history & discovery of dna major events. i) are genes made up of dna or proteins? a) mendel’s...
TRANSCRIPT
History & Discovery of DNA
Major Events
I) Are genes made up of DNA or proteins?
A) Mendel’s work brings about a new way of looking at inheritance.
II) Friedrich MiescherA) Using microscopes,
saw that the material inside the nucleus is half protein & half something other than protein
1868
III) Frederick GriffithA)Used Strep.
pneumoniae to push favor towards DNA being the genetic material of choice 1928
III) Frederick GriffithB) Transformation
1)The process during which bacteria are changed by absorbing genetic material from an outside source
IV) Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, & Colin MacLeod
A) Used DNA-destroying & protein- destroying enzymes to show DNA was the transforming agent in Griffith’s experiment
1944
V) Alfred Hershey & Marsha ChaseA) Settled the
DNA/protein debate by proving that DNA was the genetic material
B) Used viruses, which are made of only protein and DNA, in their experiment 1952
VI) P.A. LevineA) DNA is made-up
of 4 nitrogenous bases, a phosphate group, & deoxyribose sugar
VII) Erwin ChargaffA) Looked for patterns
in the chemical composition of DNA
B) Analyzed four chemicals found in DNA: Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, & Thymine
Early 1950’s
C) Chargaff’s Rule
VIII) Franklin & WilkinsA) Rosalind Franklin,
who worked for Maurice Wilkins, was working with X-rays and their applications
B) She took x-ray diffractions pictures of DNA molecules
1951
IX) James Watson & Francis Crick
A)Using all of this previous information, Watson & Crick solved the mystery of DNA’s structure
1953
Nobel Prize winners (left to right), December 1962 Maurice Wilkins, Max Perutz, Francis Crick, John Steinbeck,
James D Watson, John Kendrew
X) 1960’s-Reading the Genetic Code
A)Scientist learn how DNA is read into RNA & how RNA is made into proteins within the body
XI) 1970’s-Recombinant DNA
A)Recombinant DNA technologies involves the joining of DNA from different species, DNA cloning, & DNA sequencing
XII) 1980’s-Trangenic AnimalsA) In the early 1980s,
scientists figured out how to add new genes to animals
B) Possible uses include medicines & organ transplants
XIII) 1990’s-Human Genome Project
A) The Human Genome Project is launched. This is an attempt to read the entire three billion A, T, G, & C letters in human DNA
B) Animals are cloned, starting with Dolly the Sheep
XIV) 2000 & Beyond-Human Genome Project
A) Work is being done to save endangered species.
B) The ultimate goal is to sequence every organism on the planet.
C) The Human Genome Project is likely to affect the course of science and medicine throughout the 21st century.