Business ArchivesSourcesandHistory

Number 88

November 2004

B USI N ESS

ARCHIVES

C OUN C I LCHARITY NO. 313336

ISSN 0007-6538

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BUSINESS ARCHIVES COUNCIL

Corporate Patrons

The work of the Business Archives Council is supported by subscriptions and donations

from its corporate, institutional and individual members. The Council is especially grateful

to its Corporate Patrons, who have generously agreed to support the Council at significantly

more than the basic level of subscription:

HSBC Holdings plc, ING Bank NV (London), Lloyds TSB Group, News International plc,

Rio Tinto plc, The Rothschild Archive, and R Twining & Co.

Major Benefactors

The Business Archives Council is also grateful to the following major benefactors for their

support for current and previous work:

Academic sponsorship

Economic History Society (1995 - 2000), University of the West of England (1995 - 2000)

Advisory Service

Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts (1974 - 1997), J Sainsbury plc (1996 - 2000)

Annual Conference accommodation

British Bankers Association (2001), Cable & Wireless plc (1998), Channel 4 Television (2000),

The Newsroom – Guardian and Observer Archive and Visitor Centre (2003)

Meetings and training accommodation

The Boots Company plc (1998 - 2000), NatWest Group (1998 - 1999), News International

plc (1998 - 2000), Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts (1974 - 2003), R Twining

& Co (1974 - 2000)

Surveys of business archives

British Railways Board, survey of records for the Railway Heritage Committee (1997 -

1999); Economic and Social Research Council, company archives survey (1980 - 1985);

The Wellcome Trust, surveys of records of the pharmaceutical industry (1995 - 1997) and

veterinary medicine (1998 - 2001)

Wadsworth Prize for Business History receptions

Bank of England (1996), Bank of Scotland (1995), HSBC Holdings plc (2003), ING Barings

(1997), Institution of Electrical Engineers (2001), Lloyds TSB Group plc (1999), Midland

Bank plc (1994), NM Rothschild & Sons Limited (2000), Prudential Corporation (1998)

THE BUSINESS ARCHIVESCOUNCIL

The objects of the Council are to promote the preservation of business records of historical

importance, to supply advice and information on the administration and management of both

archives and modern records, and to encourage interest in the history of business in Britain.

The Council’s publishing programme includes Business Archives, which is published half

yearly, and a Newsletter which appears quarterly. Business Archives. Principles and Practice

covers technical aspects of managing archives and modern records. Business Archives. Sources

and History considers business archives as source material for historians. Other Council

publications include Managing Business Archives and A Guide to Tracing the History of a

Business. In recent years surveys of the archives of brewing, banking and shipbuilding have been

published, as has a survey of the archives of 1,000 of the oldest registered companies in Britain.

The Council is a registered charity and derives much of its income from the annual

subscriptions of its members. These include business organisations, libraries and other

institutions, and individual archivists, records managers, business people and historians. An

annual conference gives members the opportunity to meet, as well as to hear papers on

themes of current interest. For details about membership and about the work of the Council

generally, please write to the Business Archives Council, c/o Fiona Maccoll, Records

Manager, Rio Tinto plc, 6 St James’s Square, London SW1Y 4LD.

Prospective articles (authors should apply for notes for contributors in the first instance)

together with comments on Business Archives are welcome and should be sent either to

Mike Anson, Editor, Business Archives. Sources and History, Bank of England,

Threadneedle Street London, EC2R 8AH or to Lucy Jones, Editor, Business Archives.

Principles and Practice, BT Group Archives, Third Floor, Holborn Telephone Exchange,

268-270 High Holborn, London WC1V 7EE.

The views expressed in this journal are not necessarily those of the Business Archives

Council or of the Editor. No responsibility for loss occasioned to any person acting or

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c 2004 Business Archives Council and Contributors

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BU SI N ESS

ARCHIVES

CO U N CI L

CHARITY NO. 313336

Wadsworth Prize: Winners, 1978-2002 v

Archive sources for late Georgian building firms

Christopher Powell 1

Two men of industry, many businesses: The Soho firms of

Matthew Boulton and James Watt, as revealed by the

Archives of Soho

Tim Procter 13

Sources on communities of British manufacturing plants

and their activities

Peter Scott 25

Bibliography in business history 2003

Edited by Richard Hawkins 31

Business records deposited in 2003

Edited by Mike Anson 47

Reviews 69

Business

Archives

Sources

and

History

Contents

Number 88

November 2004

BU SI N ESS

ARCHIVES

CO U N CI L

101 Whitechapel High St.London E1 7RE, UK

CLIFF EDWARDS

Railway Records: A Guide to Sources

Terry Gourvish

DAVID T. HAWKINGS

Fire Insurance Records for Family and Local Historians

1696 to 1920

Julia Sheppard

MARTIN FRANSMAN

Telecoms in the Internet Age: From Boom to Bust to …?

Roy Edwards

JENIFER ROBERTS

Glass. The Strange History of the Lyne Stephens Fortune

Edwin Green

JOHN F. WILSON and ANDREW POPP

Industrial clusters and regional business networks in England,

1750-1970

Mike Anson

Reviews

Number 88

November 2004

WADSWORTH PRIZE: WINNERS, 1978-2002

In 2003, Lenore Symons retired as co-ordinator of the Wadsworth Prize for Business

History. Lenore had undertaken the task for nearly 20 years and it is appropriate to mark

this by including a complete list of the 25 winners to date.

2002 – MARTIN FRANSMAN, Telecoms in the Internet age: From Boom to Bust to…?

(Oxford: Oxford University Press)

2001 – MARGARET ACKRILL and LESLIE HANNAH, Barclays: The Business of

Banking 1690-1966. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

2000 – GEOFFREY JONES, Merchants to Multinationals: British Trading Companies in the

Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. (Oxford: Oxford University Press)

1999 – DAVID KYNASTON, City of London, Volume 3: Illusions of Gold, 1914-45.

(London: Chatto & Windus)

1998 – NIALL FERGUSON, The World’s Banker: The History of the House of Rothschild.

(London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson)

1997 – YOUSSEF CASSIS, Big Business: The European Experience in the Twentieth

Century. (Oxford: Oxford University Press)

1996 – RICHARD SAVILLE, Bank of Scotland: A History 1695-1995. (Edinburgh:

Edinburgh University Press)

1995 – GEOFFREY TWEEDALE, Steel City: Entrepreneurs of Strategy and Technology in

Sheffield 1743-1993. (Oxford: Clarendon Press)

1994 – T. R. GOURVISH and R. G. WILSON, British Brewing Industry 1830-1980.

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

1993 – JOHN HATCHER, The History of the British Coal Industry. Volume 1, Before

1700: Towards the Age of Coal. (Oxford: Oxford University Press)

1992 – OLIVER WESTALL, The Provincial Insurance Company, 1903-1938: Family

Markets and Competitive Growth. (Manchester: Manchester University Press)

1991 – CHARLES HARVEY and JON PRESS, William Morris: Design and Enterprise in

Victorian England. (Manchester: Manchester University Press)

1990 – SIR PETER THOMPSON, Sharing the Success: The Story of NFC. (London:

Collins)

1989 – MARTIN CAMPBELL KELLY, ICL: A Business and Technical History. (Oxford:

Clarendon Press)

1988 – CHRISTINE MACLEOD, Inventing the Industrial Revolution. (Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press)

1987 – STEVEN TOLLIDAY, Business, Banking and Politics: The Case of British Steel

1918-1939. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press)

1986 – ROY CHURCH, The History of the British Coal Industry. Volume 3: Victorian

Preeminence. (Oxford: Clarendon Press)

1985 – RICHARD DAVENPORT-HINES, Dudley Docker, The Life and Times of a Trade

Warrior. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

1984 - MICHAEL W. FLINN, The History of the British Coal Industry. Volume 2: 1700-

1830: The Industrial Revolution. (Oxford: Clarendon Press)

1983 – D. J. ROWE, Lead Manufacturing in Britain: A History. (London: Croom Helm)

1982 – R. W. FERRIER, The History of the British Petroleum Company. Volume 1: The

Developing Years (1901-1932). (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

1981 – CHARLES E. HARVEY, The Rio Tinto Company: An Economic History of a

Leading International Mining Concern. (Penzance: Alison Hodge)

1980 – D. C. COLEMAN, Courtauld’s: An Economic and Social History. (Oxford:

Clarendon Press)

1979 – PETER PAYNE, Colvilles and the Scottish Steel Industry. (Oxford: Clarendon

Press)

1978 – D. K. FIELDHOUSE, Unilever Overseas: The Anatomy of a Multinational.

(London: Croom Helm)

(Listed by year of publication. The award is generally made the following year)

Business ArchivesSourcesandHistory

Number 88

November 2004

edited byMike Anson

reviews editorMike Anson

Published by

BU SI N ESS

ARCHIVES

C O U N C I L101 Whitechapel High St.

London E1 7REUK

ARCHIVE SOURCES FOR LATE GEORGIANBUILDING FIRMS

CHRISTOPHER POWELLCardiff University

A part of the field of construction history is the study of early building firms. Someexamples of nineteenth century firms have been researched, typically larger ones whichundertook major or prestigious works. However the smaller the firm and more remoteits existence from the present, the less is likely to be known about it. It so happens thatvery many building firms were small and, of course, the industry in one form or anotherstretches back a very long way indeed. Later Georgian firms, particularly those whichworked on the great mass of more commonplace buildings, remain largelyunresearched and unknown. The products of their toil and craftsmanship, in the formsof smaller houses, agricultural and industrial buildings and the like, still linger in manyplaces. Such survivors are increasingly cherished by many modern owners andonlookers, yet their original builders remain anonymous. Their identity, businessstructure, organisation, methods, social relations and life experience are obscure.

This paper sets out to introduce an aspect of construction history and the use ofsome archival sources for historical research in the field. In particular, the nature andpotential of later Georgian builders’ account books and day books are considered, withreference to two geographically separated case studies.

Construction history The scholarly pursuit of construction history is still in its infancy, albeit a somewhatprotracted one. Neighbouring disciplines such as archaeology, economic, business andarchitectural history have long since grown up, having passed through adolescentuncertainties to reach maturity. Construction history has made modest progress as acoherent body of knowledge with recognisable boundaries, but has not yet fullyattained the magnitude and gravitas which some feel to be its due. To be sure, evidenceof progress is seen, for example, in the first International Congress on ConstructionHistory held in Madrid in 2003 and in the publication of the international journalConstruction History.1 Yet it remains true that subject definition and scope ofconstruction history are open to debate. It may be asked, what is construction history?Answers are innumerable, but broadly the subject may be taken to be the study of theform, materials and components of which buildings were composed in the past,together with the physical and organisational means by which they were broughttogether. Thus there may be said to be physical, technical, economic and socialcomponents to the subject. If the subject is focussed on the spatial and physicalcharacteristics of built artifacts (mostly buildings, but also bridges and otherengineering structures), then a major secondary focus is the behaviour of the firms andpeople engaged in building. Construction history, then, is about both building productsand building processes, including the means of production; this study is concernedparticularly with the latter.

The way in which UK building firms evolved over the longer term is broadly

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understood. From mediaeval craft guilds to eighteenth century masterbuilders andjourneymen, to the emergence of large nineteenth century omni-competent generalcontractors, and on to modern sub-contracting has been traced by the combined effortsof the likes of Salzman, Satoh and others.2 Some nineteenth and twentieth century firmshave been treated in depth as seen, for example, in the works of Hobhouse andSpencer-Silver.3 Additionally there are a number of more or less celebratory worksabout the rise and rise of leading construction firms and their associated luminaries. Nodoubt more firms would have been studied in depth were it not for certain obstaclesarising from some peculiarities of building firms. Compared with, say, largemanufacturing enterprises or banks, typical building firms were small, short-lived andlittle given to making or keeping documentary records. Builders all too often left littleto posterity except the buildings which they erected. Typical proprietors of earlybuilding firms (still more, members of their workforces) may be thought of as beingmore men of action than men of letters (only a few were women of action). It has beenremarked of builder proprietors that they were themselves generally too busy building(as well as too poorly educated) to speak for themselves.4 Although these wordsreferred originally to Victorian builders, the implication for their Georgian predecessorsis plain enough: few records were made. Of those that were made, not many are likelyto have survived the process of attrition. Much building work was conducted by frailand under-capitalised undertakings, often a sole principal struggling to survive in afiercely fluctuating market. Their prospects were not very good.5 If they did not fail forbusiness reasons, many disappeared with the retirement of their proprietor. As will beall too familiar to business historians, cessation of trading commonly meant wholesaleloss of records. So it was that building firms were no better (or more fortunate) thanothers in the matter of survival of business records; rather the reverse, it is suspected.Historically speaking, the records of building firms may be summed up as beinginitially slim despite the large number of firms, and thereafter prone to heavy attrition.Writing of builders, again Victorian, but again with obvious implications, Summersonnoted ‘What do we know of these people? Very little….their biographies and businessmethods have, by now, become almost impenetrably obscure.’6

Since Summerson more or less wrote off our quarry in 1973, matters haveimproved. Studies of various firms have appeared.7 Today the frontier of historicalunderstanding has been pressed, unevenly, to the Georgian years of early nineteenthand later eighteenth centuries. It is at this point that building organisations recede intodeep twilight. Those who transformed London’s already great stock of buildings, thosesetting out on the great urbanisation in north and midlands, and those who were activeamong the myriad of lesser towns and villages, all are little known. A few studies havebegun to reclaim some builders’ identities and their methods, but (as the historians’cliché has it) much remains to be done.8

Archive sources What help can be expected to be on hand to assist historians in their pursuit of laterGeorgian building firms? The survival of records in old firms founded two centuries ormore ago is, on pragmatic grounds, not rated highly probable. Survival of records in thehands of private individuals perhaps is less unpromising, although it remainsproblematic. In public archives the picture appears more encouraging. Here the

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assistance is gratefully acknowledged of the National Archives: Historical ManuscriptsCommission which produces a thematic digest in its annual Access to Repositoriesexercise. This in turn forms the basis of a list of recent accessions relevant toconstruction history, published from time to time in Construction History SocietyNewsletter.9 From such accession lists the records of two case study firms wereselected for this study. They appeared promising because they were both of relativelyearly date, were sizeable and referred to building rather than other associated, but morenarrowly specialised, trades. One of the firms was Berry and Vincent Ltd. of Crediton,Devon, records of which are held by Devon County Record Office, Exeter. The otherfirm was Newton of Hitchin, Hertfordshire, records of which are held by HertfordshireCounty Council Archives, Hertford. The early history of these firms will now beoutlined in order to set the context for consideration of surviving historical sources.

Two case study firms In the later eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the firm of Berry and Vincent wasowned by one John Prawl. His firm is one of the few middle-ranking buildingenterprises of the period, undertaking commonplace building work, about which muchis known.10 The firm was founded in 1770 in Crediton, about eight miles north west ofExeter where it was directed by Prawl for over 50 years before passing to his son-in-law in 1822. Showing exceptional longevity, it is still active today, a sprightly 234years old.

Prawl built in his home town and to a large extent in the surrounding countrysideon farms and estates mostly within about a six mile radius of home, but sometimestwice as far. Customers included landowners, church and chapel authorities and millersrequiring new works, alterations and repairs. Prawl’s market was a relatively stable oneas yet lightly touched, if at all, by the coming forces of industrialisation.

The firm worked in the so-called ‘wet’ trades of stonemasonry, plastering and cobbuilding. This last was the Devonian practice of wall building with earth mixed withstraw and gravel. Other firms, now lost to view, would have undertaken to add toPrawl’s work the carpentry and joinery, thatching, glazing, decorating and suchplumbing as was attempted. Prawl’s firm worked on what are now regarded asvernacular rather than polite buildings, that is, those erected by craftsmen in thetraditional fashion, little influenced by concern with architectural appearances orguided by drawings executed in advance of building operations.

The workforce of between about ten and 20 men (the firm grew over time)comprised a nucleus of regular employees supplemented by extras who appeared anddisappeared at frequent intervals. The lowest paid made do with about two thirds of thewages of the highest. On any one day the workforce was divided into small groups,typically five or so in number, spread among the various current building sites. Nearlyevery day produced a different combination of sites, gangs and their constituentindividual employees, implying a high degree of managerial activity and close control.Prawl himself was physically engaged on sites for at least some of the time. No doubtthe lives of members of the workforce was arduous with heavy labour and cumbersomematerials, often long journeys to and from sites, and work impeded or stopped (alongwith pay) by adverse weather. For Prawl there were, in addition, the usual businessrisks of workload fluctuations and late payment. Yet evidence survives of a human side:

the employee who went off on drinking sprees with unfortunate behaviouralconsequences (Prawl’s own words were more blunt); Prawl’s occasional loans to hismen; and his gifts for relief in hard times.

The second case study firm was Newton of Hitchin, a market town just off theGreat North Road over 30 miles north of London. It is surmised that this firm operatedin a wealthier market than did Prawl, a market in which attitudes were, if anything,more progressive. Certainly, Newton made extensive use of London suppliers toacquire a great variety of materials used in his work, an opportunity denied the westcountry firm. Building practice in Hitchin would have differed also, with brickpredominating in place of cob and stone. Not much is known of Newton except that,like Prawl, the firm specialised. Unlike Prawl who worked with heavy and wetmaterials, Newton specialised in glazing, painting and plumbing. Neither was he averseto occasional odd jobs such as ‘painting and marking a wheelbarrow’ (at a price of 3/-d.in December 1800). Newton’s group of craft specialisms appears to have beencommon, at least in the decades following his time. According to Rose, building trades,at least in rural areas, were often loosely organised into the three groups of masons,carpenters and plumber-glazier-decorators. Thus Newton was an example of the latterwhile Prawl was an example of the first, who happened to work in an area in which cobbuilding material was often substituted for stone.

Case study sources The main surviving sources relevant to the early history of Prawl’s firm amount to thefollowing, under the name of Prawl’s successors, Berry and Vincent Ltd.

A1-3 Day Books (diaries of work done each day, by whom, where, cost, materials used,etc). Three books covering the years 1794-97, 1802-05 and 1815-18.

A9-12 Account Books (accounts with clients). Four books covering the years 1792-97,1795-1803, 1815-22 and 1818-22.

In addition were miscellaneous business papers consisting of: A13 Accounts forContract Works and Inventory for 1822; and F1 Residuary Account of Prawl’s Estate.

It can be seen that no records survive from the earliest decades of the firm and thatthe chronological sequences of Day Books and Account Books is incomplete. Only 16years of Day Books survive out of a potential of 52 years. Similarly with the AccountBooks, among which are big gaps after 1803. Typical Day Book entries take thefollowing forms:

3 August 1795‘Self [Prawl] for Mrs Downey all Day Lamp [employee] 1/4 of Day at Oak and toJustice about ye Drains at ye Back Lane 0-2-2 1/2

Wm Pery and Dad [employees] at Knole Cobing [cob walling] 0-4-10’

16 March 1797‘Parke and Short [employees] paveing and Dressing ye linhay Wall at Hill [location]Bery Pery [employees] and Boy about ye Dary [Dairy?] 0-8-0’

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Entries such as this are copious, but occasionally inconsistent. For example, thelocation of a building job may be recorded, but not the customer’s name, or vice versa.To occasional omissions must be added some difficulties of legibility. However, despitesuch problems for the researcher, there is ample material to enable an historical pictureto be pieced together. While some entries are unduly terse, there are enoughcompensating scattered details to provide a reasonably full view of the firm and itsactivities. Some such details are not directly related to original business purposes, butnevertheless throw useful light on matters for the modern researcher. So it is that detailsof building materials and equipment emerge: here the price of ‘scarfold [sic] ropes’ (2dozen for 10/-d.), and here the price of a peck of hair, presumably for making plaster(4d.). Then there are recorded asides, as with ‘Self Ill in the Gout’ on 1 January 1816or, more worryingly, ‘…Men not at Work on account of the Riot’ on 13 April 1795(labourer Stephens was laconically noted two days later as being ‘upon ye drink’). Theprimary sources are ostensibly factual, largely quantitative records intended to assist inrunning a business. As such, they might be expected to be fairly consistent and reliableseries through time. In reality this is partly true, although they contain considerablegaps, minor internal inconsistencies and details which, although apparently extraneousfor business management purposes, are helpful (or at least entertaining) to the historian.

Not many late Georgian building firms can have been so fortunate in the survivalof their records as Prawl’s, but another such was, as noted above, Newton of Hitchin.The relevant Newton records are as follows.

