history final exam study guide

7/31/2019 History Final Exam Study Guide

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NOTE - NUMBER 7 ON THE EXAM IS D

RECONSTRUCTION

Lincoln’s Assassination

Who? President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth (an actor at the theater) -targets also included Vice President Johnson and Secretary of State Seward (take out whole administration!)

When? 4/14/1865 (April 14th) - War had just ended on April 9th

Reconstruction

What? Rebuilding the nation both socially and physically after the Civil War.

Ulysses S. Grant

Elected by whom? Elected by African Americans. Southern people HATE new governments, and can’t

deal with African Americans being in power. Try to return to “white man’s rule”. But with African Americansbeing able to vote, they wanted US grant

Irony? It was Ironic that USA life under Grant got even worse than before - with White Terrorism on th

rise. Two new laws were put into place: the Enforcement Acts (send troops to protect AA voters - ineffective b/

most of the military are XXX members) and Amnesty Act (gave former Confederates the right to vote - step in

returning to white man’s rule). AA rights will decrease greatly - with key to limiting rights being limiting votes

Describe Presidency: He was beloved but very ineffective as he surrounded himself with poorly chosen

advisors. Proves that military hero does NOT equal great President

Jim Crow Laws

What? Laws passed in 1880’s allowing for segregation (Forced Separation of Races) and said that

Everything in Society CAN be separated.

Lasted how long? Many weren’t overturned until the 1960’s

Plessy vs. Ferguson

What? Court Case involving separate segregated train cars (Jim Crow Laws). Homer Plessy (1/8 AA)

forced to move to “black care” and claimed that his 14th Amendment Rights were violated. Supreme court rule

at segregated facilities are OK as long as they’re EQUAL.

Standard Set? SEPARATE BUT EQUAL

Brown vs. Board

What? Linda Brown vs. Separate But Equal. Brown forced to walk miles to “black school” when white

school was only a few blocks away. Case was taken to Supreme Court, and Brown Wins!! School Segregation

violates the 14th Amendment. Plessy vs. Ferguson overturned. “Separate But Equal” in schools overturned!

Schools must now be integrated!

Lasting effect? Set the stage for the Civil Rights Movement and things becoming integrated!!! Now tim

for military, public places, etcetera.

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2nd Semester Final Exam Study Guide



Little Rock Nine

Who? Most famous integration was LITTLE ROCK NINE.

Group of African-American students enrolled in Little Rock Central

High School in 1957.

What? Students were initially prevented from entering the

segregated school by the Arkansas governor. President Eisenhower intervened, however, and then they got an armed escort.

White Terrorism

What? White terrorism is on the rise. It is violence against African Americans

Examples? Some example include:

• Rise of the Klu Klux Klan (KKK) and other hate groups.

• Lynchings

• Public Harrasment

Methods of Dealing with Segregation/Oppression

Open Disobedience (William DuBois) Encouraged standing up against discrimination and demanding

equality. Go out and rise up PEACEFULLY without VIOLENCE

Self Help (Booker T. Washington) Encouraged education as the key to freedom. Educate yourself and

the rest will fall into place (founded the Tuskegee Institute)

Migration (Liberia)

13th Amendment

What? All slaves are free

14th Amendment

What? Slaves are citizens

15th Amendment

What? All men can vote

WESTWARD EXPANSION

Boomtown

What? When gold was found, or any other precious metal, boomtowns would pop up.

Long drives

What? Herding cattle overland to rail centers, or cowtowns.

Affected by what new invention? People could herd cattle to the cow towns, then they would be cut up

and refrigerated in cow towns, before heading off onto the railarods

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Issues with the Beef industry

Supply vs Demand? There was so much beef (supply), and not enough demand, so the price of beef

dropped

Effect on prices? Price of beef dropped, cattle boom ended

Challenges of the Frontier

List 3: CHALLENGES:

• No trees meant sod homes (houses made of grass)• Extreme Weather (snow, heat, fire, drought)

• Grasshoppers ate all the crops!

