situations:- The focus was always on the written language.-Tried hard to eliminate grammatical errors.-Students learnt by rote learning and only for exam purposes.-W hy? Lack a solid basis in English language.-So, it was better to just memorize and do not

question.



Prescriptivism :

y Is an approach to languagey It is considered as traditional grammar y View that language has an inherently higher value

than others and ought to be the norm for thewhole of the speech community.

P rescriptive ra ar



Prescriptive rules vs. proscriptive rules

y Prescriptive: the usages of grammar that isconsidered to be acceptable

y Proscriptive: the usages of grammar that is to beavoided. (grammatical µdo¶s and don¶ts¶)



Example of the approach:

Complaint:Only should be next to the word to which it relates.People should not say I only saw Johnwhen in fact, they mean I saw only John.

Comment:Only is always linked with the next word that carries a strong stress.I only saw JOH N (and no one else)

I only SAW

John (I didn¶t talk to her)



Irony of the prescriptiveapproach:

Its universal censoriousness promotes the very skepticism about grammatical correctness which it was designed to eradicate.

Censoriousness : the act of tending to criticize people or things

Eradicate: to destroy something completely



Chomsky introduced Transformational Grammar tothe world in 1957 monograph syntactic structures.

Followed up with a more complete explanation of thetheory in 1965 (Aspects of the theory of syntax)

In his books, Chomsky declares that language canbe explained as a system of rules.

Introduction



Chomsky¶s theory is a way to explain what is goingon when people use and interpret language(explanatory adequacy).

Linguist believe that we are born with the capacity for language already in place.

Every human born with the ability to learn any language.



Describing the production of structurally well-

formed-sentences, matching the inborn nativespeaker¶s competence.

TG separates syntax from semantics

Chomsky claimed that structure of a languageworks independently from consideration of meaning.

H ow T ransformationalGrammar works?



In Transformational Grammar, grammar refers tohow the structure of language operates.

The term ungrammatical indicate that a particular

utterance is not well formed.

Utterances that are grammatical are conformed to

the system of rules which generate well-formed structures in a language.



Rules describe the way a language actually works.

Linguistics is a descriptive study.

Linguists describe the way they observelanguage working, based on their observations of

real language users.



Characteristic of Modern

Grammar broader in scope: including topics which wereignored in traditional teachingbetter motivated: with the aim of expandingchildren's language and deepening their understanding rather than eliminating errors or simply keeping them busy

better taught: using methods that allow fun to becombined with clarity, interest and improved skills.



300 BC ± 1957 Prescriptive Grammar

Insisted that only certain stylesof English were worth studyingTreated their subject in a highly difficult way

MODERN GRAMMAR

1957 until now Some new methodologies wereintroduced Chomsky introduced Transformational Grammar to theworld in 1957 monographsyntactic structures.Linguistics has changed into ascienceGrammar was called µgenerativegrammar¶ (they generatestructures in a technical sense)It contains rules

TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR



w Grammar TranslationMethod

18th -19thCentury

Natural Method 19th

Century

Direct Method 19th-20thCentury



Audiolingual 1920s-1930s

Silent W ay 1970

Community Language Learning1972



CommunicativeLanguage Learning1972

Total Physical

Response1970

history and development of grammar teaching (2)

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