Customer Ledgers (detailing amounts charged to customers and dates of payment)D/ENe/B8 August 1784 – May 1791D/ENe/B9 January 1796 – July 1801D/ENe/B10 September 1800 – December 1804D/ENe/B11 October 1808 – January 1813D/ENe/B12 October 1812 – December 1816D/ENe/B13 January 1824 – December 1831

Day BooksD/ENe/B128 October 1790 – June 1793D/ENe/B129 February 1797 – January 1799D/ENe/B130 January 1806 – November 1806D/ENe/B131-7 November 1806 – September 1820D/ENe/B138 October 1827 – October 1828D/ENe/B139 February 1831 – March 1832D/ENe/B140 June 1833 – July 1834

Suppliers’ Ledger BooksB166 Suppliers’ Ledger (materials obtained from London builders’ merchants February1809 – April 1824)

Selected entries in a Customer Ledger take the form:‘Lady RadcliffeSept. 13 [1800]

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41/4 lb. Sodder [solder?] to the gutters on the Green house 1/6d.Nov. 5A piece of mill’d lead by Rose in the Brewhouse 0/7d.Nov. 11 1/2 Day 2 Men to Putty the light 2/9d.’

A typical selected entry in a Day Book takes the form:‘Account of what is expended in [indistinct] Hips and Ridges [of roof] it being bycontractMarch 15 [1791] 1 Day Self and Rich [employee]March 26 2 Days Rich’

Randomly selected entries in Suppliers’ Ledger include:‘Messrs. Crosby Clay & Co St John St’ (oil and turps, 1818)‘Messrs. Upton & Co Cheapside’ (tar, varnish, 1818)‘Messrs. Pontiflex, Son & Wood 49 Shoe Lane’ (lead, 1819)‘Messrs. Bailey & Co Iron merchants Bankside’ (1819).

The picture which emerges about Newton’s records is similar to that of Prawl.There are copious entries, with gaps in the chronology, occasional inconsistencies andsome illegibility. An apparent minor difference, on the basis of sampling of entriesrather than fully comprehensive study, is that Newton was more sparing with asides notstrictly relevant to bookkeeping purposes.

Surviving sources: opportunities and potential To what extent can the business organisation, methods and experience of Georgianbuilding firms be regained from the foregoing types of archive sources? What help canthe construction historian expect from surviving day books, account books and the like?What potential do they present?

The first point to be made is that there is a paucity of alternative sources. No doubtthe world of the Georgian builder can be partly reconstructed from implication anddeduction based on other industries, and on how surviving buildings were constructed.Yet it remains that a firm’s own business records offer unique insights unlikely to beobtained elsewhere.

The type of sources under consideration enable conclusions to be drawn about arange of features concerning the economy of building firms. Such features includeunderstanding of the markets served by building firms. Regarding the geographicalreach of rural builders, the distances which Prawl was prepared to travel for work isevident. So too, are the types of customer, types of work (whether new build,replacement or repair) and types of building. Thus the nature of demand for buildingwork begins to come into focus both quantitatively and qualitatively.

Other key features of the economy of firms were their flows of income andexpenditure, and rate of accumulation of capital. From such figures the size of firms areapparent and may be compared. In the case of Prawl, for example, it has beencalculated that for the eleven months beginning July 1793 the average monthlyearnings were £14-5-41/4d., while wage costs were £11-0-111/4d. This, incidentally,

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indicates how high wage costs were in relation to other costs; a characteristic ofbuilding with cob, in which materials were extremely cheap compared with labour.Detailed figures for income and expenditure of a firm, over extended periods of time,reveal fluctuations of trade and long term trends. Thus the variation in hours worked inwinter, with short daylight hours and inclement weather, and in summer may be plotted.So, too, perhaps may the impact on demand be gauged due to good or poor harvests,war scares, civil disturbance and the like. Prawl’s records contain passing references tothe Napoleonic wars, exceptionally cold weather (when frost hampered buildingactivity) and so on.

Another aspect of the economy of building firms on which light may be thrown isthe division of labour in construction. How the various tasks inseparable from the act ofbuilding were divided between different firms remains to this day both problematic andfluid. At some times and in some places the different operations (digging foundations,procuring materials, carpentry, etc.) have been carried out by separate concerns. Atother times and places, single concerns (general contractors) have been prepared toaccept sole responsibility for all, or most, of the building works.12 In Newton’s andPrawl’s day it is apparent that, even well outside major cities, there was a fair degree ofdivision of labour between firms. It is known that Newton at this stage confined hisactivities to glazing, painting and plumbing, while Prawl specialised mainly in cob,masonry and plastering. In passing, it may be noted that Prawl’s nineteenth centurysuccessor soon set about both diversifying his market by building road bridges (civilengineering, as understood today), and by contracting for the construction of wholebuildings. Connected with questions of division of labour in Georgian construction areissues about innovation. Did Prawl’s successor diversify in response to change indemand or in order to exploit newer ways of building which, before very long, were tolead to the obsolescence of cob building? Thus, detailed research of firms’ records mayhelp to throw light on change in the industry respecting both contractual and technicalmatters.

A further aspect into which firms’ records may yield insight is that of employmentand wages. Earnings may be plotted in detail through time and comparisons may bedrawn between different regional locations and between town and country. Newton in1801 paid his painters 2/10d. per day (an apprentice got 1/101/4d.). This was far morethan Prawl whose wages ranged from 1/4d. to 1/10d. per day in 1794 and were stillonly 1/6d. to 2/2d. twenty years later. No doubt the local economy in Hertfordshire,close to London, was quite different from that of the more remote west country. Thewage levels of different craft skills, the influence of worker’s age and productivity, andthe wages lost due to bad weather or intermittent work opportunities, may all be betterunderstood by reference to firms’ records.

The second area of historical research which may be informed by archive sourcesis the social and behavioural one. The records offer the potential for betterunderstanding of the construction workforce. How men (never women, in the two casestudies) were deployed in small gangs from project to project is seen. For example, inthe week beginning 3 August 1795 Prawl’s workforce of eleven men was active on atotal of nine different projects. Typically, they worked in gang sizes of four men orfewer, and the distribution of men in gangs, and of gangs among projects, differed onmost days. With live projects more numerous than gangs, it appears that, then as now, it

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was not always easy to get builders to fulfill their promise to turn up on site. Historicalcontinuity indeed.

There are other social aspects on which a view can be obtained from builders’records. They include hierarchies within the workforce: the steepness or flatness of thepyramid from ‘boys’ as lowest paid up to top paid craftsmen. Visible in the records isthe extent of chronological continuity in the workforce. Prawl had a nucleus ofemployees who stayed with him for as long as two decades or more and also a ‘reservearmy’ of others who came and went according to need (and, perhaps, inclination).Whether continuity of employment was greater in firms in quite stable rural places thanit was in more dynamic large towns is not yet known, but seems probable.

Beyond continuity or its lack are fragments of social incident and anecdote whichsometimes fleetingly illuminate relations between masters and men. Passing familiaritywith Georgian street life in London provides expectations that such relations werelikely to be callous if not brutal. That view is supported by Prawl’s laconic asides aboutriots, his employees’ drinking habits and their detention at the assizes. At the sametime, it would be easy to lose sight of another side of the picture. This comes fromentries in Prawl’s accounts which detail sums of money advanced to sometimeemployees temporarily out of work over Christmas. Likewise are occasional referencesto loans to key men for purchase of clothing, repayable over a period of weeks. Herethe principal of a firm was practising philanthropy and enlightened self interest in hisrole as an informal banker.

The third area of historical research which may be informed by archive sources isthat of the products of construction, the buildings. Historians of architecture andvernacular building seeking to describe and explain the forms and materials ofbuildings may find the records useful in several ways. For example, the costs ofmaterials are often recorded and allow comparison to be made between alternatives indifferent places and at different times. Cost of transporting materials (often very high)may be separated from cost of purchase. Thus any cost advantages realised when newmaterials were introduced are shown and the understanding of diffusion of innovativematerials may be extended. Again, more or less ephemeral aspects of buildings, such asdecorative wall limewash colour schemes (Prawl sometimes used ‘yeallow oaker’) canbe understood from builders’ accounts of materials purchases. Again, light may bethrown on builders’ networks of suppliers. In this respect, a sharp contrast is apparentbetween practices in the two case study firms. Newton traded with many suppliers indifferent parts of London while Prawl had a simpler and far more local network. Thenature of Newton’s trade required a variety of heavily processed goods used inplumbing and glazing, compared with Prawl’s simpler needs for mass materials (coband stone) obtained near the point of use.

A further area in which archive sources are able to add to understanding ofbuilding construction and materials is about operations on site. For example, using datafrom Prawl’s accounts it is possible to reconstruct the operational sequence involved inbuilding a pony linhay beginning 23 February 1803 with site clearance and diggingfoundations, through to building cob walls and, eventually after expending 31 man daysof activity, placing coping upon the thatched roof on 21 April. Identifiable are eachsuccessive operation, how many men were involved and for how long, the time takenfor cob walling to dry out, and so on. Further research possibly could connect such

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operational sequences to known surviving buildings, thereby offering to connect theartifact with the record of human effort and skill expended in its creation: relatingproduct to process.

Summing up the nature and potential of the archive sources, much of the datafound is quantitative and in considerable detail. Sums of money, size of workforce,days worked, materials costs and the like all are likely to appear in voluminousamounts. This is the sort of data which lends itself well to the use of sampling andstatistical techniques. Indeed, so great is the quantity of data that sampling may offerthe only way in which it may be approached. By such means the full potential of therecords may be reached: comparison and correlations may be established which will gobeyond the use of quantified data merely to amplify narrative description.

Surviving sources: limitations Archive sources are likely to be fragmentary: incomplete chronological runs of daybooks, etc., rather than full records. Such fragments do, however, provide a mass ofdiverse detail. Thus the emerging historical picture is a chequered one of complete voidjuxtaposed with considerable detail. This uneven survival poses problems ofrepresentativeness. To what extent is surviving material representative of theexperience of construction firms of the period in question? Is surviving materialrepresentative in terms of geographical distribution? Is it representative of firms interms of size, type of organisational structure, building crafts undertaken, and so on?

It may be surmised that records will have survived most where stable tradingconditions prevailed strongest and longest: probably rural areas and market towns morethan the more volatile cities where business risks (and opportunities) were greatest, andwhere firms and their records were perhaps more likely to disappear precipitately.Again, it may be that surviving records are more representative of assiduously managedfirms than firms run so to speak on an administrative wing and a prayer. This is toassume that carefully compiled and maintained records were an aid to businesssurvival: not necessarily the case. To the question, are surviving records representativeof the whole population of firms, there are no certain answers at present.

Other limitations of the records are more obvious. Surviving examples of recordsare fewer as their date of origin recedes. There must be inaccuracies in what wasrecorded. Here, however, the researcher is on relatively safe ground because it is thecase that most records were made to inform the person who compiled them, or someoneclosely associated with them. Unlike many sources, records were not made with themotive of persuading others, or with some covert or implicit motive in mind (unless itwas to persuade bankers to be lenient). Problems of legibility are not unknown, but donot obtrude unduly. A more subtle problem is likely to be that of comparability.Definitions and assumptions inbuilt in the accounts of a firm may change over theperiod covered by the accounts in a manner invisible to the modern researcher. Whatappears to be an unbroken series running over years or even decades may embodyhidden inconsistencies. Unknowing, the researcher may attempt to compare directlyfigures from a single source, but of different times, which embody differentassumptions, with flawed results for the researcher. Likewise there are problems arisingwhen attempting to compare records from different sources, maybe in a different timeor region, as with Newton and Prawl. The respective definitions and assumptions

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incorporated in the two sets of records may well make direct comparisons problematic.But this is the stuff of almost any history: such problems are not restricted to records ofthe construction industry.

Future understanding of the construction past From this short introduction to an aspect of construction history, and consideration ofsome related archive sources, several points emerge. It is maintained that sufficientaccount books and the like survive from late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuryfirms to enable a clearer picture to be reconstructed of the industry of the period. Inparticular, such aspects as the structure and operation of firms, their role as employersand the details of technology, costs and sources of materials supply can be reclaimedfrom historical obscurity. Painstaking work, some qualitative and some quantitative,promises to yield a clearer idea of the form and experience of typical construction firmsof the period.

That it is possible to press the historical frontier from early Victorian firms back tolater Georgian ones has been shown. A question begged is the date of the earliestsurviving records of the type discussed here. Certainly some are extant from the earlyeighteenth century for polite, if not vernacular, building. For how much further backinto the eighteenth century can records of vernacular firms be found? Another questionfor the future is enquiry about regional and local variations. Differences betweenbuilding customs in England and those in Scotland are well known far into thetwentieth century; when did they first emerge, and what other shorter-lived differencesexisted among English regions?

Further research could, by accumulating case studies, establish the characteristicsof typical firms and thereby distinguish them from the exceptional ones. Further workcould also allow researchers to look outward from construction towards the widercontext to compare and relate their industry with others of the same period. Researcherscould gain better understanding of how construction contributed to, and dependedupon, the economy and society at large. How did construction wages compare withothers and from where did building entrepreneurs emerge? What factors played a partin obsolescence in one construction technology and in innovation in another? Whichtypes of firm were most stable and long lived, and which the most vulnerable? Whatwas the day-to-day experience of eighteenth century craftsmen? Answers to these andmany similar questions await the construction historian who ventures among thearchives.

Correspondence: Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University, Bute Building,King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK. E-mail: PowellCG@Cardiff.ac.uk

Notes1. S. Huerta (ed.) Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History (3

vols.), 2003; Construction History: Journal of the Construction History Society, annual.2. L.F. Salzman Building in England Down to 1540: a Documentary History, 1952; A. Satoh

Building in Britain: the Origin of a Modern Industry, 1995.3. H. Hobhouse Thomas Cubitt: Master Builder, 1971; P. Spencer-Silver Pugin’s Builder: the

Life and Work of George Myers, 1993.

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4. D.J. Olsen Growth of Victorian London, 1976 pp.265-6.5. C.G. Powell ‘He That Runs Against Time: Life Expectancy of Building Firms in Nineteenth

Century Bristol’ Construction History, (2) 1986.6. J. Summerson London Building World of the Eighteen-Sixties, 1973, p.11.7. C.G. Powell ‘Case Studies and Lost Tribes: the Bristol Firm of James Diment and Stephens,

Bastow and Co.’ Construction History (1) 1985; R.K. Home ‘A Nineteenth CenturyMacclesfield Builder: Some Notes on George Roylance (1832-92)’ Trans. Lancs. and Chesh.Antiq. Soc. (81) 1982; P. Crouch ‘Walter Mason and the Late Nineteenth Century BuildingIndustry in Haverhill’ Suffolk Review (5, pt. 4) 1983; V. Belcher ‘Records of a LondonBuilding Firm’ Business Archives (48) 1982.

8. J. Ayres Building the Georgian City, 1998; C.G. Powell ‘“Cobing and Helling”: a GeorgianBuilding Firm at Work’ Construction History (15) 1999; D. Sturdy A History of Knowlesand Son: Oxford Builders for 200 Years 1797 –1997, 1997.

9. For example: Construction History Society Newsletter No. 65 (Feb. 2003) pp.49-50.10. C.G. Powell ‘An Eighteenth Century Building Firm: John Prawl’ Devon Buildings Group

Research Papers (forthcoming).11. W. Rose Village Carpenter, 1952.12. CG Powell ‘Who Did What: Division of Labour Among Construction-Related Firms’ in

S.Huerta (ed.) Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History (vol.3), 2003.

13. H. Colvin ‘The Townesends of Oxford: a Firm of Georgian Master-Masons and itsAccounts’ Georgian Group Journal (vol. X) 2000.

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TWO MEN OF INDUSTRY, MANY BUSINESSES:THE SOHO FIRMS OF MATTHEW BOULTON ANDJAMES WATT, AS REVEALED BY THE ARCHIVES

OF SOHO

TIM PROCTERNational Railway Musuem, York

The Archives of Soho are perhaps the best-known collections held by Birmingham CityArchives. Put simply, they are the surviving papers of the 18th century industrialist andentrepreneur Matthew Boulton and the engineer James Watt, their businesses, familiesand households. The collections take their name from Soho, an area of heathland to thewest of Birmingham where Boulton built his world-famous manufactory, and a mile awayin neighbouring Smethwick, the world’s first dedicated steam engine factory took shape.

The Archives of Soho have been described by the American economic historianProfessor Eric Robinson as the most important source in the world for the history of theIndustrial Revolution. Yet for many decades they were poorly understood and even morepoorly catalogued, and only a small percentage of this vast treasure trove was everproperly tapped into by historians. For a long time the impression of the Archives was asa source of information on Boulton & Watt’s steam engines, and the beautiful, intricatecoloured drawings of Watt’s stationary steam engines became almost iconic symbols ofone man’s genius and Birmingham’s industrial past. Yet for as long as the collectionshave been in the care of the City of Birmingham, their custodians have been aware thatthey had much more to offer. As early as 1963 the City’s Archivist, Alfred Andrew,could be found expressing his frustration at the lack of adequate indexing. The problemwas always one of resources: together the collections occupy approximately 320 linearmetres of shelving, and range from 18th century farm labourers’ wage notes to late 19thcentury blueprint drawings. Clearly, the Archives of Soho were only going reveal theirtrue depth if dealt with by a dedicated cataloguing and conservation team, to uniformstandards, over a reasonable length of time. Between 1998 and 2004 a team of archivists,assistants, conservators and technicians did just that, recataloguing the collections,repackaging and renumbering them, and repairing the most valuable and fragile items.

The Archives of Soho are so vast that to try and cover all their themes isimpossible since they contain something on literally every aspect of 18th and 19thcentury life. This article briefly introduces Matthew Boulton and James Watt, and theirsons, who are often overlooked in terms of the businesses, and then outlines theintricate web of partnerships and firms that lay at the heart of this powerhouse of theIndustrial Revolution.

Matthew Boulton and James WattMatthew Boulton (1728-1809) is often described as one of great heroes of the IndustrialRevolution and one of Britain’s great entrepreneurs, yet the scale of his activities andhis pioneering spirit is not celebrated enough. Boulton entered Birmingham’sexpanding metal trade when he joined the family firm in 1742, becoming soleproprietor on his father’s death in 1759. In 1762 he began construction of Soho

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Manufactory, then the world’s largest factory, which became a mecca for whatProfessor Peter Jones of Birmingham University calls ‘industrial tourism’, the late 18thcentury fashion for the wealthy and the curious to visit significant manufacturing sites.At Soho, Boulton made buttons, buckles, sword hilts, chatelaines, latchets and othersmall items. He collaborated with Josiah Wedgwood on the mounting of Blue John andWedgwood vases, and with the Swiss inventor Aime Argand on the manufacture of hispatent lamps. With the world’s first steam-powered mint, Soho Mint, built in 1789,Boulton effectively industrialised coinage production.

In 1775 Boulton went into partnership with James Watt (1736-1819), a Scottishengineer and inventor who had made a career from making and repairing scientific andmathematical instruments in Glasgow between 1757 and 1763, and then subsequentlyas a canal surveyor. From 1763 Watt had conducted experiments to improve ThomasNewcomen’s stationary steam engine and had patented his separate condenser in 1769.These experiments were conducted under the patronage of a Scot, Dr. John Roebuck, amine and metal works owner. Boulton and Watt first met in 1768, through their mutualfriend Dr. William Small. Boulton was drawn to Watt’s work on the steam engine andcould see the potential, but nothing came of their initial contact. This was partlybecause of Boulton’s oft-quoted desire to make engines for the whole world, althoughWatt was too strongly bound to Roebuck and the engine was at too experimental a stageto allow that to happen.

Roebuck’s bankruptcy in 1774 allowed Boulton to buy his share of Watt’s engine,and Watt moved to Birmingham. His partnership with Boulton was a fruitful one. Hetook out three more patents for steam engine improvements, including the famous ‘sunand planet’ rotative gear, and a patent for a smokeless furnace. He also developed andpatented his copying machine. The two men built the steam engine business from fairlyshaky beginnings, in which they were effectively consulting engineers, to a large-scalemanufacturing concern whose products were sold around the world. Both men are alsoremembered for their wide social and correspondence circles, in particular the LunarSociety, of which Boulton was a founder member. Between them they had contacts withnearly every leading scientist in Europe. Boulton introduced one of the earliest employeeinsurance schemes at Soho Manufactory and was widely involved in civic matters,including Birmingham’s theatre and hospital. Watt pioneered the use of chlorine forbleaching cloth and coined the term ‘horsepower’ to describe units of work performedby engines. Their activities and achievements are simply too numerous to mention.

The next generation: their sons and heirsBoulton and Watt have been treated historically very much in the Victorian tradition ofheroic engineers, self-educated, self-made men who led lives of inventive geniuswithout the help of others. Both feature in Samuel Smiles’ Lives of the Engineers, thework which typifies the hagiographic approach to industrial and business history.Consequently their sons have received little attention, and what research has been donehas focused on their early lives and their sometimes turbulent relationships with theirfathers. Yet the Archives of Soho hold more documents relating to the businessdealings of the younger generation than of their more illustrious parents. They showhow well-established and well-regarded 18th century businesses fared in the hands ofthe men who took them through the first half of the 19th century, against a background

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of ever-increasing competition and accelerating technological change, as the IndustrialRevolution became the Machine Age.