New Inventions to Help Westerners

Barbed Wire- Kept peoples stuff THEIRS

More-

• Windmills help irrigate

• Steel plow made planting crops FAST

• Reapers made harvesting crops FAST

Native Americans/Indian Wars

Who? Native Amerians VS the United States

Why? Americans wanted to expand but the

Details –

Ghost Dance - The buffalo supply, on which the native

americans relied, was dwindling, and the WACO tribe in south dakota,

which scared US troops. They feared war, and gathered the host dancers,

took them to Wounded Knee Creek where they gave up their weapons.

In the middle, a shot was fired, and the US army responded by killing

300 women, men, and children.

Red Cloud - Used hit and run tactics along the Bozeman

trail (resisted and fought for their land after the 1st treaty of Fort Laramie)

Little Big Horn - Only Native American victory. George A. Custer tried to move indians to

reservations but Sioux tribe defeated him.

Sand Creek Massacre - Part of the Cheyenne tribe had moved where told to move, they saw US

troops coming and waved the white flag of surrender. US troops opened fire and killed more than 150 peaceful

men women and children..sparked the indian wars.

Wounded Knee Massacre The buffalo supply, on which the native americans relied, was

dwindling, and the WACO tribe in south dakota, which scared US troops. They feared war, and gathered the

host dancers, took them to Wounded Knee Creek where they gave up their weapons. In the middle, a shot was

fired, and the US army responded by killing 300 women, men, and children.

Reservations

What? After growing hostility between N.A. and US troops the 2nd Treaty of Fort Laramie started mov

NA onto reservations, or land set aside for NA to have FOREVER. Would not be held accountable for US laws

almost independent nations.

Who? Native Americans - biggest was Great Sioux Reserve

Effects today? Terrible conditions in them today!

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INDUSTRIALISM

Corporation

What? Businesses owned by investors who by part of the company through stock

How financed? Financed through the investors who buy stock in the company (can sell stock to raise

money, investors don’t have risk)

Business Cycle

Booms Everything is wonderful: making money, people investing, hiring workersBusts Opposite end of the business cycle: everything is sad, not making money, people not investing, la

off workers

General “shape” of the market Rolling hills - not mountains because bigger the boom bigger the bust

Transcontinental Railroad

Why? Congress passed the two bills in 1862 because a) made travel to the west easier (6 month journey

now took 8 days!) and b) allowed for trade with Asia

Who? Two companies: Central Pacific (hired chinese and occasionally native americans - west) and

Union Pacific (hired former civil war soldiers, freedmen, irish immigrants, NA - east)

Problems Faced? Native Americans in the way, Possibility they may not meet in the middle, Dangerousdynamite to get through mountains.

Monopoly

What? Controlling all aspects of a business so that there is only ONE provider for a commodity.

Purpose? Lack of competition for a product means they can sell for whatever price they want.

How achieved? Through consolidation, one company buys up lots of smaller companies

Who is affected? Joe Schmo american - prices are high because of no competition, and no competition

means no innovations!

John D. Rockefeller

Who? Led the US oil industry with Standard Oil, created a monopoly

Business: Standard Oil - bought other refineries, made deals with railroads, bought his own pipelines.

Andrew Carnegie

Who? Led the U.S. Steel industry through controlling most of the STOCK - most famous trust which

became a monopoly

Business: Steel!!!!

Gospel of Wealth: Idea that with WEALTH comes RESPONSIBILITY. Carnegie publicized and lived

this idea - rockefeller also believed and participated

The “Gilded Age”

What? LITERALLY: To gold: make something common look more valuable by wrapping it in

something like gold - everything looked nice and good during the Gilded Age but in reality wasn’t.

Why? Because everything looked good on the outside - but not on the inside.

True meaning? Everything isn’t what it seems...

Sweatshops

What? Overcrowded factories with long hours, poor conditions. Mainly poor men, women, and children

workers mainly used in New England.

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Why? Smaller children + Smaller hands = easier to fix small things. Education decreases, injuries/death

increase

Child Labor

Who? Poor children

Why? Would do anything they were told for any amount, or no amount, of money.

Unions

What? Organization of workers fighting for protection of workers rights. Major ones:• Knights of Labor - Accepted all workers

• American Federation of Labor - Focused specifically on working conditions in industry

IMMIGRATION

New Immigrants

Details of the voyage? Arrived by ships (steamships took 12

days!), and many traveled in TERRIBLE conditions (steerage!)