Matthew Boulton had one son, Matthew Robinson Boulton. His father alwaysintended him to take the reins of the Soho businesses, indeed his nickname as a childwas ‘the General of Soho’, and he first entered the Soho business world in 1794, afterextensive schooling in Europe. He has traditionally been decried for neglecting Soho tolive the life of a country gentleman on the estate he purchased in 1815, at Great Tew inOxfordshire. The archives show that while M. R. Boulton did spend a large amount oftime at Great Tew, he was by no means idle in business. He assisted in the steam enginefirm’s entry into the lucrative steamboat engine market, and he sold more steam-powered coin mints around the world than his father. Moreover his time at Tew was notentirely spent at leisure. He used the estate to experiment with farming practices and hehad a large experimental bone-crushing mill and seed drills made for him by the steamengine firm at Soho. He retired from business in 1840, dissolving his partnerships withJames Watt’s son James Watt Jr., and passing his Soho Manufactory businesses to hissurviving son, Matthew Piers Watt Boulton.

James Watt’s sons have also been treated dismissively in terms of business, but fordifferent reasons. His youngest son Gregory (1777-1804) received a university educationat Glasgow College, where he won prizes for his skills in oratory and translation. Hedeveloped an interest in geology, then a new science, where he displayed no little talent.Gregory died young from tuberculosis in 1804, and his artistic promise and poetic andphilosophical leanings, in contrast to his father and older brother, have naturallyattracted much study. Yet the archives reveal that Gregory was fast becoming part of theSoho business world before his illness prevented him from working. He was a partner invarious Soho concerns and he was actively engaged in pursuing accounts owing to theengine firm, even when he was allegedly convalescing in Cornwall.

By contrast James Watt Jr. (1769-1848) was always Watt’s intended heir. He wasdeliberately schooled for business, first at the Bersham Iron Works in Shropshire, then,like Matthew Robinson Boulton, in Europe, to learn languages and mercantile skills.Placements with the Manchester textile houses of Taylor & Maxwell and Thomas &Richard Walker followed. However, it is his radical political views at this period, histime in France during the Revolution, the fact that his return to England was madedifficult by the government because of his actions in Paris, and his tempestuousrelationship with his father that have attracted study so far. After consideringemigrating to America to join Joseph Priestly’s son, in 1794 he returned home andentered the Soho businesses. Watt Jr. was active in the steam engine firm for over 55years, until his death in 1848. During the time he and Matthew Robinson Boulton ranthe firm, it won - and gradually began to lose - large parts of the steamboat enginemarket. It lost many traditional areas of business, including the Cornish miningindustry and the North West textile market, but it entered new areas such as sugargrinding engines for the Caribbean.

The Soho businessesMatthew Boulton’s businessesThe various partnerships and concerns that Matthew Boulton ran at Soho Manufactoryare complicated. This is due, in part, to Boulton’s tendency to form new partnerships with

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people whose products he wanted to manufacture, and also to the very imperfect andhaphazard survival of the records of many of them, particularly those formed in the 1760sand 1770s. For example, no records survive of the partnership between Boulton and hisfather, Matthew Boulton & Son, beyond a few copy letters. When his father died in 1759,Boulton continued on his own until he went into partnership with John Fothergill in 1762,the same year that he constructed Soho Manufactory. Boulton & Fothergill was the mainfirm at Soho. Among the items they made were buttons, buckles, ‘toys’ (small items ofdecorative metal ware for which Birmingham was particularly noted), silver and platedware, ormolu ware, clocks, and the ‘mechanical paintings’ of the artist Francis Eginton.The partnership lasted until Fothergill’s death in June 1782. Boulton has usually beenportrayed as the inspiration, driving force and business genius behind Soho’s success;John Fothergill has been described as ineffectual and paralysed with financial worry. Yetwhile Boulton undoubtedly possessed more energy and ambition, Fothergill did makesome significant contributions. His European contacts helped to get Soho’s productsknown on the continent and he made an arduous journey to Russia on what waseffectively a sales tour. Nor was the partnership always a simple two-man effort. Formuch of the 1760s Boulton & Fothergill had a silent third partner, John HermannEbbinghaus. Also Boulton was prepared to hive off certain products to new partnershipsif he particularly wanted to develop them. For example, in 1776 the main button tradewas carried on in partnership with Charles Wyatt. Then for a few months it continued inBoulton’s own name until another partnership, consisting of Boulton, Fothergill, and JohnScale, was formed in 1777 after single-handedly supervising button production provedtoo much for Boulton alone. Boulton & Fothergill also operated at two sites; SohoManufactory; and a warehouse in the centre of Birmingham where some manufacturingwas carried out at the latter in the 1760s.

For much of the late 1770s and early 1780s Boulton’s finances were extremelyunstable and on more than one occasion he came perilously close to bankruptcy. Thisworried Fothergill, particularly when Boulton appeared to be diverting money into thenewly-formed steam engine business. The last months of their partnership wererancorous, with the two men barely speaking, and Fothergill seeking to extract himselffrom the partnership and recover funds that he felt Boulton had misappropriated for hisother ventures. An independent group of mutual friends, including the BirminghamQuaker industrialist Samuel Garbett, examined the case and found no wrongdoing on thepart of Boulton, but the damage had been done. For some time after Fothergill’s death,his family and Boulton were embroiled in a messy legal dispute. Perhaps notsurprisingly, Boulton & Fothergill was replaced as the principal Soho business by a firmsimply bearing Matthew Boulton’s name, usually referred to as ‘Matthew Boulton(firm)’ in the financial records. Button manufacture was carried on by a partnership ofBoulton and John Scale.

Boulton constructed his steam-powered mint for the manufacture of coins, medalsand tokens in 1789, but at first it was kept under the auspices of his main firm. Themint was constituted as a separate business in February 1791, Boulton having taken outa patent for coining apparatus the previous year. Boulton achieved his goal of supplyingcopper coinage to the Government in 1797 and he lived to see two sets of his mintmachinery exported to St. Petersburg and Copenhagen, as well as the new Royal Mintat Tower Hill in London being equipped with his coining apparatus.

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The other major firm at Soho was Boulton & Smiths, more commonly known asThe Latchet Company. Boulton formed this partnership to manufacture the patentlatchets of Benjamin and James Smith in May 1793. Around November 1801 thispartnership was dissolved and a new one was begun under the style of Boulton &Smith. This firm appears to have been closed by the end of the decade.

On his father’s death in 1809, Matthew Robinson Boulton inherited the extantSoho firms and during his lifetime increased the number of Soho businesses. He hivedmetal rolling mill operations off from the mint, set up a steel business, and by 1815 hewas also running a plated wares business, which may have been born out of theoperations of the main Soho firm, which was now called ‘M. R. Boulton (firm)’. One ofM. R. Boulton’s great achievements was the expansion of the export of mint machinery,to Portugal, India and Mexico, as well as a near complete reconstruction of the SohoMint in 1824.

The steam engine businessMatthew Boulton and James Watt went into partnership in 1775. One of their firstactions was to have Watt’s patent of 1769 extended by Act of Parliament in May 1775for a further 25 years, and this was the term of years that they agreed their partnershipwould run. Boulton held two thirds, and James Watt one third. From reciprocatingpumping engines they turned to rotative engines in the mid-1780s. The basis of thesewas the subsequent patents relating to steam engines that Watt took out, and profits onrotative engines were split half and half between them. Like John Fothergill, Watt, anaturally cautious businessman, was frequently worried by the precarious state ofBoulton’s finances in the early 1780s, but Boulton bore the difficulties and Watt’s fearswith good grace, and the two men remained friends.

At first, Boulton & Watt had no manufacturing facilities. A few workshops at SohoManufactory made specialist parts such as nozzles, but heavy castings such as cylindersand condensers were sub-contracted out to iron founders, either those with a reputationfor good workmanship or firms conveniently local to the customer. The most importantiron founder that Boulton & Watt used was the Shropshire iron master John Wilkinson,whose boring mill at Bersham was the only one capable of producing cylinders to thedegree of accuracy that Watt’s engine required. Wilkinson undertook almost all ofBoulton & Watt’s cylinder work until the early 1790s. Boulton & Watt supplied theirclients with drawings, technical expertise and, increasingly from the late 1770s, anengineer or ‘engine erector’ to assemble the engine. The partnership of Boulton & Wattlasted until 1800 when Watt’s extended patent for the separate condenser expired. Wattsubsequently retired from an active business life, although he did continue to giveoccasional advice on projects such as steam heating. However the name ‘Boulton &Watt’ had passed into common currency and continued to be used by customers,suppliers and so on to address the firm long after the original partnership had ceased.

In 1794, Boulton & Watt decided to bring their sons into the business, forming anew partnership, Boulton Watt & Sons. The exact nature of this partnership requiresfurther research, but it appears to have existed mainly for the distribution of the profitsof the business and it was dissolved in 1799, the year before the expiration of Watt’spatent. In the mid-1790s Boulton & Watt realised that they had to have their ownengine manufacturing facilities. When Watt’s patent expired, the iron founders that they

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had so far monopolised would be free either to deal with customers directly or makeand sell engines themselves. Moreover Boulton & Watt were engaged in legal actionsagainst engineers in Cornwall and the North West, whom they accused of infringingWatt’s separate condenser patent, and the outcome of these cases depended on a legaldecision about the validity of the original 1769 patent. To further exacerbate thesituation, a bitter dispute arose between the iron founder John Wilkinson and hisbrother William, resulting in the closure of Bersham works. This forced Boulton &Watt to use other, less accurate foundries, and led to the revelation that Wilkinson hadmade several ‘pirate’ engines during the years that he had been making cylinders forBoulton & Watt.

These pressures led to the construction of Soho Foundry, the world’s first dedicatedsteam engine works, on land in Smethwick, about a mile away from Soho Manufactory(the two distinct sites are still often confused). Watt purchased the land, but he took noactive part in the new partnership, Boulton & Watt Juniors, that ran the Foundry. Thispartnership comprised Matthew Boulton, James Watt Jr., Gregory Watt and MatthewRobinson Boulton. The Soho Foundry’s most famous employee was William Murdock,pioneer of gas lighting, who moved to Birmingham from Cornwall at the turn of thecentury. Murdock was later offered a partnership, but declined and opted instead for asalary of £1000 per annum. The Foundry partnership did not deal directly withcustomers but sold its engines to the firm of Boulton Watt & Co., from whom thecustomers purchased them. Therefore the accounts of Boulton & Watt Juniors werewith the main engine firm, the suppliers of raw materials, tradesmen and so on, but notwith customers. The partnership of Boulton & Watt Juniors appears to have continuedto operate Soho Foundry until Matthew Robinson Boulton and James Watt Jr. dissolvedtheir partnerships in 1840.

In September 1799, the partnership which had first brought the sons into thebusiness, Boulton Watt & Sons, came to an end and the following year the expiration ofWatt’s extended patent brought the original partnership of Boulton & Watt to a close, ashad been agreed in 1775. The two former partnerships were replaced by a new one,Boulton Watt & Co. The partners in this firm were the same as those in the SohoFoundry partnership, namely Matthew Boulton, James Watt Jr., Gregory Watt andMatthew Robinson Boulton. The deaths of Gregory Watt in 1804 and Matthew Boultonin 1809 necessitated the drawing up of a new partnership between James Watt Jr. andMatthew Robinson Boulton. In 1810 one of the firm’s longest-serving employees, JohnSouthern, who was then Head of the Drawing Office and who had given MatthewBoulton vital assistance in the construction of his mint machinery, was taken intopartnership. Southern received a sixth of the profits from engines made at SohoManufactory only, and held no interest in the buildings or land, nor did his executors orheirs benefit. At this time William Murdock was offered a partnership in the Foundryconcern, but declined. Southern’s death in 1815 left Matthew Robinson Boulton andJames Watt Jr. as the sole remaining partners in Boulton Watt & Co.

The partnership of Boulton Watt & Co. lasted until 1840. Boulton began toconsider withdrawing from his partnerships with Watt in 1839 and on 21 October 1840the two men signed a deed of dissolution. Watt Jr. bought out Boulton for £61,500,making him the sole owner of Soho Foundry. The deed also gave Watt the right to carryon using the name ‘Boulton Watt & Co’ provided that he signed an indemnity saying

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that Boulton was no longer involved in the firm. The name would have to be revisedonce Watt either died or retired. This deed also dissolved their other partnerships,namely James Watt & Co., the copying press business, and M. R. Boulton & JamesWatt, the London cash agency. Boulton’s withdrawal prompted something of a financialcrisis. Watt sent circulars to previous customers asking for orders and looked for newpartners. He took into partnership the firm’s London agent, James Brown, the head ofthe Drawing Office, Gilbert Hamilton, who had joined the firm in 1821, and HenryWollaston Blake, a London-based engineer and businessman who had connections withthe Bank of England. Matthew Robinson Boulton conveyed the engine workshops atSoho Manufactory to Watt Jr., who now took a far more passive role, merely givingadvice as he saw fit. The firm of Boulton Watt & Co. was brought to an end by JamesWatt Jr.’s death on 2 June 1848.

The steam engine firm actually manufactured many of the other products that madeSoho, as a whole, famous. For example, William Murdock’s gas lighting apparatus wasmade at Soho Foundry and most of their lighting clients had already bought steamengines. James Watt’s ‘pneumatic apparatus’ for treating tuberculosis patients byhelping them to breathe oxygen was also made by the steam engine firm at the Foundry.The mint machinery that made the Boulton name famous was almost entirely made bythe engine firm, acting as subcontractors to the Boultons’ mint business.

Under the Articles of Co-partnership of 1841, the remaining partners had to decideon a new name. Some debate about the name took place, with the partners and senioremployees favouring the retention of ‘Boulton Watt & Co.’. However Boulton’s son,Matthew Piers Watt Boulton, refused to let them use the old name. Eventually, andsomewhat confusingly, ‘James Watt & Co.’ was selected, despite the absence of a Wattdescendant. In the guise of James Watt & Co., the firm continued until 1895 when theremaining premises at Soho Foundry and the goodwill were bought by the weighingmachine makers, W. & T. Avery. Avery’s continued to use the James Watt & Co. nameuntil around 1906.

The copying press businessIn the late 1770s, the increasingly tedious and time-consuming task of making copies ofletters and drawings by hand inspired James Watt to devise a mechanical method ofdoing the work. After much experimentation he developed a system which wouldremain in use well into the 20th century. Watt invented an ink which remained moist formuch longer than normal inks. When a sheet of paper bearing writing in this ink wassqueezed in a press with a blank sheet of paper on top, some of the ink transferred tothe blank sheet, thus creating a reverse copy. If unsized transparent paper was used,then the copy could be viewed through the sheet and thus seen the right way round.Watt was granted a patent for his invention on 14 February 1780. His patent coveredtwo types of press - a screw press and roller press - but it was the roller press that wasmanufactured and sold at Soho. Watt, Boulton and the chemist James Keir went intopartnership in March 1780 to manufacture and sell the presses, or ‘copying machines’as they were usually called. This firm was called James Watt & Co., but it was alsofrequently referred to as ‘The Copying Company’. Confusion almost immediately arosewith the steam engine firm of Boulton & Watt, as Watt had to instruct onecorrespondent in August 1780 to ‘address your letters and open your account in name

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of James Watt & Co. as a quite different business is carried on under the firm ofBoulton & Watt’. The firm had a sales agent in London, James Woodmason, while theGlasgow merchant Gilbert Hamilton, who married Ann Watt’s sister, acted as Scottishagent. The copying machines were made in a workshop at Matthew Boulton’s SohoManufactory. The firm also supplied the ink, paper (which it purchased from papermills) and other accessories such as drying books. Different sizes of machine wereoffered, including a large model for copying drawings.

In 1794, James Keir retired from the partnership. Boulton and Watt passed thebusiness on to their sons, Matthew Robinson Boulton and James Watt Jr., who retainedthe name James Watt & Co. One of their major innovations was the introduction of aportable copying machine. In 1840, when Boulton and Watt Jr. dissolved theirpartnerships, the copying machine business was absorbed into the steam engine business,becoming the Boulton Watt & Co. Copying Department. In 1848, with the death of WattJr., the steam engine business was re-named James Watt & Co., but no mention was madethat this name had been used before for the copying press business. It continued to makecopying machines, but it was not a significant part of their business.

Beyond Birmingham: the London bank and engine agencyLike any other businessman based outside London, Matthew Boulton needed financialrepresentation in the capital as many banking houses refused to deal with ‘countryconcerns’. Boulton and the firms at Soho used William Matthews of 6 Green LetticeLane, Cannon Street, as a banker and agent. Matthews died in 1792, but his wifeCharlotte carried on the business. In July 1795 Charlotte moved to new premises at 13London Street, near Fenchurch Street. She died in 1802, and after much discussionabout how to proceed in securing financial services in London, Matthew Boulton,Matthew Robinson Boulton, James Watt Jr. and Gregory Watt decided to establish theirown banking house, a concern whose existence was barely known until the Archives ofSoho project. The new firm was titled M. & R. Boulton J. & G. Watt & Co. Two-thirdsof this concern were held by Matthew Boulton and his son, and the remaining third byJames Watt Jr. and Gregory Watt in equal parts. The new firm continued to lease Mrs.Matthews’ premises at 13 London Street, and it appointed her two clerks, JohnWoodward and John Mosley, to act as agents in London, but the accounts were to bechecked at Soho. When Gregory Watt died in 1804, his share devolved to his brother.However, Gregory’s initial was retained in the firm’s name for several months after hisdeath, at least till early 1805, when the firm became M. & R. Boulton J. Watt & Co.Upon the death of Matthew Boulton in 1809, his share fell to his son and the name ofthe firm was altered to M. R. Boulton J. Watt, & Co., Matthew Robinson Boultonholding two-thirds and James Watt Jr. a third part. In June 1832 the business of thebanking house was brought to an end. Matthew Robinson Boulton and James Watt Jr.began a new firm, M. R. Boulton & J. Watt, which operated an account with the Bankof England. This agency dealt with the business of the steam engine firm Boulton Watt& Co., the copying machine firm James Watt and Co., Matthew Robinson Boulton’sother Soho businesses, and his and James Watt Jr.’s private accounts. The firm of M. R.Boulton & J. Watt was dissolved on 30 September 1840, when Boulton withdrew fromhis partnerships with Watt Jr.

As early as the 1780s, Matthew Boulton had realised that the steam engine firm

20

also needed a presence in the capital. Early schemes, including plans for a depot run bytheir senior London engine erector, an office alongside those of their lawyer AmbroseWeston, and a site on the Thames at the Albion Mill, the ill-fated steam-powered cornmill in which Boulton and Watt had invested considerably, came to nothing. Work inLondon continued to be carried out by London-based engine erectors, with a moresenior man acting as agent and receiving commission on engines and gas lightingapparatus sold in London and the South East. The agents of the Soho firms’ Londonbanker, Charlotte Matthews, and later the London banking house of M. R. Boulton J. &G. Watt & Co. also did various duties for the engine firm, such as arranging shipping,and settling of accounts.

In 1818 a new London agent was appointed. James Brown had worked for the TyneSteam Packet Co. before joining the Drawing Office at Soho and working on the enginesof the firm’s experimental steamboat Caledonia. Brown’s appointment marked thefoundation of the London office of Boulton Watt & Co., and it quickly expanded itsactivities beyond the daily duties of engine erection. The office liased directly withcustomers, especially the steamboat companies, Brown’s particular area of expertise. Hedeveloped a close working relationship with the Post Office, the Admiralty and the variouscompanies that operated boats from the Thames to the South Coast resorts. Brownorganised the firm’s employees who were based in London, and also those who were sentdown from Soho, and he organised carriage and shipping of parts and various other duties.The office staff also grew during the first decades of the 19th century, with Brown gaininga permanent assistant in 1824 as well as an increased pool of engine erectors.

The London office assumed an ever-increasing importance in the affairs of thefirm. When Matthew Robinson Boulton withdrew from the firm in 1840, James Watt Jr.took James Brown on as a partner, along with Gilbert Hamilton, then head of theDrawing Office at Soho, and the London engineer and businessman Henry WollastonBlake. That meant that two partners were now based in London and Blake did a greatdeal of business from the London office. Following Watt Jr.’s death in 1848, emphasisshifted even more to the London office, especially following the closure of the premisesat Soho Manufactory in 1851, and in the 1860s and 1870s the office became theadministrative centre of the firm.

James Brown’s appointment in 1818 may have marked the creation of a formalLondon agency, but dedicated premises were less forthcoming. Brown was given officespace at 13 London Street alongside the banking agents, but he also worked from hisprivate addresses: 1 Haydon Square, Minories between 1818 and 1824; 25 Jewry Streetfrom 1824 to 1832. The latter in particular being furnished for business as well asdomestic affairs. By 1830 the Jewry Street house was proving a considerable drain onBrown’s finances and in 1832 he united his home and offices by moving into 13London Street, following the death of the banking agent John Mosley. The engineoffice remained at 13 London Street until 1841 when the development of the BlackwallRailway necessitated a move to 18 London Street. Further extension of the railwayoccasioned another move to 90 Leadenhall Street in the 1870s.

From the late 1810s to the 1840s, much of the London engine erectors’ work wasdedicated to steamboats and facilities on the Thames were a necessity. The firm originallyused a ‘hulk’ ship owned by the Navy as a floating workshop and store. However in1826, after the Navy Board withdrew the use of the naval hulk, the firm bought their own,

21

the Pallas. The Pallas appears to have been an American vessel captured in 1812 and usedas a merchant vessel until damaged by a storm off Mauritius. She was sailed to London,registered as a ‘sheer hulk’, and anchored in the City Canal. The City Canal was sold tothe West India Dock Co. in 1829 after which laid-up ships and businesses on the northbank were cleared out, and presumably the Pallas was also re-located. Pallas faithfullyserved the steam engine business until she sank at her moorings circa 1868, probably dueto water seepage through the seams between the planking of the hull. Her sinking appearsto have prompted the firm to hire stores and a workshop at Thames Place, although oneGeorge Reeve was paid £50 for raising the hulk.

ConclusionThe Victorian tradition of business history played down partnerships and firms in orderto emphasise the heroic personal traits of the men in question. This was very much thecase with Boulton and Watt, indeed it was a tradition that began with the eulogies oftheir sons. Yet the various businesses at Soho formed a complex web, one which took agreat deal of untangling. This was not helped by the disordered nature of many of therecords before the Archives of Soho Project started, and indeed during the course of theproject some hitherto little known elements, such as the London bank, were properlyrevealed. That Boulton was involved in so many concerns takes nothing away from hisentrepreneurial skills. Indeed, the sheer number of Soho businesses makes hisachievement in keeping them all going even more impressive. Watt, naturally cautiousin business, was active in only two of the Soho firms, the steam engine business and thecopying press business, both with Boulton, who took the business lead. Yet Watteffectively bankrolled the construction of Soho Foundry, giving the steam enginebusiness a factory when it most needed one.

The Soho firms have much more to reveal about 18th and 19th centurymanufacturing and business. They are remarkable because there are so many survivingrecords under one roof and because they are all centred around two generations of twofamilies. The Archives of Soho project has only the first steps in unlocking thisincredible treasure trove; hopefully the men and businesses of Soho will provideinspiration for historians for many years to come.

Appendix: The CollectionsThe three principal collections are arranged as follows:

MS 3147 Boulton & Watt – contains records of:Boulton & Watt (& Successors, Steam Engine Manufacturers & Engineers)Boulton Watt & Co. (London Office)James Watt & Co. (Copying Press Manufacturers, Soho Manufactory)French Walls (Iron Works, Smethwick, owned by James Watt Jr.)M. R. Boulton J. Watt & Co. (London Banking Agency)Later Additions

MS 3219 Papers of James Watt and Family - contains records of:Thomas WattJohn Watt Sr.

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James Watt of GreenockJames WattJohn Watt Jr.James Watt JrGregory WattMiscellaneous recordsLater Additions

MS 3782 Matthew Boulton Papers – contains records of:Boulton & FothergillFirm of M. BoultonSoho MintLondon banking agencyOther firms - Boulton & Smith, rolling mill, M. Boulton & Plate Co., M. R.Boulton (Button Co.)Household Books and DocumentsHousekeeper’s Books and DocumentsPrivate Books and DocumentsGreat Tew Books and DocumentsMiscellaneous Cashiers’ RecordsCharles James Chubb, Chief Cashier & BookkeeperMatthew BoultonMatthew Robinson BoultonMiss Ann BoultonMrs. Mary Anne BoultonOther Personal RecordsLegal Documents1st Battalion, Loyal Birmingham VolunteersCommittee at Verdun for the Relief of British Prisoners in FranceMiscellaneous DocumentsAdditions

Birmingham City Archives7th FloorCentral LibraryChamberlain SquareBirminghamB3 3HQ

Tel. 0121 303 4217Fax 0121 464 1176

e-mail archives@birmingham.gov.ukwww.birmingham.gov.uk/libraries

23

SOURCES ON COMMUNITIES OF BRITISHMANUFACTURING PLANTS AND THEIR

ACTIVITIES1

PETER SCOTTUniversity of Reading

After decades of concentrating on the rise of the large corporation, recent years havewitnessed a resurgence of interest among business historians in local and regionalbusiness networks, ‘clustering’, and productive systems based around large numbers of,mainly individually insignificant, enterprises.2 This new research agenda has beenreflected in a change in emphasis regarding sources, with increased use of sources thatcapture local and regional communities of firms, rather than merely dealing with theirlargest members, or those for which fortune has favoured the researcher with survivingbusiness archives.

This article reviews available sources for assembling data on communities of firms(or, at least, large parts of those communities) from the eighteenth century to the post-war period. Most of these sources will already be well known to many readers.However, two very rich but under-utilised interwar sources, used in the author’s ownrecent research, receive particular attention. These jointly provide near-comprehensivedata on new manufacturing establishments employing 25 or more workers, coveringBritain from 1932-38, and Greater London (together with its satellite industrialcommunities) for the whole of the interwar period.

The eighteenth and nineteenth centuriesMost attempts to reconstruct local industrial communities draw on two principalsources – trade directories and rate books. Both provide valuable, but problematic, data.Local and trade directories, produced by firms which were once household names suchas White, Kelly, Pigot, Wright, and Slater, originated during the eighteenth century andwere widely and frequently produced during the second half of the nineteenth and thefirst half of the twentieth century. These provide a variety of information on theownership, activities, and location of local businesses, including illustratedadvertisements.

However, directories are problematic sources. They vary in their detailedcategorizations of firms, thus complicating the task of compiling aggregate data.3

Furthermore, it is unclear whether the inclusion of a business was dependent on thefirm in question taking out a subscription to the publication. The accuracy with whichcompilers covered all areas of a town or city, and the quality of their information, isalso subject to doubt. For example, research by Christina Fowler, comparing thecoverage of High Street retailers listed in Southampton trade directories during the lateeighteenth and early nineteenth centuries with evidence available from other sources,suggests that the directories omitted between 15 and 30 per cent of retailers.4 Formanufacturing – a less public activity than retailing – the degree of under-estimation islikely to be even larger, at least in the early directories.

In addition to under-recording, trade directories can also be subject to over-

25

recording, through the use of inaccurate or inadequately detailed terminology, whichcan artificially swell the ranks of firms apparently undertaking certain activities.Problems involved with directories can, however, be minimised by using them inconjunction with other sources.5 The accessibility of trade directories has recently beengreatly increased by a University of Leicester project to create a digital library ofhistorical directories, which is freely available on-line (http://www.historicaldirectories.org/).In addition to local directories, industry-based directories - such as Skinner’s CottonTrade Directory and Skinner’s Hosiery and Knit Goods Directory - provide a great dealof useful information for the sectors they cover.

Rate books contain information on the number of firms and their size (takingrateable value as a crude proxy) and are much more reliable in their coverage thandirectories. They provide a particularly useful source for reconstructing the sizedistribution, survival, and growth of local populations of firms, as shown by thepioneering work of Roger Lloyd-Jones, A. A. Le Roux, and M. J. Lewis.6 However,their information on industrial activities is often vague or non-standardised. Forexample, Andrew Popp’s study on the Potteries during the second half of the nineteenthcentury found that some rate books recorded the premises of all pottery firms simply as‘manufactories’ and, when more specific information was provided, classificationswere made in an apparently arbitrary way for different firms.7 Again, these problemscan be reduced by using them in combination with other sources, such as tradedirectories and local newspapers.

Fire insurance registers compiled by insurance companies and their local agentsprovide detailed information on business premises. Available in significant numbersfrom the early eighteenth century, these can be used to extract data regarding theownership, tenancy, location, function, and insurance valuation of the propertiescovered, together with an inventory of the items insured. Their value is particularlygreat for the eighteenth century, where there are relatively few other sources. However,the information provided is fragmentary, on account of the substantial number of fireinsurance companies and the limited survival of records. Meanwhile the registers arenumerous, bulky, and generally un-indexed, making extraction of information alaborious process.8 The Guildhall Library, London, contains an extensive collection offire insurance registers, including those of the Sun Fire Company, Royal Exchange, andLondon Assurance.

Networks of finance have been an important factor tying together local businesscommunities. Banking records thus provide an extremely valuable source forreconstructing the local business environment – especially prior to the late nineteenthcentury, when local business communities were served by primarily local banks.9 Theyare particularly useful with regard to small firms, sometimes providing the onlysurviving references to many very small businesses, that operated from rented roomsand did not feature in local directories. Many local banking records are preservedamong the archives of the ‘Big Four’ clearing banks. The records of employers’federations, where available, also provide a useful (though often incomplete) profile offirms in the sectors they cover,10 as do trade union records.

Parliamentary Papers are a fruitful, if uneven, source of material regarding localand regional industrial development. The range of information available is beyond thescope of this article, but a search among the published indexes will often generously

26

repay the time involved. Local newspapers are also a valuable source of information,though one which can require a great deal of time and effort to access. Specialist tradeperiodicals and business-related journals such as The Times Trade and EngineeringSupplement and the Chamber of Commerce Journal also contain much usefulinformation.

The early twentieth centuryThe most important innovation in the government’s statistical monitoring and analysisof British business during the early twentieth century was the introduction of theCensus of Production in 1907. Further censuses were conducted in 1924, 1930, 1935,and more frequently during the post-war years. Yet while these provide a key source fornational-level analysis, their regional data is of only limited use, and there is nodisaggregation to local level. Access to the original census returns would revolutionisethe study of British industrial development during the early twentieth century. Yet theextent to which material from the early production censuses has been preservedremains shrouded in mystery, while – in the absence of a change in legislation – anysurviving material will remain closed to researchers in perpetuity. A project to establishwhat material has survived from the pre-1939 production censuses, and to explore waysof making these records available to historians, would be of considerable value.

However, contemporary official monitoring and recording of industrial enterprisesand the scope and nature of their activities went far beyond the production censuses.H.M. Inspectors of Factories maintained a running record of establishments subject tothe provisions of the Factory Acts (broadly manufacturers and those service industries,such as garages and repair facilities, that used powered machinery). The informationwas recorded in registers, containing the name of the firm operating the establishment,the plant’s address, activity, and the number of operatives (excluding office andadministrative staff) when last visited.11 Most plants of significant size were visited atleast annually, small establishments being visited at least every two years.Establishments’ activities were recorded in some detail, either by product, or process –in the case of process-orientated firms producing a large number of products. Eachregister ran for eight years.

Unfortunately it appears that no registers have been preserved at the NationalArchive and few have survived elsewhere. The University of Birmingham LibraryArchive holds a collection of West Midlands’ factory inspectors’ registers covering theperiod from around 1923-1960 that would provide a valuable resource for studies of theindustrial development of this region. The National Register of Archives database alsolists records for the Inspectorate’s northern Division and Newcastle upon Tyne District,from 1944-71, at the Tyne and Wear Archive Service, and for the Sheffield district,from 1927-67, at Sheffield Archives.

Information on new establishments recorded by the Factory Inspectorate in GreaterLondon, together with London satellite communities such as Slough, Watford andWelwyn, has been preserved in a register compiled by the Greater London RegionalDevelopment Committee and preserved at London Metropolitan Archives.13 Thismainly covers substantial plants (with an initial employment of around 25 or more)established from around 1919 to the second quarter of 1936. Each establishment’s yearof opening, activity, and address, is shown – providing data that could be used, for

27

example, for very detailed local-level analysis of the spatial clustering on linkedactivities within London’s industrial districts.

National data on the opening, extension, and closure of new factory plants (andother plants using powered machinery) was compiled and published by government ina series of annual Surveys of Industrial Development (hereafter SID’s).14 These drewon data from the Factory Inspectorate, the Ministry of Labour (which had access to datacollected through both their local officers and the employment exchange system)15 andthe Travel and Industrial Development Association - which collated data from regionaland local industrial development organisations and local authorities. Again, onlysubstantial plants were recorded, where the opening, extension, or closure involved atleast 25 employees.

Information was provided on each plant’s production, location, initial employment(within bands of 100), and whether it arose as the result of a transfer from anotherlocality or through the establishment of a branch plant. Peter Walsh and myself haveconstructed a database of interwar manufacturing plant formation using the SID’s andthe Greater London Regional Development Committee register, each plant being codedby Standard Economic Region (SER) and 3-digit 1980 Standard IndustrialClassification (SIC).17 This is to be made available via the UK Data Archive.

The original returns from which the SID’s were compiled contain more preciseinformation than the published Surveys, including the names of the firms in questionand estimates of initial employment that are accurate to the nearest five or tenemployees. Returns covering the years 1934 and 1935 have been preserved at theNational Archives, in files BT70/42-43 and 47-50. The returns for 1934 also provideinformation for firms established in 1933.

A number of other valuable sources are available for particular industries andlocalities. Paul Collins and Michael Stratton’s British Car Factories From 1896provides a detailed list of plants that have been used by the automobile industry,including the date each factory was built and the period over which it was used for carproduction, plus information on the plants and companies in question.18 Promotionalbrochures for large industrial estates such as Trafford Park and Slough, for the gardencities of Letchworth and Welwyn, and for some towns seeking to attract new industries,often contain a list of existing firms and their activities. The establishment, location,and activities of plants established in Britain by overseas multinational enterprises havebeen examined in detail in a number of studies, by far the most comprehensive beingthat of Geoffrey Jones and Francis Bostock, which covers overseas manufacturingentrants to Britain during the years 1850-1962. The database produced from their studyis available from the UK Data Archive.19

The Second World War and afterThe Second World War heralded the onset of a long period of tight government controlsover the location of new factories, accompanied by the creation of an unprecedentedamount of official data on the location, floorspace, functions, and estimatedemployment of new plants. Building license controls, introduced to ration newindustrial development during the War years, were continued after 1945 - both onaccount of their continued rationing function and as an instrument of regional policy. In1947 these were supplemented by a requirement that firms undertaking new factory

28

developments in excess of a certain floorspace (originally 5,000 sq. ft.) obtainIndustrial Development Certificates (IDC’s) – stating that development was consistentwith ‘the proper distribution of industry.’ This rather vague wording allowed them to beused for a number of purposes in addition to regional policy, such as the government’sprogramme of new and expanded towns.20

Information on post-war industrial development, monitored through the processingof IDC applications, is mainly preserved among records within the BT classes at TheNational Archives; BT177 contains the bulk (but by no means all) of the relevantinformation. A good starting-point for an analysis of post-war plant formation are thefiles BT177/1631 and 1634-37, which contain the schedules of IDC’s for 1956-7 and1961-8 and BT177/1802-1811, which cover IDC approvals and refusals between 1948and 1957. Records of the New Town Development Corporations and the government-funded companies established to develop and administer industrial estates and otherpublicly-financed factories in regionally-assisted areas, also provide detailedinformation for new plants and plant growth and mortality in the areas they cover.

ConclusionAs research on local and regional populations of firms, and the interactions betweenthem, gathers pace, the case for assembling a national dataset of the births,development, and mortality of manufacturing plants will grow. The survival of data forthe post-1945 period appears to be virtually complete. Interwar records are lesscomplete, though a great deal of information is available, with near-comprehensivecoverage for plants of significant size opened between 1932 and 1938 (though at alimited level of detail) and similar coverage for Greater London and its hinterland forthe whole of the interwar period. If surviving data from the pre-1945 Censuses ofProduction can be tracked down and made accessible to researchers, this would providevaluable ‘stock’ data to complement the ‘flow’ data on new plant openings availablefrom these sources.

1. I would like to thank Lucy Newton and Andrew Popp for their comments on an earlier draftof this article. Any errors or omissions are my own.

2. See, for example, J. F. Wilson and A. Popp, Industrial Clusters and Regional BusinessNetworks in England, 1750-1970, (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003); F. Carnevali, ‘GoldenOpportunities: Jewellery making in Birmingham between mass production and specialty’,Enterprise and Society, Vol. 4, no. 2, (2003), pp. 272-298; M. Rose, Firms, Networks, andBusiness Values: the British and American Cotton Industries since 1750, (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2000); S. Broadberry and A. Marrison, ‘External economies ofscale in the Lancashire cotton industry, 1900-1950’, Economic History Review, LV, 1(2002), pp. 51-77.

3. A. Popp, Business Structure, Business Culture and the Industrial District. The Potteries, c.1850-1914 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), p. 27.

4. C. Fowler, ‘Satisfying popular customer demand 1775-1815, with specific reference to thedress trades in Hampshire,’ unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1998, p.106.

5. For examples of the potential problems involved with trade directory data, see G. Timmins,‘Measuring industrial growth from trade directories,’ The Local Historian, 13, 6 (1979), pp.349-52.

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6. R. Lloyd-Jones and A. A. Le Roux, ‘The size of firms in the cotton industry: Manchester,1815-41’, Economic History Review, XXXIII (1980), pp. 72-82; R. Lloyd Jones and M. J.Lewis, ‘Industrial structure and firm growth: the Sheffield iron and steel industry, 1880-1901’, Business History, XXV (1983), pp. 260-63.

7. A. Popp, Business Structure, Business Culture and the Industrial District. The Potteries,c.1850-1914 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), p. 27.

8. W. B. Stephens, Sources for English Local History (Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1981), pp. 137-38.

9. See, for example, L. Newton, ‘Capital networks in the Sheffield region, 1850-1885’, pp.130-54 in J. F. Wilson and A. Popp, Industrial Clusters and Regional Business Networks inEngland, 1750-1970, (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003).

10. For example, Stanley Chapman used the National Hosiery Manufacturers’ Federation’s,‘Register of Members’, a comprehensive list drawn up for war-time allocation of yarns andbased on pre-war size, to compile a profile of major British hosiery firms, their locations,products, and payroll, over the period 1938-42. S. Chapman, Hosiery and Knitwear, FourCenturies of Small-scale industry in Britain, c. 1589-2000, (Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 2002), p. 171.

11. It became general practice to record numbers employed only from the mid-1930s, thoughsome registers record this information prior to this date.

12. For further information on the registers see M. Beesley, ‘The birth and death of industrialestablishments: experience in the West Midlands conurbation’, Journal of IndustrialEconomics, 4 (1955), pp. 45-61.

13. London Metropolitan Archives, MCC/MIN/65/3.14. Board of Trade, ‘Survey of industrial development in 1932’, Board of Trade Journal (29 June

1933), pp. iii-xv; Board of Trade, Survey of Industrial Development (1934-39).15. Board of Trade, ‘Survey of industrial development in 1932’, Board of Trade Journal (29 June

1933), iii-xv, p iv; National Archives [hereafter NA], BT 104/20, memorandum, 28 Oct.1935; M. Beesley, ‘The birth and death of industrial establishments: experience in the WestMidlands conurbation’, Journal of Industrial Economics, 4 (1955), pp. 45-61.

16. Board of Trade, ‘Survey of industrial development in 1932’, Board of Trade Journal (29 June1933), pp. iii-xv; Board of Trade, Survey of Industrial Development (1934-39); NA,HLG71/1330, memorandum, n.d., c. 1943. Government factories established under therearmament programme were excluded from the Surveys.

17. P. Scott and P. Walsh, ‘Patterns and determinants of manufacturing plant location in interwarLondon’, Economic History Review, 46 (2004), forthcoming; idem, ‘New manufacturingplant formation, clustering, and locational externalities in 1930s’ Britain’, Business History47, 2 (2005), forthcoming.

18. P. Collins and M. Stratton, British Car Factories from 1896. A Complete Historical,Geographical, Architectural & Technological Survey (Godmanstone: Veloce Publishing,1993).

19. See G. Jones and F. Bostock, ‘Impact of Foreign Multinational Investment in Britain Since1850’, UK Data Archive, SN3142 (1994); F. Bostock and G. Jones, ‘Foreign multinationalsin British manufacturing 1850-1962’, Business History, 36 (1994), pp. 89-126. See also P.Scott and T. Rooth, ‘Firm migration to Britain in the aftermath of the 1931 EmergencyTariff’, UK Data Archive SN 4337 (2002); P. Scott, ‘The location of early overseasmultinationals in Britain: patterns and determinants’, Regional Studies, 32 (1998), pp. 489-501.