Why were they coming? Overcrowding in Europe and Asia (no

jobs, help, support!). Some were round-trippers, came to make money,

then went back. Some were escaping persecution (anti-semitism!!).Shipping agents would market the voyage as awesomely amazingness

then would give free tickets to be repaid when the immigrants “found

worK” which they didn’t.

First stops?

• Angel Island - San Francisco (From Asia)

• Ellis Island - New York City (From Europe)

Cities

Urbanization? The movement of people into cities (shifting from farming nation to industrial nation). In

1900, 3 cities had more than 1 million.

Slums? Communities of tenements

Tenements? Horrible poor living spaces for people in cities that were rapidly and poorly built, thus

resulting in overcrowding and very dangerous conditions.

Social Gospel

Who? Normal, Joe Schmo people

What? Improving the lives of the poor through ACTION - giving time if you can’t give money.

How? Give your time (volunteer) if you can’t give money. Started as a religious movement but soon

spread: abolished child labor, opened settlement houses, helped poor improve their lives.

Political MachinesWhat? Groups that controlled enough votes to “swing” a larger government . Traded favors for votes,

and used the spoils system to gain votes (corruption much?)

Where? All over in big cities, such as NYC

Why? Got things done! Built parks, sewers, schools, roads, and orphanages

Examples? Tammany Hall (NYC) was most famous led by William Marcy Tweed (Boss Tweed)

PROGRESSIVISM

Progressivism

Definition Making things better: the nation grew so much in a short period of time that it’s time to catch

up with itself. Time to make progress in bringing the nation into the modern era. Social, Political, Economic

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Sherman Antitrust Act

What? Made trusts illegal - government didn’t enforce it right away though...needed a STRONG

president (roosevelt!)

Theodore Roosevelt

Focus of Presidency? Saw government as an umpire between business and people - purpose was to

ensure fairness for workers, consumers, and big business. E

Motto: “speak softly and carry a big stick”

16th Amendment

What? Gave congress the power to create income tax

17th Amendment

What? The direct election of US Senators (before state legislatures had chosen)

18th Amendment

What? Prohibition - thought alcohol was the root of all evil, would end up backfiring

19

th

AmendmentWhat? Women could vote (1919!)

Federal Reserve Act

What? Created the modern banking system

Why important? REGULATED the banks

Roles of Women

How are they changing? ROLE HAS MOVED FROM IN THE HOUSE TO OUT IN THE

COMMUNITY

• New tech made products women used to be making in homes

• Women were having fewer children+smaller families

• More education for women (college degrees in nursing, teaching)

• Women worked outside the home (factories, stores, telephone operators

Muckraker

Who? Journalists and Photographers who brought issues to light

Goal? Make things better by bringing out issues - firing people up!

Examples?

• Jacob Riis - Exposed life in tenements (photographed)

• Nellie Bly - Exposed terrible conditions in asylums by going undercover (led to betterness!)

• Upton Sinclar - Exposed gross conditions in meat packing plants (wrote the Jungle - led to theFDA and meat inspection act)

IMPERIALISM

Imperialism

What? Expansion overseas for...

3 reasons why?

1. Increased financial strength (raw materials!! new markets!!)

2. Military interests (establish military presence overseas)

3. Cultural Superiority (believed their government, religion, and race were superior and everyone

should have them!)

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Yellow Journalism

What? Sensationalism in the press filled with bias (found in the world and new york journal)

Why? SELLS PAPERS - get things done!

Voice of yellow journalism? “Newsies” were were it all started!

Joseph Pulitzer & William Randolph Hearst

Who? Were main “offenders” in yellow journalism (THE WORLD AND NEW YORK JOURNAL,

respectively).What effect on nation? Exaggerated truth to sell papers - will play a huge role in upcoming wars

William Seward

Who? Secretary of State under Lincoln/Johnson (strong backer of expansion!)

Bought what? Purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 (ended up being a bargain!)