20. P. Scott, ‘Regional development and policy’, in R. Floud and P. Johnson (eds), TheCambridge Economic History of Modern Britain. Volume III. Structural Change and Growth1939-2000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 332-67.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY IN BUSINESS HISTORY 2003

Compiled by RICHARD A. HAWKINSUniversity of Wolverhampton

The division into classes follows the Standard Industrial Classification main groups,followed by a general section. Place of publication is London and year of publication2003 unless otherwise shown.

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Fowler, P.J., Farming in the first millennium AD: British agriculture between JuliusCaesar and William the Conqueror. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2002).

French, H.R., ‘Urban common rights, enclosure and the market: Clitheroe Town Moors,1764-1802’, Agricultural History Review, 51, pp. 40-68.

French, H.R. and Hoyle, R.W., ‘English individualism refuted - and asserted: the landmarket at Earls Colne (Essex), 1550-1750’, Economic History Review, LVI, pp. 595-622.

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Godfrey, J., ‘Land ownership and farming on the South Downs in West Sussex, c.1840-1940’, Sussex Archaeological Collections, 140 (2002), pp. 113-23.

Hayter, D., ‘Pasture and profits: sheep and enclosure in sixteenth-century Kings Suttonand Chipping Warden Hundreds, 2’, Cake & Cockhorse, 15, pp. 255-74.

Hepple, L.W., ‘“Lowland place and highland retreat”: Charles Francis Forster, aneighteenth-century Northumbrian agricultural improver’, Arch. Aeliana, XXX (2002),pp. 153-61.

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Leighton, D., ‘The demesne manor of Pennard in the Lordship of Gower: a fourteenth-century Court Roll’, Studia Celtica, XXXVII, pp. 183-220.

Jamroziak, M.E., ‘Rievaulx Abbey as a wool producer in the late thirteenth century:Cistercians, sheep, and debts’, Northern History, XL, pp. 197-218.

Martins, S. Wade, Changing agriculture in Georgian and Victorian Norfolk. Cromer:Poppyland (2002).

Martins, S. Wade, The English model farm: building the agricultural ideal, 1700-1914.Macclesfield: Windgather (2002).

Neat, T., The horseman’s word: blacksmiths and horsemanship in twentieth-centuryScotland. Edinburgh: Birlinn (2002).

Newby, A., ‘Edward McHugh, the National Land League of Great Britain and the“crofter’s war”, 1879-82’, Scottish Historical Review, LXXXII, pp. 74-91.

Page, M., ‘The peasant lad market on the bishop of Winchester’s manor of Farnham,1263-1349’, Surrey Archaeological Collections, 90, pp. 163-79.

Redfern, J., ‘H.A. Walker & Sons Ltd. of Whitecross Street, Brighton: a brief history ofa family firm’, Sussex Industrial History, 33, pp. 2-5.

Rouse, P., Ireland’s own soil: government and agriculture in Ireland, 1945-65. Dublin:Irish Farmer’s Journal (2000).

Sheail, P., Wilfred Buckley of Moundsmere and the clean milk campaign. Winchester:Hampshire County Council.

Shephard, S., Seeds of fortune: a gardening dynasty. Bloomsbury.

Shirlow, J., ‘The owners and superiors of the lands at Elvington’, Transactions of East

32

Lothian Antiquarian & Field Naturalists’ Society XXV (2002), pp. 25-32.

Stone, D., ‘Productivity and management of sheep in late medieval England’,Agricultural History Review, 51, pp. 1-22.

Tichelar, M., ‘The conflict over property rights during the second world war: theLabour Party’s abandonment of land nationalization’, Twentieth Century BritishHistory, 14, pp. 165-88.

Tichelar, M., ‘The Labour Party, agricultural policy and the retreat from rural landnationalisation during the Second World War’, Agricultural History Review, 51, pp.209-25.

Whyte, I.D., Transforming fell and valley: landscape and parliamentary enclosure innorth-west England. Lancaster: Centre for North West Regional Studies.

Wilman, D., ‘The history of silage making in the UK’, Journal of the RoyalAgricultural Society, England, 163 (2002), pp. 62-71.

Winchester, A.J.L., ‘Demesne livestock farming in the Lake District: the vaccary atGatesgarth, Buttermere, in the later thirteenth century’, Transactions of the Cumberland& Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society, 3rd ser., III, pp. 109-18.

Mining (SIC 10-14)Benson, J., ‘Coalminers, coalowners and collaboration: the miners’ permanent relieffund movement, 1860-95’, Labour History Review, 68, pp. 181-94.

Craddock, P. and Lang, J., Mining and metal production through the age. BritishMuseum.

James, L., ‘War and industry: a study of the industrial relations in the mining regions ofSouth Wales and the Ruhr during the Great War, 1914-18’, Labour History Review, 68,pp. 195-216.

Leach, J., ‘The Devon lime industry’, Southern History, 24 (2002), pp. 1-26.

Lynch, M., Mining in world history. Reaktion (2002).

Construction (SIC 15-17)Glendenning, M. and Watters, D., eds., Home builders: McTaggart & Mickel and theScottish housebuilding industry. Edinburgh: RCAHMS (1999).

Longley, P., ‘James Longley & Co. and the building of Christ’s Hospital, WestHorsham, 1896-1909’, Sussex Industrial History, 33, pp. 36-9.

Martin, R., ‘Cocking lime works’, Sussex Industrial History, 33, pp. 23-31.

33

Niechcial, J., A particle of clay: the biography of Alec Skempton, civil engineer.Latheronwheel: Whittles (2002).

Otter, R.A., ‘The construction of dry-docks: some nineteenth-century perspectives’,Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 73 (2003), pp. 241-55.

Rennison, R.W., ‘The great inundation of 1771 and the rebuilding of the north-east’sbridges’, Arch. Aeliana, XXIX (2001), pp. 269-91.

Roberts, R.D., The building industry in the Upper Swansea Valley and its economicand social ramifications, c.1750-1975. Lampeter: Mellen (2000).

Shapely, P., ‘The press and the system built developments of inner-city Manchester,1960s-1980s’, Manchester Region History Review, 16 (2002-3), pp. 30-9.

Manufacturing (SIC 20-39)Aldrich, W., ‘The impact of fashion on the cutting practices for the woman’s tailoredjacket, 1800-1927’, Textile History, 34, pp. 134-70.

Arnold, A., Bright Pottery, 1948-90: the story of a studio pottery in the West End ofLondon. Maidstone: Bright Books (2002).

Awty, B. and Whittick, C., ‘The Lordship of Canterbury, iron-founding at Buxted, andthe continental antecedants of cannon-founding in the Weald’, Sussex ArchaeologicalCollections, 140 (2002), pp. 71-81.

Bacon, D.H., Watchmaking in Llangollen by Robert Hughes: a genuine late-nineteenth-century Welsh watch manufacturer. Wadhurst: Antique Horological Society (2002).

Beauchamp, V. and Bramah, J.C., The historical archaeology of the Sheffield cutleryand tableware industry, 1750-1900. Sheffield: ARCUS (2002).

Bellamy, M., The shipbuilders: an anthology of Scottish shipyard life. Edinburgh:Birlinn (2001).

Blaynay, P.W.M., The Stationers’ Company before the charter, 1403-1557. Stationers’Company.

Boyce, G., ‘Network knowledge and network routines: negotiating activities betweenshipowners and shipbuilders’, Business History, 45, 2, pp. 52-76.

Bunce, G., Lucas in Birmingham. Stroud: Sutton.

Butler, R. and Green, C., English bronze cooking vessels and their founders, 1350-1830. Honiton: Butler & Butler.

34

Campell-Kelly, M., From airline reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog: a history of thesoftware industry. MIT Press.

Carnevali, F., ‘Golden opportunities: jewellery making in Birmingham between massproduction and specialty’, Enterprise & Society, 4, pp. 272-98.

Cave, R. and Manson, S., A history of the Golden Cockerel Press, 1920-60. BritishLibrary (2002).

Chandler, A.D., Inventing the electronic century: the epic story of the consumerelectronics and computer industries. Free Press (2001).

Church, R. and Clark, C., ‘Purposive strategy or serendipity? Development and diversification in three consumer product companies, 1918-39: J. & J. Colman, Reckitt & Sons, and Lever Bros./Unilever’, Business History, 45, 1, pp. 23-59.

Doble, J. et al., The silk industry in Evercreech. Evercreech: Evercreech & DistrictLocal History Society (2001).

Dodds, J., Hertfordshire bellfounders. Hatfield: Hertfordshire Publications.

Doe, R., Colthrop Mills remembered. Thatcham: Doe.

Dryden, A.M., Blanefield Printworks: a short history. Strathblane: Strathblane HeritageSociety (2001).

Dryden, A.M., The Bleachfields, the Flock Mill and Milndavie Mill. Strathblane:Strathblane Heritage Society (2001).

Edwards, H., Sticks and stones: the life and times of a journeyman printer: Hertford,Dunstable, Cheltenham and Wolverton. Dunstable: Book Castle (2001).

Edwards, R.D., Newspapermen: Hugh Cudlipp, Cecil Harmsworth King, and the glorydays of Fleet Street. Secker & Warburg.

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Fack, J., The last coachbuilder: the story of an almost unknown Birmingham maker ofhigh-quality car bodywork. Sheffield: Railton Owners Club (2002).

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35

Godley, A., Kershen, A., and Schapiro, R., ‘Fashion and its impact on the economicdevelopment of London’s East End womenswear industry, 1929-62: the case of Ellisand Goldstein’, Textile History, 34, pp. 214-28.

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Griffiths, D., 300 years of Fleet Street, 1702-2002: to commemorate the anniversary ofthe first daily newspaper. London Press Club (2002).

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Habib, V., ‘William Cheape of the Canongate, an eighteenth century linenmanufacturer’, Book Old Edinburgh Club, new series, 5 (2002), pp. 1-12.

Harrison, I. and Hammond, P., Hornby: the official illustrated history. HarperCollins(2002).

Holder, R.W., Taunton Cider and Langdons: a west Somerset story of industrialdevelopment. Chichester: Phillimore (2000).

Homer, R.F., ‘Otter St. Mary’s worsted factory’, Devon Historian, 67, pp. 10-13.

Honeyman, K., ‘Style monotony and the business of fashion: the marketing ofmenswear in inter-war England’, Textile History, 34, pp. 171-91.

Jackson, K.C., ‘James Jepson Binns: a Yorkshire organ-builder’, YorkshireArchaeological Journal, 74 (2002), pp. 235-45.

Jackson, K.C., ‘The Dewhursts of Skipton: a dynasty of cotton masters, 1789 to 1897’,Yorkshire Archaeological Journal, 75, pp. 181-205.

Jones, S.R.H., ‘Brand building and structural change in the Scotch whisky industrysince 1975’, Business History, 45, 3, pp. 72-89.

Kennelly, J.J., The Kerry way: the history of the Kerry Group, 1972-2000. Dublin: OakTree Press (2001).

Kent, T.A., Sussex silver and its makers. Boundon-Smith (2002).

King, P., The mystery of the Coventry Cappers. Continuum (2001).

Leunig, T., ‘A British industrial success: productivity in the Lancashire and New Englandcotton-spinning industries a century ago’, Economic History Review, LVI, pp. 90-117.

McCallum, M.F., ‘Fast and bonnie’: a history of William Fife and Son yachtbuilders.Edinburgh: Donald (2002).

36

Matthews, M., Boyns, T., and Edwards, J.R., ‘Chandlerian image or mirror image:managerial and accounting control in the chemical industry: the case of Albright &Wilson, c.1892 to c.1923’, Business History, 45, 4, pp. 24-52.

Millington, R., Stephenson Blake: the last of the old English typefounders. BritishLibrary (2002).

Moore, D., British clockmakers and watchmakers apprentice records: 1710-1810.Ashbourne: Mayfield.

Moore, G., Building for victory: the warship building programmes of the Royal Navy,1939-45. Gravesend: World Ship Society (2002).

Muldoon, A., ‘“An unholy row in Lancashire”: the textile lobby, Conservative politics,and Indian policy, 1931-5’, Twentieth Century British History, 14, pp. 83-111.

Peakman, J., Mighty lewd bodies: the development of pornography in eighteenth-century England. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Podger, H., Allbright & Wilson, the last fifty years: the story of the growth, struggles and disintegration of a long-established chemical industry. Studley: Brewin(2002).

Reid, W., Barr & Stroud binoculars and the Royal Navy. Edinburgh: NMS Publications(2001).

Richardson, T., Sweets: a history of temptation. Bantam (2002).

Richmond, L., Stevenson, J., and Turton, A., eds., The pharmaceutical industry: a guideto historical records. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Riello, G., ‘La chaussure à la mode: product innovation and marketing strategies inParisian and London boot and shoemaking in the early nineteenth century’, TextileHistory, 34, pp. 107-33.

Roberts, N., ‘The neglected man: John Hughes of Newport and Millwall’, WelshHistory Review, 21, pp. 675-703.

Roemmele, D., ‘Hawick textile mills’, Hawick Archaeological Society Transactions,2001, pp. 8-13.

Rosen, P., Framing production: technology, culture and change in the British bicycleindustry. MIT Press (2002).

Seligman, K.L., ‘Dressmakers’ patterns: the English commercial paper pattern industry,1878-1950’, Costume, 37, pp. 95-113.

37

Sleigh-Johnson, N., ‘Aspects of the tailoring trade in the City of London in the latesixteenth and earlier seventeenth centuries’, Costume, 37, pp. 24-32.

Smith, G.D., The secret still: Scotland’s clandestine whisky makers. Edinburgh: Birlinn(2002).

Smith, J.L., Thomas East and music publishing in Renaissance England. Oxford:Oxford University Press.

Taylor, B., ed., Foreign language printing in London, 1500-1900. Boston Spa: BritishLibrary (2002).

Vernon, D., Thread of iron: a definitive history of Shotley Bridge and Consett andDistrict, County Durham, with particular reference to iron and steelmaking.Knebworth: Able.

Vulliamy, D.G., The Vulliamy clockmakers. Wadhurst: Antique Horological Society(2002).

Waggett, R.W., A history of the Worshipful Company of Glovers of London.Chichester: Phillimore (2000).

Walker, F.M., The song of the Clyde: a history of Clyde shipbuilding. Edinburgh:Birlinn (2001).

Watson, N., Building the name: the story of a family business, 1875-2000. Leyburn: St.Matthew’s Press (2000).

Watson, N., From paper to polythene: 150 years in packaging: Robert Matt & Co. Ltd.,1852-2002. Leyburn: St. Matthew’s Press (2001).

Watson, N., In their father’s footsteps: the story of the James Donaldson Group.Leyburn: St. Matthew’s Press (2001).

Watson, N., The taste of the Lake District: the story of Jennings Brothers PLC.Leyburn: St. Matthew’s Press.

White, M., Dartmouth and the South Devon potteries. Marlborough: Crowood (2002).

Whyte, D., Tay Valley clock and watchmakers, Angus and Perthshire, 1554-1900.Dundee: Tay Valley Family History Society (2002).

Williams, B., Captain Pilkington’s project: the great works at Weedon, 1804 to 1816.Daventry: Williams.

Worth, G.J., Macmillan’s Magazine, 1859-1907: ‘no flippancy or abuse allowed’.

38

Aldershot: Ashgate.Transportation, Communications, Electric, Gas, and Sanitary Services (SIC 40-49)Allen, D.W., ‘Rules and rewards in the age of sail: a reply’, Explorations in EconomicHistory, 40, pp. 212-20.

Armstrong, A. et al., eds., Companion to British road haulage history. ScienceMusuem.

Ashton, R., ‘Wind powered electrical generator at High Salvington’, Sussex IndustrialHistory, 33, pp. 6-9.

Barker, B., Norfolk carrier: memories of a family haulage business Barker & Sons,Wells-next-the-Sea. Norwich: Lowe.

Benjamin, D.K. and Thornberg, C.F., ‘Comment: rules and rewards in the age of sail’,Explorations in Economic History, 40, pp. 195-211.

Billingham, N., ‘Databases and transport history’, Journal of Railway & CanalHistorical Society, 34, pp. 353-7.

Bray, J., Innovation and the communications revolution: from the Victorian pioneers tobroadband internet. Institute of Electrical Engineers (2002).

Broderick, D., The first toll-roads: Ireland’s turnpike roads, 1729-1858. Cork: Collins (2002).

Butler, J.A., Atlantic kingdom: America’s contest with Cunard in the age of sail andsteam. Brassey’s (2001).

Chacksfield, J., C.B. Collett: a competent successor. Usk: Oakwood (2002).

Collins, T., Transatlantic triumph and heroic failure: the story of the Galway Line.Wilton: Collins (2002).

Compton, H., ‘The Tutbury tramroad’, Journal of Railway. & Canal Historical Society,34, pp. 366-9.

Cooper, M., Ritson’s branch line: the Nautilus Steam Shipping Company Limited ofSunderland, 1881-1931. Gravesend: World Ship Society (2002).

Crosbie-Hill, B., ‘The Caen Hill horse railway’, Journal of Railway & Canal HistoricalSociety, 34, pp. 358-63.

Crossland, G. and Tanner, C., Great Grimsby: a history of the commercial port. T & CPublications.

Davies, D., ‘The early years of the turnpike trust in Cardiganshire: evidence from the

39

minutes of the Aberystwyth district’, Ceredigion, XIV, 3, pp. 7-19.Dean, R., ‘Three hundred and seventy two horse power: the Rochdale Canal, 1888-1921’, Journal of Railway & Canal Historical Society, 34, pp. 236-40.

Duffy, M.C., Electric railways, 1880-1990. Institute of Electrical Engineers.

Fox, S., The ocean railway: Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Samuel Cunard and therevolutionary world of the great Atlantic steamships. HarperCollins.

Goodchild, J., Wakefield’s first railway and its colleries, 1798 to 1880. Wakefield:Wakefield Historical Publications (2002).

Gordon, J.S., A thread across the ocean: the heroic story of the transatlantic cable.Simon & Schuster (2002).

Hardy, A.J., Typhoon Wallen: a personalised chronicle of the Wallen Group Limited.Cambridge: Granta.

Helm, D., Energy, the State, and the market: British energy policy since 1979. Oxford:Oxford University Press.

Hodgkins, D., The second railway king: the life and times of Sir Edward Watkin, 1819-1901. Cardiff: Merton Priory (2002).

Hodgkins, D., ‘Railway administration and management in the 1840s and 1850s:evidence from the MJLR’, Journal of Railway & Canal Historical Society, 34, pp. 241-7.

Illston, J.M., Salisbury’s water supply, 1853-2000. Salisbury: South Wiltshire IndustrialArchaeology Society (2002).

Lacey, P., A history of the Thames Valley Traction Company Limited 1933 to 1945.Wokingham: Lacey.

Lenfestey, G.M., ‘The development of public sewers in Guernsey, 1826-1966’, LaSociété Guernesiase:The Report & Transactions, XXV (2002), pp. 374-86.

Lo Bao, P. and Hutchinson, I., BEAline to the islands: the story of an air service tooffshore communities of the British Isles by British European Airways, its predecessorsand successors. Erskine: Kea (2002).

Marlow, A. and Perry, M., Red bike boys: a history of Leicester’s telegram service,1870-1982. Leicester: Blackwells Court.

Matthews, M.D., ‘“Adventurer of both ship and cargo”: Sir Thomas Stepney,businessman and baronet (1725-72)’, Welsh History Review, 21, pp. 455-80.

40

Minnis, J., ‘“A miniature of our national constitution”: the relationship betweendirectors and shareholders in British railway companies, 1847-70’, Journal of Railway& Canal Historical Society, 34, pp. 274-81.

Munro, J.F., Maritime enterprise and empire: Sir William MacKinnon and his businessnetwork, 1823-93. Woodbridge: Boydell.

Murray, S., ‘Bankside power station: planning, politics and pollution’, Local Historian,33, pp. 99-111.

Neaverson, P., ‘The history of electricity supply in Leicestershire and Rutland up tonationalisation in 1947’, Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological & HistoricalSociety, 77, pp. 93-110.

Richmond, R. and Richmond, A., Epsom coaches: a driving force since 1920. Croydon:DTS Publishing (2002).

Smith, C., Higginson, I., and Wolstenholme, P., ‘“Avoiding equally extravagance andparsimony”: the moral economy of the ocean steamship’, Technology & Culture, 44,pp. 443-69.

Smith, P., Castle coaches remembered: recollections of a North Derbyshire coachoperator. Bexley: Penn Lane (2002).

Thomas, I., Sewers and water supply in nineteenth century Oundle: local governmentinitiatives and central government directives. Oundle: Oundle Museum Trust.

Tyrer, P., Endeavour works: a life in power. Shoreham-by-Sea: Durnford.

Wholesale and Retail Trade (SIC 50-59)Affleck, D., ‘James Balfour of Whittinghame and Balgonie’, Transactions of EastLothian Antiquarian & Field Naturalists’ Society, XXV (2002), pp. 61-79.

Barnard, R., High Street, Hull (1673-1798): work in progress. Hull: Hull College(2002).

Barnard, R., High Street, Hull: supplementary volume. Hull: Hull College (2002).

Bellingham, R.A., ‘Retailing at Selby in the late eighteenth century’, YorkshireArchaeological Journal, 74 (2002), pp. 219-33.

Benson, G.J. and Ugolini, L., eds., A nation of shopkeepers: five centuries of Britishretailing. Tauris (2002).

Church, R. and Godley, A., eds., The emergence of modern marketing. Cass.

Godley, A., ‘Foreign multinationals and innovation in British retailing, 1850-1962’,

41

Business History, 45, 1, pp. 80-100.George, J., Merchants in exile: the Armenians in Manchester, England, 1835-1935.Gomidas Institute (2002).

Hancock, D., ed., The letters of William Freeman, London merchant, 1678-85 (LondonRecord Society, XXXVI (2002)).

Macdonald, J.G., ‘John Farrar Blenkhorn, the canny Yorkshireman’, HawickArchaeological Society Transactions, 2002, pp. 26-58.

Myers, R., Harris, M., and Mandelbrote, G., eds., Lives in print: biography and the book trade from the middle ages to the 21st century. British Library (2002).

Painting, N., Alldays and Onions: a brief history. Ashbourne: Landmark (2002).

Pennington, B., The fall of the hammer: sixty years in cattle markets and the history ofWright-Manley from 1860: a personal account. Chester: Cheshire County CouncilPublications (2002).

Spufford, P., Power and profit: the merchant in medieval Europe. Thames & Hudson.

Threlfall-Holmes, M., ‘The import merchants of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1464-1520:some evidence from Durham Cathedral Priory’, Northern History, XL, pp. 71-87.

Ugolini, L., ‘Ready-to-wear or made-to-measure? Consumer choice in the Britishmenswear trade, 1900-39’, Textile History, 34, pp. 192-213.

White, E., Feeding a city: York: the provision of food from Roman times to thebeginning of the twentieth century. Totnes: Prospect (2000).

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate (SIC 60-69)Alborn, T., ‘The first fund managers: life insurance bonuses in Victorian Britain’,Victorian Studies, 45 (2002/3), pp. 65-92.

Balen, M., A very English deceit: the secret history of the South Sea Bubble and thefirst great financial scandal. Fourth Estate (2002).

Bátiz-Layo, B. and Del Angel, G.A., ‘Competitive collaboration and marketcontestability: cases in Mexican and UK banking, 1945-75’, Accounting, Business &Financial History, 13, pp. 339-68.

Black, I.S., ‘Private banking in London’s West End, 1750-1830’, London Journal, 28,1, pp. 29-59.

Geist, C.R., Wheels of fortune: the history of speculation from scandal to respectability.

42

Chichester: Wiley (2002).Harris, J., The Roupells of Lambeth: politics, property and peculation in VictorianLondon: a history of William Roupell, M.P. For Lambeth, 1857-62. Streatham Society(2001).

MacDougall, I., Onion Johnnies: personal recollections by nine French Onion Johnniesof their working lives in Scotland. East Linton: Tuckwell (2002).

McKillop, D., Women in the Irish credit union movement: north and south. Cork: OakTree (2002).

Ó Gráda, C., ‘Savings banks as an institutional import: the case of nineteenth-centuryIreland’, Financial History Review, 10, pp. 31-55.

Pollins, H. and Rosewarne, V., Louis Kyezor: ‘The King of Whitton’. TwickenhamLocal History Society (2002).

Poovey, M., ed., The financial system in nineteenth-century Britain. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.

Rose, K., Elusive Rothschild: the life of Victor, third baron. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

Smail, J., ‘The culture of credit in eighteenth-century commerce: the English textileindustry’, Enterprise & Society, 4, pp. 299-325.

Scott, P., ‘The twilight world of interwar British hire purchase’, Past & Present, 177(2002), pp. 195-225.

Sinclair, D., Sir Gregor MacGregor and the land that never was: the extraordinary storyof the most audacious fraud in history. Review.

Scrase, A.J. and Hasler, J., eds., Wells corporate properties (Somerset Record SocietyPublications, 87 (2002)).

Services (SIC 70-89)Andrews, J. and Scall, A., Customers and patrons of the mad-trade: the management oflunacy in eighteenth-century London: with the complete text of John Monro’s 1766case book. University of California Press.

Bell, B., Ransomes, Sims & Jeffries: agricultural engineers: a history of their products.Ipswich: Old Pond (2001).

Bennet, R., ‘The last of the Georgian architects of Bath: the work and times of JohnPinch’, Bath History, IX (2002), pp. 87-103.

Boyden, P.B., Joint stock resort: Walton-on-the-Naze and the Coast Development

43

Corporation, 1897-1915. Bromley: Boyden.Crockett, R., ed., Leaves from the life of a country doctor (Clement Bryce Gunn).Edinburgh: Birlinn (2002).

Carter, P., ‘Devon’s place in the development of tourism’, Devon Historian, 66, pp. 16-22.

Coote, S., The Innholders: a history of the Worshipful Company of Innholders.Cirencester: Collectors’ Books (2002).

Durie, A.J., Scotland for the holiday: a history of tourism in Scotland, 1780-1939. EastLinton: Tuckwell.

Durie, A., Medicine, health and economic development: promoting spa and seasideresorts in Scotland, c.1750-1830’, Medical History, 47, pp. 195-216.

Kay, A.C., ‘A little enterprise of her own: lodging-house keeping and theaccommodation business in nineteenth-century London’, London Journal, 28, 2, pp. 41-53.

Moncrieff, C., Living on a deadline: a history of the Press Association. Virgin (2002).

Mutch, A., ‘Manchester and Liverpool public houses compared, 1840-1914’,Manchester Region History Review, 16 (2002-3), pp. 2-9.

Mutch, A., ‘Magistrates and public house managers, 1840-1914: another case ofLiverpool exceptionalism?’, Northern History, XL, pp. 325-42.

Ramamurthy, A., Imperial persuaders: images of Africa and Asia in British advertising.Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Pilbeam, P., ‘Madame Tussaud and the business of wax: marketing to the middleclasses’, Business History, 45, 1, pp. 6-22.

Pilbeam, P.M., Madame Tussaud and the history of waxworks. Hambledon & London.

Ransom, T., Madame Tussaud: a life and a time. Stroud: Sutton.

Taylor, D., Ritzy: British hotels, 1837-1987. Milman.Young, A.J., History of the Worshipful Company of Plumbers. Worshipful Company ofPlumbers (2000).

GeneralAntras, P. and Voth, H-J., ‘Factor prices and productivity growth during the Britishindustrial revolution’, Explorations in Economic History, 40, pp. 52-77.

Booth, A., ‘The manufacturing failure hypothesis and the performance of British

44

industry during the long boom’, Economic History Review, LVI, pp. 1-33.Booth, A., ‘The Broadberry-Crafts view and the evidence: a reply’, Economic HistoryReview, LVI, pp. 736-42.

Boyce, G. and Ville, S., The development of modern business. Basingstoke: Palgrave(2002).

Broadberry, S. and Crafts, N., ‘UK productivity performance from 1950 to 1979: arestatement of the Broadberry-Crafts view’, Economic History Review, LVI, pp. 718-35.

Burt, R., ‘Freemasonry and business networking during the Victorian period’,Economic History Review, LVI, pp. 657-88.

Church, R. and Godley, A., ‘The emergence of modern marketing: internationaldimensions’, Business History, 45, 1, pp. 1-5.

Cox, H., Biao, H., and Metcalfe, S., ‘Compradors, firm architecture and the“reinvention” of British trading companies: John Swire & Sons’ operations in earlytwentieth-century China’, Business History, 45, 2, pp. 15-34.

Colli, A., The history of family business, 1850-2000. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.

Colli, A., Pérez, P.F., and Rose, M.B., ‘National determinants of family firmdevelopment? Family firms in Britain, Spain and Italy in the nineteenth and twentiethcenturies’, Enterprise & Society, 4, pp. 28-64.

Greenaway, J.R., Drink and British politics since 1830: a study in policy making.Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Higgins, D.M., ‘British manufacturing performance, 1950-79: implications for theproductivity debate and the post-war consensus’, Business History, 45, 3, pp. 52-71.

Lagnevik, M. et al., The dynamics of innovation clusters: a study of the food industry.Cheltenham: Elgar.

Loftus, D., ‘Capital and community: limited liability and attempts to democratize themarket in mid-nineteenth-century Britain’, Victorian Studies, 45 (2002/3), pp. 93-120.

Mulholland, K., Class, gender, and the family business. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Oakeshott, R., Inspiration and reality: the first fifty years of the Scott BaderCommonwealth. Norwich: Russell (2001).

Phillips, S., ‘“Character, grit and personality”: continued education, recreation and

45

training at Boots Pure Drug Company, 1918-45’, History of Education, 32, pp. 627-43.Poovey, M., ‘Writing about finance in Victorian England: disclosure and secrecy in theculture of investment’, Victorian Studies, 45 (2002/3), pp. 17-41.

Thompson, A. and Magee, G., ‘A soft touch? British industry, empire markets, and theself-governing dominions, c.1870-1914’, Economic History Review, LVI, pp. 689-717.

Tiratsoo, N., ‘Materials handling in British industry, c.1945-c.1975: the anatomy of amanufacturing fundamental’, Business History, 45, 4, pp. 53-72.

Toms, S. and Wilson, J.F., ‘Scale, scope and accountability: towards a new paradigm ofBritish business history’, Business History, 45, 4, pp. 1-23.

Wilson, J.F. and Popp, A., eds., Industrial clusters and regional business networks inEngland, 1750-1970. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Wilson, J.F. and Popp, A., ‘Business networking in the industrial revolution: somecomments’, Economic History Review, LVI, pp. 362-8.

46

BUSINESS RECORDS DEPOSITED IN 2003

Complied by Mike Anson from information supplied by the National Archives, Kew.

AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHINGCheshire and Chester Archives and Local Studies, Duke Street, Chester, Cheshire, CH11RL: William Wild & Son, horse dealers, Mollington: records incl corresp, invoicesand papers rel to the appointment of land girls 1940-45 (D 6425).Cumbria Record Office, Carlisle Headquarters, The Castle, Carlisle, Cumberland, CA38UR: Richardson’s Moss Litter Co Ltd, Carlisle: minutes, accounts 19th-20th cent (DB146).Dundee University Archives, Tower Building, Dundee, Angus, DD1 4HN: WP Laird &Sinclair Ltd, seedsmen and nurserymen, Dundee: letter book, invoice book (2003/110).Dumfries and Galloway Archives, Archive Centre, 33 Burns Street, Dumfries,Dumfriesshire, DG1 2PS: Mouswald Grange Farm: financial records, wages books andfarm returns book 1920-68 (GGD523).East Sussex Record Office, The Maltings, Castle Precincts, Lewes, East Sussex, BN71YT: Stricklands Ltd, corn and seed merchants, Hastings, Heathfield, Lewes andNewhaven: records 1804-1992 (ACC 8714).Lancashire Record Office, Bow Lane, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2RE: Arthur SumnerLtd, provender millers, Chorley: journals, ledgers and wage books 1909-57 (DDX 2410acc 9481).Lincolnshire Archives, St Rumbold Street, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, LN4 INL: WWJohnson & Son Limited, seed merchants, Boston: registers c1932-69 (Misc Don 1216).Museum of English Rural Life, University of Reading, PO Box 229, Whiteknights,Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AG: Agricultural Aviation Co Ltd (addnl): papers c1950-90(DX 1384); Boxford Farm, Suffolk: cash books 1893-1917 (DX1387); Creswell andOld Moor Farms, Derbyshire: record book of farm servants’ conditions and labouraccounts 1841-46 (DX1393); Threshing machine manufacturer (unidentified): expensesfor making a threshing machine 1835 (DX1391); Farm (unidentified), Bishop’s Cleeve,Gloucestershire: accounts 1856-61 (DX1392); Farmer (unidentified), Downham,Lancashire: accounts 1849-56 (DX 1375).Norfolk Record Office, The Archive Centre, Martineau Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, NR12DQ: William & Miles Blomfield, farmers, Flordon: accounts 1816-27 (ACC2003/125); A & J Bowker, maltsters, King’s Lynn: records 1878-86 (ACC 2003/76);Vynne & Everitt Ltd, grain, feedstuff and coal merchants, and maltsters, King’s Lynn:accounts and letter books 1930-55 (ACC 2003/82); Wasdale, Willis & Giffard, grainmerchants, Hemingford Grey, Huntingdonshire: letters from King’s Lynn merchants1825-38 (ACC 2003/98); West Norfolk Fertiliser Co, King’s Lynn: accounts 1873-1912(ACC 2003/80).Surrey History Centre, 130 Goldsworth Road, Woking, Surrey, GU21 6ND: Cobbettfamily, nurserymen and coal merchants of Horsell: business records and family papers19th-20th cent (7442); John Waterer & Sons, nurserymen, Bagshot: directors’ andshareholders’ records 1855-1941 (7520).West Sussex Record Office, Sherburne House, 3 Orchard Street, Chichester, West

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Sussex: Agriframes Ltd, nurserymen: minutes, files and photographs 20th cent (Accs.13183, 13286); Cheals of Crawley, nurserymen: records c1860-1969 (Acc. 13321).

ARCHITECTSCheshire and Chester Archives and Local Studies, Duke Street, Chester, Cheshire, CH11RL: Stroud, Nullis Partnership, architects, Chester: plans of building and churches inChester and Cheshire c1900-99 (D 6495).Dorset Record Office, Bridport Road, Dorchester, Dorset, DT1 1RP: L Magnus Austen,architects, Dorchester: corresp and plans 1901-2000 (D/MAD).Dumfries and Galloway Archives, Archive Centre, 33 Burns Street, Dumfries,Dumfriesshire, DG1 2PS: AC Wolffe & Partners, architects, Gatehouse of Fleet:architectural drawings and papers 1950-95 (MP176).Gloucestershire Record Office, Clarence Row off Alvin Street, Gloucester,Gloucestershire, GL1 3DW: Bartosch & Stokes, architects, Cheltenham: project andjob files 1930-90 (D 7266).Hertfordshire Archives and Local Studies, County Hall, Hertford, Hertfordshire, SG138DE: Manning & Steel, architects, Luton: plans, elevations and drawings of buildingsin Hatfield, Harpenden, Letchworth, Lilley, St Albans and Watford 1919-36 (Acc3945).Lincolnshire Archives, St Rumbold Street, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, LN4 INL: WJHemmings & Partners, architects: papers c1920-90 (Hemmings).Norfolk Record Office, The Archive Centre, Martineau Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, NR12DQ: Herbert Tilson, architect and surveyor, King’s Lynn: accounts and papers 1920-44 (ACC 2003/99).Northamptonshire Record Office, Wootton Hall Park, Northampton,Northamptonshire, NN4 8BQ: WJ Hemmings and Partners, architects, Stamford:papers 1920-87.Plymouth and West Devon Record Office, Unit 3, Clare Place, Plymouth,Devon, PL4 0JW: Frank T Crowe, architect, Plymouth: plans, corresp, reports andspecifications 1960-2002 (Acc 2905); Frank T Crowe, architect, Plymouth (addnl):files on church projects 1950-2000 (Acc 2950).The Record Office for Leicestershire, Leicester and Rutland, Long Street, WigstonMagna, Leicester, Leicestershire, LE18 2AH: Traylen & Lenton, architects, Stamford:corresp files, building plans (DE6373).Wolverhampton Archives and Local Studies, 42-50 Snow Hill, Wolverhampton,Staffordshire, WV2 4AG: Arthur William Worrell, architect, Wolverhampton: papers20th cent (DX-893).

AUCTIONEERS, ESTATE AGENTS AND SURVEYORSCambridgeshire County Record Office, Cambridge Shire Hall, Cambridge,Cambridgeshire, CB3 0AP: Bidwell & Sons, chartered surveyors, land agents andauctioneers, Cambridge (addnl): records c1900-90 (R103/068).East Sussex Record Office, The Maltings, Castle Precincts, Lewes, East Sussex, BN71YT: MEPC plc, property and development company: records 1818-1969 (ACC8762).Edinburgh City Archives, Department of Corporate Services, City Chambers, High

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Street, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH1 1YJ: James D Gibson, surveyor, Edinburgh: cashbook 1893-1930 (Acc 630).Essex Record Office, Wharf Road, Chelmsford, Essex, CM2 6YT: Montague ScottMorgan, quantity surveyor, Chelmsford: misc plans, sales catalogues and otherrecords 1921-60 (D/DU 2161); Ernest Jennings, auctioneer, surveyor, valuer andestate agent, Saffron Walden and Thaxted (addnl): clients’ papers c1908-49 (D/F261); Henry Joscelyne Ltd, auctioneers, furnishers and removal contractors, Braintree(addnl): business records and family papers 1755-1986 (D/F 178 addl).Glamorgan Record Office, Glamorgan Building, King Edward VII Avenue,Cathays Park, Cardiff, Glamorgan, CF10 3NE: Stephenson & Alexander, charteredsurveyors, chartered auctioneers and estate agents (addnl): corresp, client files andhandlists c1899-1971 (DSA).Glasgow University Archive Services, 13 Thurso Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, G116PE: David Ferguson, surveyor, Glasgow: letter books and notebooks (transferredfrom the Bank of Scotland Archives) 1890-1930 (Accn 2500).Joint Archive Service of the Corporation of London: London Metropolitan Archives,40 Northampton Road, London, Greater London, EC1R 0HB: Bloomsbury BookAuctions (addnl): administrative files 1980-90 (B03/003).Medway Archives and Local Studies Centre, Civic Centre, Strood,Rochester, Kent,ME2 4AU: Rogers, Stevens & Chance, chartered surveyors, brewery agents andvaluers of licensed property, Chatham: plans, corresp and tenancy records 20th cent(DE852).Norfolk Record Office, The Archive Centre, Martineau Lane, Norwich, Norfolk,NR1 2DQ: Edmund Beck, estate agent and land steward, King’s Lynn (addnl):Melton Constable estate valuation 1879 (ACC 2002/273); F Hornor & Son, surveyorsand land agents, Norwich (addnl): clients’ estate papers 19th-20th cent (ACC2003/60).North Devon Record Office, North Devon Library and Record Office, Tuly Street,Barnstaple, Devon, EX31 1EL: John Hannaford & Sons, auctioneers, valuers andland agents, South Molton (addnl): deeds, maps and papers rel to Chulmleigh 1673-1965 (703/0).Surrey History Centre, 130 Goldsworth Road, Woking, Surrey, GU21 6ND: Dowsett& Mann, estate agents, Woking: valuation and out letter book c1896-1908 (7349).West Yorkshire Archive Service, Kirklees Central Library, Princess Alexandra Walk,Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 2SU: Holroyd Sons & Pickersgill, auctioneers andestate agents, Dewsbury: valuation books and other records 1872-1982.Wiltshire and Swindon Record Office, Libraries and Heritage HQ, Wiltshire CountyCouncil, Bythesea Road, Trowbridge, Wiltshire, BA14 8BS: F Ellen & Son,auctioneers, Andover: sales particulars rel to Wiltshire properties 1860-1970 (3382);Woolley & Wallis, estate agents and auctioneers, Salisbury (addnl): misc papers 1912-2001 (2943).

BANKING, FINANCE AND INSURANCEGlasgow University Archive Services, 13 Thurso Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, G116PE: Ivory & Sime plc, investment trust managers, Edinburgh (addnl): records(UGD228).

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Guildhall Library, Aldermanbury, London, Greater London, EC2P 2EJ: Eagle StarInsurance Co Ltd: records, incl of predecessor companies 1807-2003 (Acc 2003/017);Seccombe, Marshall & Campion plc, discount brokers (addnl): accounts 1923-86 (Acc2003/001); Sissons, Bersey, Gain, Vincent & Co, chartered accountants, London:records 1895-1970 (Mss 33986-90, 34379).Hertfordshire Archives and Local Studies, County Hall, Hertford, Hertfordshire, SG138DE: Wickham Hunt & Co, accountants, Hitchin: accounts, corresp and papers 1896-1969 (Acc 3944).Lancashire Record Office, Bow Lane, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2RE: Starr-BowkettBuilding Society, Colne: records 1883-1907 (DDX 752 acc 9281); S & RD Thornton,chartered accountants, Preston: accounts and company ledger 1956-70 (DDX 2419 acc9502).Manchester Archives and Local Studies, Central Library, St Peter’s Square,Manchester, M2 5PD: Manchester Society of Chartered Accountants: minutes c1890-1999 (M705/).Norfolk Record Office, The Archive Centre, Martineau Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, NR12DQ: William & Geoffrey Boston, pawnbrokers, Norwich: records 1892-1941 (BR297/1-15); Gurneys, Birkbeck, Barclay, Buxton & Cresswell, bankers, King’s Lynn:interest account book 1792-1818 (ACC 2003/67).Walsall Local History Centre, Essex Street, Walsall, Staffordshire, WS2 7AS: WalsallMaster Bankers Association: minutes 1922-37 (Acc 1121).West Glamorgan Archive Service, County Hall, Oystermouth Road, Swansea,Glamorgan, SA1 3SN: Clydach Building Society: records 1903-67; Landore PermanentBuilding Society: records 1901-67; Swansea Union Building Society: records 1902-54.