Spanish American War

Who? Spain and the United States

What? Cuba was controlled by spain and tried to revolt. Depression sparked one last attempt, and cuban

were placed in concentration, work, camps. Trade was affected, and yellow journalism got involved (showedstarving children and people dying). Senators went to cuba and saw it was no big deal. McKinley wanted to

avoid war, but bended to society and told spain to be nice to cuba. Spain didn’t obey and US sent USS Maine t

be a presence in Cuba. Maine exploded, yellow journalists freaked out, society blamed spain, spain didn’t agre

to US’s call for cuban independence, war was declared. First battle in manilla, then carrabian. US wins. Cuba

given independence but has to add platt amendment. Philipines became US colony. Puerto Rico became usa

territory.

Why? YELLOW JOURNALISM.

William McKinley

Who? President at the time

Position on War? DID NOT WANT WAR

Sphere of Influence

What? China. Many nations looking to imperialize china (mainly Japan). Frane, Germany, Russia,

Britain, and Japan were already there. Spheres of Influence were areas colonized by foreign countries. Had

control of land but responsible for improving it.

Where? China!

Effect on China? GREAT for china! Could make everything better!

Who NOT involved? USA..poor us :(

Open Door PolicyWhat? US wanted in. Wanted access to chinese resources/markets but had no sphere. Asked for Open

Door Policy which said no country can have a monopoly on chinese trade and everyone gets a chance at land/

resources.

Where? CHINA

Why? WANTED IT. Chinese got mad and had boxer rebellion (they lost...)

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WWICauses of the war

4 causes?

1. Imperialism - Everyone wants land in Africa and Asia (natural resources/markets)

2. Nationalism - Like USA’s cultural superiority

3. Militarism - Armed forces have expanded, waiting for a reason to fight

4. Alliances - Tons of alliances in europe, but many unknown. Attack one nation, you attack many

Why? Europe was an open keg of gunpowder, and the spark to blow it up was the assassination of

Archduke Franz Ferdinand (asutrian-hungary) by a Serbian. Austria declared war on Serbia, and serbia+russiahad an alliances, and Austria and germany did. Europe then joined sides and the “Great War” began.

New war tactics

Land Tanks: Smash through everything and everything as mobile killing machines with weapons/gas

Water? U-Boats: German submarines used to distribute trade routes

Air? Airplanes/Zeppelins: Airplanes and Zeppelins, or blimps, made this the first war in the air

Woodrow Wilson

Policy on war? President Wilson says U.S. WILL remain neutral

What caused him to change his mind? After the sinking of the Lusitania, and later, the Zimmermantelegraph, and finally, when Germany sunk 3 American ships (March 1917), Wilson asked for war.

War bonds

What? Loans from people+interest covered 2/3 of the War

How did they help? Payed for almost all of the war! Sold by movie stars, women, everyone.

Propaganda

What? Posters, news articles, etc. aimed at supporting the war and influencing people’s opinions.

• Demonization (make them look terrible)

• Emotional Appeals (emotion!)• Name Calling (stupid heads...)

• Patriotic Appeals (uncle sammm!)

• Half Truths/Lies (only tell part of the story)

• Catchy Slogan (We Want You!)

• Evocative Visual Symbols (can’t get out of your head)

• Humor (make it funny! BALANCE!)

Effects? Fuels prejudice against Germans

Espionage and Sedition Act

What/Why/Effects? People were speaking out against the wars. Would give fines and jail time for anti-

war activities (protest). Everybody has to support the war. Supreme court deemed that 1st Amendment rights

could be limited in times of war

Great Migration

What? So many people were off the war, there were no men to work in the factories! Oh my!. 500,000+

African Americans moved north to work in factories, escaping bigotry, discrimination, etc.

Who? African Americans and Women would join the work force...TEMPORARILY

Effects? Was only temporary...but showed they could do it!

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Fourteen Points

What? Wilson’s Fourteen Points - Wilson’s idea for German surrender. Included, for example, smaller

military forces, an end to secret treaties, freedom of seas, free trade, changes in natural boundaries, and the

League of Nations.

Who created? Woodrow Wilson

Treaty of Versailles

What? Treaty that ended the war. German had to pay for what they did (accept blame, give up army/

colonies).Where? Paris - Chateux Versailles

Decisions made? Blamed everything on Germany and said that it was all Germany’s fault and that they

had to pay for everything.

Effect on decisions on future? Led to WWII...