BICYLCESNorth East Lincolnshire Archives, Town Hall, Town Hall Square, Grimsby,Lincolnshire, DN31 1HX: Elswick-Hopper Co Ltd, bicycle manufacturers, Barton-on-Humber (addnl): records, incl research papers of AE Harrison of York University1907-66 (351).Nottinghamshire Archives, County House, Castle Meadow Road, Nottingham,Nottinghamshire, NG2 1AG: Raleigh Industries Ltd, bicycle manufacturers,Nottingham (addnl): records 20th cent (Acc 6342, DDRN); Sturmey-Archer Gears Ltd,cycle gear manufacturers, Nottingham: records 20th cent (Acc 6328, 6500).The Record Office for Leicestershire, Leicester and Rutland, Long Street, WigstonMagna, Leicester, Leicestershire, LE18 2AH: Cooper Brothers (Cycles) Ltd, Leicester:minutes and financial records c1935-66 (DE6341).

BREWINGCheshire and Chester Archives and Local Studies, Duke Street, Chester, Cheshire, CH11RL: Ind Coope & Co Ltd, brewers: deeds to inns, etc 1899-1953 (D 6481); Lonsdale& Adshead Ltd, brewers, Macclesfield: minutes and other records c1889-1959 (D6481); Macclesfield and Knutsford Breweries: records 1926-56 (D 6481); NorthCheshire Breweries: records incl minutes and deeds to inns 1860-1960 (D 6481); PeterWalker (Warrington) Ltd, brewers: deeds and plans c1900-99 (D 6481); Woolf’s Ltd,brewers, Crewe: records incl minutes and deeds 1897-1946 (D 6481).

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Devon Record Office, Castle Street, Exeter, Devon, EX4 3PU: Norman & Pring,brewers, Exeter: accounts, corresp and papers 1956-67 (6344).Dorset Record Office, Bridport Road, Dorchester, Dorset, DT1 1RP: Eldridge Pope &Co plc, brewers, Dorchester (addnl): copy letter books, plans of public houses 1800-2000 (D/ELP).Hampshire Record Office, Sussex Street, Winchester, Hampshire, SO23 8TH: Crowley& Co Ltd, brewers, Alton: title deeds, insurance records, bills, receipts and corresp relto property 1672-1991 (120A03).Hertfordshire Archives and Local Studies, County Hall, Hertford, Hertfordshire, SG138DE: Benskin’s Watford Brewery Ltd (addnl): corresp, reports and plans 1855-1979(Acc 3928); Greene King (Biggleswade) Ltd, brewers: tenancy agreements and papersrel to public houses in Hitchin and Welwyn 1922-68 (Acc 3927).London Borough of Sutton Archives, Archive and Local Studies Searchroom, CentralLibrary, St Nicholas Way, London, SM1 1EA: Bourne Brewery, Wallington: records1927-35 (Acc 613).Manx National Heritage Library, Manx Museum and National Trust, Douglas, Isle OfMan, IM1 3LY, Isle of Man: Heron & Brierley, brewers, Isle of Man: records 1898-1984 (Acc. No. 10698).Medway Archives and Local Studies Centre, Civic Centre, Strood,Rochester, Kent,ME2 4AU: Budden & Biggs Brewery Ltd, Strood: minutes, accounts, deeds and otherrecords 1897-1931 (DE876).Norfolk Record Office, The Archive Centre, Martineau Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, NR12DQ: Morgans Brewery Co Ltd, Ladybridge Brewery, King’s Lynn: estate and miscrecords 1878-1954 (ACC 2003/79).Oxfordshire Record Office, St Luke’s Church, Temple Road, Cowley, Oxford,Oxfordshire, OX4 2EX: WH Brakspear & Sons plc, brewers, Henley-on-Thames(addnl): financial and property records 1891-1990 (Acc 5202).Plymouth and West Devon Record Office, Unit 3, Clare Place, Plymouth,Devon, PL4 0JW: New Bedford Brewery, Mutley, Plymouth (addnl): minutes, registers,accounts, corresp and papers 1840-1960 (Acc 2854).Southampton Archives Office, South Block Civic Centre, Southampton, Hampshire,SO14 7LY: Hibberts (Home Sales) Ltd, merchants for selling beer: records 1947-50(6381).Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Archive Service: Lichfield Record Office, LichfieldLibrary, The Friary, Lichfield, Staffordshire, WS136QG: Ind Coope & Allsopp, AlliedBreweries Ltd, Allied Domecq plc: annual reports 1948-97 (379); Lichfield BreweryCo Ltd: records c1930-58 (379).Surrey History Centre, 130 Goldsworth Road, Woking, Surrey, GU21 6ND: FriaryMeux Ltd, brewers, Guildford: records incl those of predecessor and related companies1896-1990 (7457).Tyne and Wear Archives Service, Blandford House, Blandford Square, NewcastleUpon Tyne, NE1 4JA: Cookson Arms, public house, Newcastle upon Tyne: weeklyaccounts 1912-14 (DX1111); Newcastle Breweries Ltd: board minutes 1966-78(DS.NBL).

BUILDING, CONSTRUCTION AND SUPPLIERS

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Carmarthenshire Archive Service, Parc Myrddin, Richmond Terrace, Carmarthen,Carmarthenshire, SA31 1DS: John Lloyd, builder, Carmarthen: day books, journals andtrade catalogues c1850-89 (7717).Derbyshire Record Office, New Street, Matlock, Derbyshire, DE4 3AG: W H SlaterLtd, brick and terracotta goods manufacturers, Denby: records 1889-1973 (D3422).Durham County Record Office, County Hall, Durham, DH1 5UL: WD & R Allison &Sons, building contractors, Whitburn: records 19th-20th cent.Edinburgh City Archives, Department of Corporate Services, City Chambers, HighStreet, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH1 1YJ: George Rattray, civil engineer: project files1950-70 (Acc 623).Hertfordshire Archives and Local Studies, County Hall, Hertford, Hertfordshire, SG138DE: Welwyn Builders Ltd, Welwyn Garden City: plans, brochures and photographs ofhouses being constructed at Welwyn Garden City 1920-30 (Acc 3991).Isle of Wight Record Office, 26 Hillside, Newport, Isle Of Wight, PO30 2EB:Twymans, builders, Freshwater: ledgers c1902-07 (AC 2003/28).Lancashire Record Office, Bow Lane, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2RE: Robert Howarth,joiner, Colne: records 1928-46 (DDX 752 acc 9281); Henry Trickett, builder andcontractor, Crawshaw Booth: records 1922-56 (DDX 1468 acc 9443); JamesWilliamson & Son Ltd, oilcloth, linoleum, wallpaper and coated fabrics manufacturers,Lancaster (later Nairn Williamson Ltd, Nairn Coated Products Ltd, Forbo KingfisherLtd, Forbo Lancaster Ltd) (addnl): minutes, corresp, accounts, ledgers, staff records,records of subsidiary companies and misc papers c1889-1999 (DDX 909 acc 9109).London Borough of Sutton Archives, Archive and Local Studies Searchroom, CentralLibrary, St Nicholas Way, London, SM1 1EA: Cheam Warren Building Co: records1912-52 (Acc 619).Norfolk Record Office, The Archive Centre, Martineau Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, NR12DQ: Anglia Lead Ltd, lead merchants, Norwich: records c1965-99 (ACC 2002/265,293, ACC 2003/145); EJ & WN Harper, builders, Syderstone: accounts 1863-1929(ACC 2003/78).Plymouth and West Devon Record Office, Unit 3, Clare Place, Plymouth,Devon, PL4 0JW: Bayly, timber merchants, Plymouth (addnl): timber accounts 1799-1812 (Acc 2949).Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Records Office, The Shakespeare Centre, Henley Street,Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, CV37 6QW: James Cox & Son Ltd, timbermerchants, Stratford-upon-Avon: day books and wage books 1910-40 (DR 1109).Wiltshire and Swindon Record Office, Libraries and Heritage HQ, Wiltshire CountyCouncil, Bythesea Road, Trowbridge, Wiltshire, BA14 8BS: F Rendell & Sons Ltd,builders, Devizes (addnl): minutes, corresp and ledgers 1887-1988 (3368).Wolverhampton Archives and Local Studies, 42-50 Snow Hill, Wolverhampton,Staffordshire, WV2 4AG: Holland Hannam & Cubitts Ltd, builders, London: financialrecords c1856-1967 (DX-912).Surrey History Centre, 130 Goldsworth Road, Woking, Surrey, GU21 6ND:Dear family, carpenters and cabinet makers, London and Chertsey: records 1879-1950(7415); Dorking Brick Co Ltd, North Holmwood: accounts and other records 1933-40(7324); HL Lacey (Leatherhead) Ltd, builders (addnl): records 1934-70 (7396).The Record Office for Leicestershire, Leicester and Rutland, Long Street, Wigston

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Magna, Leicester, Leicestershire, LE18 2AH: Walter E James & son, painter anddecorator, Leicester: corresp, financial records and ephemera (DE6457).Tyne and Wear Archives Service, Blandford House, Blandford Square, NewcastleUpon Tyne, NE1 4JA: J & W Lowry Ltd, builders and contractors, Newcastle uponTyne (addnl): cash books, private journal and ledger, file rel to renovation ofBlackfriars, with Lowry family papers (DS.JWL).

CHEMICAL INDUSTRIESCheshire and Chester Archives and Local Studies, Duke Street, Chester, Cheshire, CH11RL: Herbert Levinstein, director of Murgatroyd’s Salt & Chemical Co Ltd, Elworth:files and papers 1939-50 (DMU); Spring Water Dyeworks, Romiley, GreaterManchester: inventory and valuation, incl description of plant and machinery 1914 (D6517); Colin Lynch collection: note of boat costs, brine levels, copy crew list ofprivateer and salt works papers from the Nantwich area 19th-20th cent (D 6484).National Railway Museum Library and Archives, Leeman Road, York, NorthYorkshire, YO26 4XJ: Denton & Jutsum, paint and varnish manufacturers, London:sales ledger (microfilm) 1854-57 (2003-9295).Plymouth and West Devon Record Office, Unit 3, Clare Place, Plymouth,Devon, PL4 0JW: Burnard & Alger Limited, chemical manufacturer, Plymouth: plans1886-1917 (Acc 2846).Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Archive Service: Stoke-on-Trent City Archives,Hanley Library, Bethesda Street, Hanley, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST1 3RS:Records of companies formerly part of the Cookson Group, colour manufacturers,latterly part of Johnson Matthey plc 19th-20th cent (SD1290).Surrey History Centre, 130 Goldsworth Road, Woking, Surrey, GU21 6ND: WilliamHarland & Son, varnish, Japan and fine colour makers, Merton: pattern book ofmonograms and heraldic designs for carriages 1893 (7345).West Yorkshire Archive Service, Kirklees Central Library, Princess Alexandra Walk,Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 2SU: Holliday Dyes and Chemicals Ltd,Huddersfield: process and employee records, corresp and plans 19th-20th cent.

COOPERATIVE SOCIETIESJersey Archive, Clarence Road, St Helier, Jersey, JE2 4JY: Co-operative Society Ltd(Channel Islands): minutes, rules and regulations 1919-2000 (JA/769).Lancashire Record Office, Bow Lane, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2RE: BarnoldswickCo-operative Industrial Society Ltd: minutes 1939-70 (DDX 1863 acc 9358); Co-operative Retail Services Ltd, North East Lancashire branch: minutes 1964-69 (DDX1863 acc 9358); Haslingden Industrial Co-operative Society Ltd: loan capital ledger1949-64 (DDX 1863 acc 9358); Nelson Co-operative and Industrial Society Ltd:minutes, reports and accounts 1861-1949 (DDX 1863 acc 9345); Pendle Co-operativeSociety Ltd: minutes 1968-71 (DDX 1863 acc 9358).North Lanarkshire Archives, 10 Kelvin Road, Lenziemill, Cumbernauld,Lanarkshire, G67 2BA: Kilsyth Co-operative Society Ltd: accounts (U123).

ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIESDoncaster Archives Department, King Edward Road, Balby, Doncaster, South

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Yorkshire, DN4 0NA: Crompton Parkinson Ltd, light bulb manufacturer, Doncaster:house journal 1949-67 (DZ/MD/684).Dundee University Archives, Tower Building, Dundee, Angus, DD1 4HN: Bonar, Long& Co Ltd, electrical transformer manufacturers, Dundee: records incl minutes,registers, financial records and corresp (2003/96, 101).Essex Record Office, Wharf Road, Chelmsford, Essex, CM2 6YT: English ElectricValve Co, Chelmsford (addnl): misc records c1940-90 (D/F 103 addl).National Museums Liverpool, Maritime Archives and Library, Merseyside MaritimeMusem, Albert Dock, Liverpool, Lancashire, L3 4AQ: John Giblin, metallurgist atBritish Insulated Callender Cables plc: research and business papers fl 1943-99(BICC).Northumberland Record Office, Melton Park, North Gosforth, Newcastle Upon Tyne,NE3 5QX: Northern Electric (addnl): stock and share registers 1928-32 (NRO 6063).Science Museum Library, Imperial College Road, London, SW7 5NH: British VacuumCleaner Co Ltd: photograph album, incl photos of early appliances and factory (MS699).Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Archive Service: Lichfield Record Office, LichfieldLibrary, The Friary, Lichfield, Staffordshire, WS136QG: J Hindle & Co, insulationengineers, Burton-upon-Trent: financial records, incl personal financial records ofJames Hindle 1919-63 (388).Tyne and Wear Archives Service, Blandford House, Blandford Square, NewcastleUpon Tyne, NE1 4JA: Falconar, Cross & Co Ltd, electrical contractors, Newcastleupon Tyne: balance sheets, accounts, financial corresp 1960-70 (DT.FC).West Sussex Record Office, Sherburne House, 3 Orchard Street, Chichester, WestSussex: Lec Refrigeration plc, Bognor Regis (addnl): records c1945-55 (Acc. 13111).

EMPLOYERS, TRADE AND BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONSBarnsley Archive and Local Studies Department, Central Library, Shambles Street,Barnsley, South Yorkshire, S70 2JF: Barnsley Chamber of Commerce (addnl):records rel to Barnsley railways 1845-1980 (A/1178/G).Bristol Record Office, ‘B’ Bond Warehouse, Smeaton Road, Bristol,Gloucestershire,BS1 6XN: Bristol Corn and Feed Trade Association: minutes, accounts, corresp andpapers 1889-1997 (42217); Bristol Grain Importers Defence Association (addnl):minutes, accounts, corresp and papers 1904-97 (42217).Cheshire and Chester Archives and Local Studies, Duke Street, Chester, Cheshire,CH1 1RL: Mercers, Ironmongers, Grocers and Apothecaries Company, Chester:records incl charter, company books, admission books, court case papers rel todispute with Drapers Company, corresp and Apothecary’s text book 1604-1999 (ZG16); Various Macclesfield Silk and Textile Trade Associations: records incl minutes,financial papers and Trade Union agreements 19th-20th cent (D 6601).Cumbria Record Office and Local Studies Library, Barrow, 140 Duke Street,Barrow-in-Furness, Lancashire, LA14 1XW: Furness Business Initiative, Barrow:reports and corresp files 1983-91 (BDSo 103).Cumbria Record Office, Carlisle Headquarters, The Castle, Carlisle,Cumberland,CA3 8UR: Penrith Tradesmens Association: minutes, corresp 1903-09 (DSO 225).Guildhall Library, Aldermanbury, London, Greater London, EC2P 2EJ: London

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Armourers and Brasiers Company (addnl): records incl minutes, accounts,inventories and photographs c1710-1970 (Acc 2003/052).Glasgow University Archive Services, 13 Thurso Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, G116PE: Scottish Furniture Manufacturers’ Association, Glasgow: minutes 1890-1992 (Accn2469).Oldham Local Studies & Archives, 84 Union Street, Oldham, Greater Manchester, OL11DN: Oldham Chamber of Commerce (addnl): Senior Chamber minutes 1951-59 (Acc2003-018); Oldham and Rochdale Textile Employers Association (addnl): records inclattendance book 1915-2000 (Acc 2003-011); Oldham and Rochdale Textile EmployersAssociation (addnl): records incl survey of mills c1900-49 (Acc 2003-019).Surrey History Centre, 130 Goldsworth Road, Woking, Surrey, GU21 6ND: WokingChamber of Trade and Commerce: minutes and other records 1898-1998 (7462).The Record Office for Leicestershire, Leicester and Rutland, Long Street, WigstonMagna, Leicester, Leicestershire, LE18 2AH: Leicester and County Chamber ofCommerce: post-war reconstruction committee papers (DE6450).Victoria & Albert Museum, Archive of Art and Design, 23 Blythe Road, London,W14 0QX: Design and Industries Association (addnl): records 1924-99(AAD/2003/5).Warwick University: Modern Records Centre, University Library, Coventry,Warwickshire, CV4 7AL: Institute of Business Process Re-engineering: minutes,corresp and papers 1993-2000 (MS.465).West Yorkshire Archive Service, Bradford, 15 Canal Road, Bradford, WestYorkshire, BD1 4AT: Bradford Chamber of Commerce (addnl): records 1919-65.

ENGINEERING AND MACHINE MAKINGBolton Archive and Local Studies Service, Central Library Civic Centre, Le MansCrescent, Bolton, Greater Manchester, BL1 1SE: Hick, Hargreaves & Co Ltd,engineers and millwrights (addnl): records (ZHH); SJ Sutton Engineering Co, Bolton:records c1869-1975 (ZSU).Cheshire and Chester Archives and Local Studies, Duke Street, Chester, Cheshire, CH11RL: British Wedge Wire Co Ltd, mechanical handling plant, Warrington: minutes andregisters of members 1921-56 (D 6457).Derbyshire Record Office, New Street, Matlock, Derbyshire, DE4 3AG: Markham &Co Ltd, steam engine and colliery equipment manufacturers, Chesterfield (addnl):minutes 1889-1985 (D5898).Essex Record Office, Colchester and North-East Essex Branch, Stanwell House,Stanwell Street, Colchester, Essex, CO2 7DL: Davey, Paxman & Co Ltd, boiler makersand diesel engine builders, Colchester (addnl): letter books and other records 1883-1917 (D/F 23 addl).Glasgow University Archive Services, 13 Thurso Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, G116PE: Kelvin Diesels Ltd, marine engine manufacturers, Glasgow (addnl): brochures,drawings and photographs incl associated companies 1933-77 (UGD366).Gloucestershire Record Office, Clarence Row off Alvin Street, Gloucester,Gloucestershire, GL1 3DW: Platt & Fielding Ltd, engineers, Gloucester (addnl):minutes, order books and papers 1920-2000 (D 7338).Institution of Mechanical Engineers Library, 1 Bird Cage Walk, London, SW1H 9JJ: D

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Napier & Son Ltd, motor car and aircraft engine manufacturers, Acton (addnl): papers,mainly engineering drawings and technical reports 1948-67 (Acc 1020).Lancashire Record Office, Bow Lane, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2RE: Baxi Partnership,boiler and heating appliance manufacturers, Bamber Bridge, Lancashire: records inclminutes, accounts, plans and reports c1962-99 (DDBAX acc 9275, 9335); HattersleyNewman Hender Ltd, engineering works, Ormskirk: records incl corresp, accounts andreceipts for war bonds c1890-1999 (DDX 2404 acc 9416).Liverpool Record Office, City Libraries, William Brown Street, Liverpool, Lancashire,L3 8EW: James Buchanan & Sons, engineers: records incl plans c1900-79 (Acc 5814);William Tatham Ltd, cotton waste machinery manufacturers, Rochdale: records c1950-69 (DDX 1468 acc 9443).National Museums Liverpool, Maritime Archives and Library, Merseyside MaritimeMusem, Albert Dock, Liverpool, Lancashire, L3 4AQ: Roby & Utley Ltd,brassfounders and ships’ sidelight mfrs, Rainhill: day books and family buildingaccounts 1900-51 (mmm.2003.172).Norfolk Record Office, The Archive Centre, Martineau Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, NR12DQ: William Bassham, wheelwright, Alpington: accounts 1862-87 (ACC 2003/105);Cooper Roller Bearings Co Ltd, King’s Lynn: engineering drawings 20th cent (ACC2003/100); Alfred Dodman & Co, marine and mechanical engineers, King’s Lynn:accounts and drawings 1879-1971 (ACC 2003/74).Northamptonshire Record Office, Wootton Hall Park, Northampton,Northamptonshire, NN4 8BQ: Dix and Sons Ltd, engineers and machinery merchants,Kettering: accounts c1948-88.North Lanarkshire Archives, 10 Kelvin Road, Lenziemill, Cumbernauld,Lanarkshire, G67 2BA: Anderson, Boyes & Co Ltd, electrical and mining machinerymanufacturers, Motherwell (addnl): administrative records, patents, parts lists, machinebooks, corresp, drawings (U110); Anderson Brothers (Engineers) Ltd, Coatbridge:records; Lamberton & Co Ltd, general engineers, Coatbridge: job books, drawings,photographs.Oldham Local Studies & Archives, 84 Union Street, Oldham, Greater Manchester, OL11DN: Platt Brothers & Co Ltd, machinery manufacturers, Werneth works: departmentforeman’s book 1896-1936 (Acc 2003-027).Suffolk Record Office, Ipswich Branch, Gatacre Road, Ipswich, Suffolk, IP1 2LQ:Ransomes & Rapier Ltd, railway plant, crane and excavator manufacturers, Ipswich(addnl): order books 1899-1965 (HC 427).Suffolk Record Office, Lowestoft Branch, Central Library, Clapham Road,Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR32 1DR: JW Leggett Ltd, engineers and haulage contractors,Beccles: records 1945-70 (Acc 1510).Surrey History Centre, 130 Goldsworth Road, Woking, Surrey, GU21 6ND:Drummond Brothers Ltd, lathe and machine tool makers, Guildford (addnl): recordsincl production records, handbooks and photographs 20th cent (7449).Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, Bancroft Library, 277 Bancroft Road, London, E1 4DQ: Caird & Rayner Ltd, engineers andcoppersmiths, Limehouse: records c1929-61 (B/CAR).Wolverhampton Archives and Local Studies, 42-50 Snow Hill, Wolverhampton,Staffordshire, WV2 4AG: Joshua Bigford & Son Ltd, engineers, Wolverhampton: plant

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register c1930-49 (DX-879).