ROARING 20’s and GREAT DEPRESSION

Warren G. Harding

Why elected? He promised a “return to normalcy”

Philosophy on economy? Less government in business and more business in government

Isolationism

Define: US Should stay out of other nation’s affairs except in self defense (opposite of imperliasm

supported by Coolidge)

Laissez Faire

Define: Government action won’t help the economy, it would hurt it! We should let people figure out

things on their OWN and everything will work out!

Roles of Women in the 1920’s’

How have they changed? Women became flappers, with more personal freedom: they drove cars, playe

sports, went to college, and had jobs. GASP!

Prohibition

What? Illegality of alcohol

Why? The USA believed that alcohol was the root of all its problems

Made by what amendment? The 18th Amendment

Overturned by what amendment? The 21st Amendment

Effect on crime? Crime went UP! Organized Crime! Gangs battling for bootlegging operations! GANG

WARS! AL CAPONE! OH MY! BADNESS!

Herbert Hoover

Economic Philosophy? After the market crashed, he believed in doing nothing. Laissez faire, fearing

government interaction. He believed that the US shouldn’t help the people in this time of need.

Reaction to market crash? Hoover acted conservatively, not wanting to do anything big

Ways people protested him? Hoover Flags - Pockets turned inside out, Hoovervilles - Poor areas of

shacks grouped together

Crash of 1929

What? A series of events from September 3rd, 1929 to October 29th, 1929, resulting in the Great

Depression. Black Thursday - 12.9 million shares were traded, black Tuesday, investors sold 16.4 million share

at incredibly low prices.

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Why? People saw the stocks dip just a tad and freaked out unloading allllll their stocks and cashing them

Effect on banks? Banks had money on the market which had just crashed. Banks needed money, and

needed to get back all the loans. People couldn’t pay and banks ran out of money. People panicked and got thei

money out of the banks (which didn’t have money!)

Government reaction? Did nothing...

Great Depression

Describe: Terrible. No jobs. Homelessness. Hunger. Affecting almost everyone in the nation.

Effect on business Terrible for business, hundreds of thousands had to close downEffect on farmers Farmers lost their jobs because nobody could afford to buy their products

Effect on workers Lost all their jobs

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Who? GREAT President! Laissez faire had failed the nation...time to try something new...wasn’t

concerned with popularity or legacy, but just wanted to help the nation

Economic Philosophy? Have to spend money to make money!

Communicated via? Fireside chats.

New DealWhat? FDR’s plan to fight the depression!

How? Goals of laws passed during the first hundred days were:

• Relief for the hungry and jobless

• Recovery for agriculture and industry

• Reform for the way government worked

Examples of programs? Public works, direct relief, etc

Dust Bowl

Who? Drought across the midwest, and “black blizzards” of topsoil flying across the plains. 52 dust

storms in TWO YEARS.

Where? Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado (150,000 square mile region!)

Who’s fault? Nobodys...nature!

Why? 2.5 million people took route 66 towards California (why?)

WWII

Axis Powers

Who? Italy and Germany (Stalin and Hitler, respectively) were the two biggest. Japan later joined.

Allied Powers

Who? United States, England, France

Munich Agreement/Appeasement

Who? Germany and Great Britain (Neville Chamberlain)

Outcome? Germany got the sudatenland if they promised not to take any more land. England agreed, bu

Germany later broke their promise and invaded the rest of Czech.

Non-Aggression Pact

Between whom? Russia and Germany signed the non-aggression pact, saying they wouldn’t declare wa

on each other

Successful? NO! Germany lied...surprisingly...

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Pearl Harbor

What? Japan attacked the US Naval Headquarters at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. (2/3 panned waves of attack

executed). Entire US fleet taken by surprise on the Sunday morning.

Who? Japan attacked USA

Where? Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

Why? The US wasn’t on good relations with Japan for quite a while. Japan needed resources, and

wanted them by fighting GB, NETHERLANDS, and USA. USA was in the way (navy in hawaii) so attack!

When? December 7th, 1941

Roosevelt’s Response? “A Sleeping Giant” had been awoken, day of infamy speech given. War isdeclared on Japan by USA.

Roles of Women in WWII

What? More than 300,000 women in the Women’s Army Corps.

Why? Had jobs as mechanics, drivers, clerks, and nurses

Example: “Rosie the Riveter” although she wasn’t a real person. (WE CAN DO IT!)

Africa

Why important? Britain had battled Axis for control of northern Africa because they wanted access to

the Suez Canal - the shortest sea route to Asia and Middle Eastern OIL.Allied General? General Dwight D. Eisenhower brought troops to help.

Success? November 1942, he fell to Axis but regrouped and gained the land. Could now establish bases

to attack southern Europe (italy!)

Italy

Why important? Italy goes right into mainland Europe (GERMANY!).

How won? Invaded Sicily through Suez Canal in July of 1943. Allies forced Germans out of Sicily then

Italy...PATTON!

D-Day

Who? Allied forces VS. Germany

Where? Normandy Beach (Northern France)

What? Allied forces invaded beaches of France

When? June 6th, 1944

Result? Largest seaborne invasion in history - battled through France and liberated Paris (NO MORE

GERMANY)

Yalta Conference

Who? The “BIG THREE” - USA, France, Great Britain

What? Plan for surrender

Where? Yalta, CrimeriaWhen? February 1945

Why? Needed post-war peacekeeping and type of government for eastern europe

Goals? Stalin (italy) promised to declare war on Japan after Germany surrenders. Agree to United

Nations and discussed type of government for Eastern Europe.

Holocaust

Who? Mainly focused on attacking Jews (blamed them for post WW1 problems), but also African

Americans and Homosexuals, among others, by the Nazi’s and Germany

What? Eliminating unwanted races.

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Why? Nazi’s goal was to create a “master race” of Aryans (white, protestant, strong, healthy, straight),

and those who didn’t “Fit into the mold” would be eliminated.

Result? Nazi’s had eliminated 2/3 of the entire Jewish population in Germany. Concentration Camps an

Death camps were liberated after news of them hit Europe and USA newspapers (we got involved!)

Nuremburg Trials? Court to try Nazi leaders for roles in WWII. Trial began in November 1945 in

Nuremberg, Germany. After a year long trial, only 19 were found guilty, and twelve sentenced to death.

Surrender in the European Theater

When? May 8th, 1945Referred to as? V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day)

Kamikaze

What? Suicide missions (fly planes into targets! Getting desperate!)

Used by? Japanese against USA!

Effective? Not as effective as hoped...

Island Hopping

Who? Allies :)

What? Allies needed bases closer to homeland...chose Iwo Jima and Okinawa. “Hopping” from oneisland to the next, eventually getting closer and closer without having to use aircraft carriers.

Why? Didn’t want to get their carriers in there, so island hopped.

Successful? YES!

Battle of Midway

What theater? Pacific

What happened? USA intelligence ruined Yamamoto’s plan to lure

carriers. U.S. destroys 4 Japanese carriers and 250 planes, equalizing Japanese

and US Pacific forces

Why a turning point? EQUALIZED.

Iwo Jima

Where? Island in the pacific. Not jungle, but volcanic rock. Japanese

were in the island. Bombed the island for 3 days, then went in on troops.

Why important? Allowed us to go to Okinawa, our final destination.

5,885 Americans killed, 17,272 wounded, but very helpful.

Lasting legacy? Famous flag raising picture taken!

Navajo Indians

Played what role in war? Were “code talkers”

Give details: Nobody even knew the Navajo language existed, so were used as code talkers. There woube a navajo indian on either side of the radio, and they would communicate by decoding what they said.

Atomic Bomb

Project name? The Manhattan Project - Mission: create and test atomic weapons to use in WWII if

necessary. J. Robert Oppenheimer was in charge.

Ordered by? FDR ordered research for an Atomic Bomb immediately after the war began

Tested at? First successful test was in Trinity, NW (July 16th, 1945)

Dropped 1st: First dropped on Hiroshima (Little Boy) - August 6th, 1945

Dropped 2nd: Second dropped on Nagasaki (Fat Man) - August 9th, 1945

Result:

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Surrender in Pacific

When? August 14th - 1945 (Japan Surrenders).

Formal Surrender signed 9/2/45

Where? Tokyo Harbor aboard the USS Missouri

VOILA. US

HISTORY :D

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history final exam study guide

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