FAMILY BUSINESS PAPERSGwynedd Archives, Caernarfon Record Office, Victoria Dock, Caernarfon,Caernarfonshire, LL55 1SH: Hendregaerog family of Caernarfon: business records andpersonal papers (XD 128).Norfolk Record Office, The Archive Centre, Martineau Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, NR12DQ: Aylsham Collection (addnl): deeds and papers, incl Meyton Hall in Frettenhammanor court minutes 1762-1825, Doughty of Hanworth family papers mainly 19th centand corresp of William Repton, solicitor, Aylsham 19th cent 13th-20th cent (ACC2002/263, ACC 2003/103).Surrey History Centre, 130 Goldsworth Road, Woking, Surrey, GU21 6ND: Mellershfamily of Godalming: deeds and papers, incl some rel to Mellersh & Co, bank c1571-1941 (7473).

FOOD AND FOOD PROCESSINGAberdeen University, Special Libraries and Archives, DISS, Historic Collections,King`s College, Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, AB24 3SW: Robert Lawson & Sons (Dyce)Ltd, bacon curers: records of Parkhill Estate and Farm, and of Robert Lawson, director1955-77 (MS 3732).Dundee City Archives, 1 Shore Terrace, Dundee, Angus, DD1 3BY: James Keiller &Son, confectioners, Dundee (addnl): copy letter book of William and Alexander Keiller1862-68.Edinburgh City Archives, Department of Corporate Services, City Chambers, HighStreet, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH1 1YJ: Dhamai Tea Co Ltd, tea planters, Edinburgh:annual reports and accounts 1895-1936 (Acc 638).Glasgow University Archive Services, 13 Thurso Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, G116PE: Macfie family, sugar refiners, Liverpool, Edinburgh and Greenock: corresp rel toextraction of sugar from beet (transferred from Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) 1836-41(DC 120).Joint Archive Service of the Corporation of London: London Metropolitan Archives,40 Northampton Road, London, Greater London, EC1R 0HB: Crosse & Blackwell Ltd,preserved provisions manufacturers: legal, financial, production and administrativerecords 1830-1991 (B03/065).Norfolk Record Office, The Archive Centre, Martineau Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, NR12DQ:H & J Moore, bakers, Fakenham: accounts 1898-1922, with a FakenhamProvidence Society account book 1795-1850 (ACC 2002/243, ACC 2003/63); OuseTraders Ltd, pickle manufacturers, King’s Lynn: accounts 1932-40 (ACC 2003/95).Plymouth and West Devon Record Office, Unit 3, Clare Place, Plymouth,Devon, PL4 0JW: Plymouth Gin Distillery: records 1668-1896 (Acc 2919).Wolverhampton Archives and Local Studies, 42-50 Snow Hill, Wolverhampton,Staffordshire, WV2 4AG: JN Miller Ltd, flour millers, Wolverhampton: financial andother papers 19th-20th cent (DX-860).York University: Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, St Anthony’s Hall,Peasholme Green, York, North Yorkshire, YO1 7PW: Rowntree Mackintosh plc,

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confectionery manufacturers (addnl): specimen books, stock code register, papers andpaintings 1920-96.

FUNERAL DIRECTORS AND UNDERTAKERSDevon Record Office, Castle Street, Exeter, Devon, EX4 3PU: Torquay Cemetery Co(addnl): share certificates and corresp 1852-1967 (4241 add 3).East Sussex Record Office, The Maltings, Castle Precincts, Lewes, East Sussex, BN71YT: H Goldberg, funeral directors, Brighton: records 1931-2000 (ACC 8861).Essex Record Office, Wharf Road, Chelmsford, Essex, CM2 6YT: Baker & Sons,builders and undertakers, Danbury: records 1878-1977 (D/F 268).Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Records Office, The Shakespeare Centre, Henley Street,Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, CV37 6QW: Albert Ernest Bennett, undertaker,Stratford-upon-Avon: deeds to premises and ledger of customers accounts 1669-1950(DR 1100).Southampton Archives Office, South Block Civic Centre, Southampton, Hampshire,SO14 7LY: F & E Beeston, funeral directors, Southampton (addnl): records incl orderbooks, ledgers and funeral account books 1906-92.

FURNITURENorthamptonshire Record Office, Wootton Hall Park, Northampton,Northamptonshire, NN4 8BQ: AE Perrin and sons, antique furniture dealers,Northampton: papers 1839-1924.

GASEast Riding of Yorkshire Archives and Records Service, The Chapel, Lord RobertsRoad, Beverley, East Yorkshire: Howden Gas Co: directors’ reports and balance sheets1937-39 (Acc 4852).Lancashire Record Office, Bow Lane, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2RE: Nelson Gas Co,Lancashire (addnl): minutes 1860-66 (MBNE acc 9358)

GLASS AND EARTHENWAREBristol Record Office, ‘B’ Bond Warehouse, Smeaton Road, Bristol, Gloucestershire,BS1 6XN: John Hall & Sons (Bristol & London) Ltd, looking glass manufacturers,glass merchants, paint manufacturers (addnl): records 1788-1988 (42252).

HOTELSCheshire and Chester Archives and Local Studies, Duke Street, Chester, Cheshire, CH11RL: Alma Lodge Hotel, Stockport: minutes and other records c1900-99 (D 6481).Glamorgan Record Office, Glamorgan Building, King Edward VII Avenue,Cathays Park, Cardiff, Glamorgan, CF10 3NE: Cardiff Hotels Co Ltd: minutes, registerof members and architectural drawings 1898-1974 (D177).

IRON, STEEL AND METAL TRADESBolton Archive and Local Studies Service, Central Library Civic Centre, Le MansCrescent, Bolton, Greater Manchester, BL1 1SE: W Marsden & Sons, brassfoundersand fitters, Bolton: records c1869-1975 (ZSU); George Taylor Ltd, brassfounders,

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Bolton: records c1869-1975 (ZSU).Canterbury Cathedral Archives, The Precincts, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 2EH: Ickhamforge: accounts c1915-39 (U431).Cheshire and Chester Archives and Local Studies, Duke Street, Chester, Cheshire, CH11RL: N Greening & Sons Ltd, wire manufacturers, Warrington: records incl wagebooks, minutes, accounts, letter books, articles of association, share registers, ledgers,journals and records of subsidiary companies c1845-1974 (D 6457).Derbyshire Record Office, New Street, Matlock, Derbyshire, DE4 3AG: DSFRefractories and Minerals Ltd, Friden: records incl accounts and minutes c1900-90(D2993).Essex Record Office, Wharf Road, Chelmsford, Essex, CM2 6YT: Maldon IronworksCo Ltd (addnl): debentures book 1903 and letter book 1951 (D/F 11 addl).Flintshire Record Office, The Old Rectory, Hawarden, Flintshire: CH5 3NR MessrsJohn Gladstone & Co, Liverpool, ironfounders, ship and anchor smiths: corresp rel tocompany’s estates in West Indies 1838-42 (D/DM/1501).Glamorgan Record Office, Glamorgan Building, King Edward VII Avenue,Cathays Park, Cardiff, Glamorgan, CF10 3NE: Brown, Lenox & Co Ltd, chainmanufacturers, Pontypridd (addnl): plans and drawings 20th cent (D179).Glasgow University Archive Services, 13 Thurso Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, G116PE: John McKellar, brass founder, Dumfries: personal and business papers 1891-1969(Accn 2392).Walsall Local History Centre, Essex Street, Walsall, Staffordshire, WS2 7AS: RHodson & Son, lockmakers, Willenhall: misc papers, incl corresp, bank statements andmoney order counterfoils 1925-67 (Acc 1131); Walsall Glue Co: statement of accounts1876 (Acc 1151).Wolverhampton Archives and Local Studies, 42-50 Snow Hill, Wolverhampton,Staffordshire, WV2 4AG: JA Bratt & Sons, tinplate workers, Wolverhampton: minutes19th-20th cent (DX-921); Fellows Chamberlin Ltd, enamelled hollow-waremanufacturers, Barry Dock: records, incl financial papers 20th cent (DX-922); SJ & EFellows Ltd, hollow-ware manufacturers, Wolverhampton: deeds, agreements,production, sales, financial and other records c1864-1989 (DX-908); Thomas Squire &Co Ltd, lock makers, Wednesfield: articles of association, balance sheets, plans andother financial papers 1894-1969 (DX-918).

LEATHER AND FOOTWEARDerbyshire Record Office, New Street, Matlock, Derbyshire, DE4 3AG: BenjaminDurden, cobbler, Winster (addnl): accounts 1845-47 (D5785).Hammersmith and Fulham Archives and Local History Centre, The Lilla Huset, 191Talgarth Road, London, Greater London, W6 8BJ: Gillingham & Co, shoemakers andretailers, Fulham: records of sales, wages, stock and accounts 1922-91 (A2003/1).Lancashire Record Office, Bow Lane, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2RE: Marchwell WoodHeel Co, Burnley: directors minutes 1934-46 (DDX 1468 acc 9456).Northamptonshire Record Office, Wootton Hall Park, Northampton, Northamptonshire,NN4 8BQ: GT Hawkins Ltd, shoe manufacturers, Northampton: records incl minutes,accounts and papers c1885-1992.The Record Office for Leicestershire, Leicester and Rutland, Long Street, Wigston

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Magna, Leicester, Leicestershire, LE18 2AH: Rowell & Sons, livery bootmakers, MeltonMowbray: boot measurement books, with ephemera, photographs 1899-1924 (DE6345).

LEISURE, RECREATION AND ARTEssex Record Office, Southend Branch, Central Library, Victoria Avenue, Southend-on-Sea, Essex, SS2 6EX: Southend Pier Co Ltd: copies of resolutions, mortgages andlegal papers 1833-46 (A/MP).Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Archive Service: Staffordshire Record Office,Eastgate Street, Stafford, Staffordshire, ST16 2LZ: Stafford Entertainments Ltd,cinema proprietors: minutes 1930-95 (D6216).The Record Office for Leicestershire, Leicester and Rutland, Long Street, WigstonMagna, Leicester, Leicestershire, LE18 2AH: Graham Johnson Dance Band: financialrecords and corresp (DE6433).Theatre Museum, 1E Tavistock Street, London,WC2E 7PA: Bernard Delfont Ltd,theatrical producers: records incl production files, photographs and architecturaldrawings rel to shows produced (THM/300); Howard & Wyndham Ltd, theatreproprietors: head office records incl accounts, illustrated ledgers and scripts c1930-64(RF2003/1128).Worcestershire Record Office, County Hall Branch, County Hall, Spetchley Road,Worcester, Worcestershire, WR5 2NP: Swan Theatre, Worcester: records c1960-2003(Acc 13734).

MERCHANTSDerbyshire Record Office, New Street, Matlock, Derbyshire, DE4 3AG: George Huntof Bakewell, merchant: accounts and papers (D504/132).Dumfries and Galloway Archives, Archive Centre, 33 Burns Street, Dumfries,Dumfriesshire, DG1 2PS: Liverpool merchant: letter book 1737 (GGD527).Glasgow University Archive Services, 13 Thurso Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, G116PE: Joseph Outram, merchant and speculator: accounts (transferred from the Bank ofScotland Archives) 1824-30 (Accn 2500).Liverpool Record Office, City Libraries, William Brown Street, Liverpool, Lancashire,L3 8EW: Edward Chaffer, merchant connected to the slave trade, Liverpool: papers inclcorresp, accounts c1700-99 (Acc 5712).Trinity College Dublin, College Street, Dublin, County Dublin, 2, Republic Of Ireland:Irish merchant (unidentified): accounts, incl details of accounts with firms in Irelandand Britain, and names of ships transporting goods 1852-68 (TCD MS 11202).

MININGCarmarthenshire Archive Service, Parc Myrddin, Richmond Terrace, Carmarthen,Carmarthenshire, SA31 1DS: Achddu Colliery: corresp, accounts and scrap booksc1750-1950 (7694).Derbyshire Record Office, New Street, Matlock, Derbyshire, DE4 3AG: Butterley CoLtd, colliery owners, iron founders, mechanical engineers and brick manufacturers,Ripley (addnl): records incl ledgers 19th-20th cent (D5974); Darley Dale Stone Co Ltd:minutes and corresp 1861-1946 (D504/119/5); Monsal Dale Mines and Quarries Ltd:records incl plans and corresp 1912-26 (D504/110/4 and D504/110/9); Odin mine,

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Castleton: papers and plans of Foolow pasture c1669-1715 (D5912); Sheepbridge Coal& Iron Co, Chesterfield (addnl): plan and survey records 1868-69 (D5818); StancliffeEstates Co Ltd, stone quarries, Darley Dale (addnl): records incl accounts and minutes1896-1949 (D504/118-120); Staveley Coal & Iron Co Ltd (addnl): register 1899-1910(D5914); Swanwick Colliery Co (addnl): records 1888-1930 (D6112).Durham County Record Office, County Hall, Durham, DH1 5UL: Consett Iron Co Ltd,colliery and limestone quarry owners, iron and steel manufacturers (addnl): records.Lancashire Record Office, Bow Lane, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2RE: Hulton CollieryCo Ltd (addnl): plans of coal mines in Over Hulton 19th cent (DDHU acc 9350); InceHall Moss Colliery, Lancashire: plans c1867-1939 (DP 499 acc 9432); Old MeadowsPit, Rossendale: colliers wages books 1929-47 (DDX 1468 acc 9443).National Library of Scotland, Manuscript Collections, George IV Bridge, Edinburgh,Midlothian, EH1 1EW: James Gentleman, merchant, Edinburgh: business and legalpapers, mostly rel to his shipping interests 1838-56 (Acc.12184).Oxfordshire Record Office, St Luke’s Church, Temple Road, Cowley, Oxford,Oxfordshire, OX4 2EX: Oxfordshire Ironstone Co Ltd: records 1916-73 (Acc 5125).

MOTOR CAR AND RELATED INDUSTRIESCumbria Record Office, Carlisle Headquarters, The Castle, Carlisle,Cumberland, CA38UR: Moore’s Garage, Carlisle: records incl accounts, corresp 1920-57 (DB 147).Plymouth and West Devon Record Office, Unit 3, Clare Place, Plymouth,Devon, PL4 0JW: Tecalamit Ltd, automobile part manufacturer, Plymouth: accountsand papers 1953-92 (Acc 2856).Warwickshire County Record Office, Priory Park, Cape Road, Warwick, CV34 4JS:Automotive Products Ltd, Leamington Spa: list of directors and their salaries 1965(CR3836).

PAPERBolton Archive and Local Studies Service, Central Library Civic Centre, Le MansCrescent, Bolton, Greater Manchester, BL1 1SE: Robert Fletcher & Son Ltd, papermanufacturers, Stoneclough, Manchester: personal and financial records, minutes of theMachine Beater men’s sick club and other records 1892-1970 (ZFT).Bury Archive Service, 1st Floor, The Derby Hall Annexe, Edwin Street (off CromptonStreet), Bury, Greater Manchester, BL9 0AS: East Lancashire Paper Mill Co Ltd:machinery plans 19th-20th cent (BEL).Gloucestershire Record Office, Clarence Row off Alvin Street, Gloucester,Gloucestershire, GL1 3DW: Hollingsworth & Vose, paper makers, Winchcombe: salesledgers, wage books, reports and papers 1866-1972 (D 1005).

PHARMACEUTICALS AND MEDICINEGlasgow University Archive Services, 13 Thurso Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, G116PE: McGeachy & Macfarlane, manufacturing chemists, Glasgow: business corresp1853-95 (Accn 2422).Gwent Record Office, County Hall, Cwmbran, Monmouthshire, NP44 2XH: DixChemists, Pontypool: prescription and cash books and bills 1878-1915.Hertfordshire Archives and Local Studies, County Hall, Hertford, Hertfordshire, SG13

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8DE: JR Stevenson, chemist, Harpenden: prescription books and poison registers 1896-1954 (Acc 3992).Lancashire Record Office, Bow Lane, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2RE: The Foxton Dispensary, Blackpool: records incl legal papers 1878-1970 (DDX 2421 acc9511).Norfolk Record Office, The Archive Centre, Martineau Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, NR1 2DQ: Allen & Neale (Chemists) Ltd, King’s Lynn: prescription books late 19thcent-1955 (ACC 2003/81); Diss (Mount Street) General Medical Practice (addnl):records 1870-1972 (ACC 2003/142).Suffolk Record Office, Bury St Edmunds Branch, Raingate Street, Bury St Edmunds,Suffolk, IP33 2AR: Bush, Boake, Allen (formerly Allen, Stafford & Sons Ltd), drugmillers and manufacturing chemists, Long Melford: records 1883-2002 (HC 568).The Record Office for Leicestershire, Leicester and Rutland, Long Street, WigstonMagna, Leicester, Leicestershire, LE18 2AH: Dr Good’s Surgery, Somerby: practicerecords incl misc accounts and corresp c1950-69 (DE6383).Wandsworth Local History Service Library, Battersea Library, 265 Lavender Hill,London, SW11 1JB: Boots Co Ltd, pharmaceuticals manufacturers and retailers,Putney: prescription books and poisons registers c1908-80; Hopkin & Williams Ltd,manufacturing chemists, Wandsworth: records rel to working costs and analytical testsc1931.Wellcome Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine, Archives andManuscripts Section, 183 Euston Road, London, Greater London, NW1 2BE:GlaxoSmithKline, pharmaceutical manufacturers (addnl): records, incl minutes, imagesand records of Coopers McDougal & Robertson, veterinary subsidiary company c1860-1992 (WF 350).

PUBLISHING AND PRINTINGGuildhall Library, Aldermanbury, London, Greater London, EC2P 2EJ: Butterworth &Co (Publishers) Ltd, London (addnl): records incl publication catalogues c1777-1995(Acc 2003/096).Lancashire Record Office, Bow Lane, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2RE: Nelson Gas Co,Lancashire (addnl): minutes 1860-66 (MBNE acc 9358) Joshua Duckworth, printer andbookbinder, Colne: records 1888-1913 (DDX 752 acc 9281).London Metropolitan University: The Women’s Library, Old Castle Street, London, E17NT: The Women’s Press (addnl): records, incl corresp and editorial files c1980-2003(6/TWP).National Library of Scotland, Manuscript Collections, George IV Bridge, Edinburgh,Midlothian, EH1 1EW: William Blackwood, publisher (addnl): letters 1810-26(Acc.12243); George Waterston & Sons Ltd, printers, stationers and sealing waxmanufacturers, Edinburgh: business and family records 1752-2002 (Acc.12235).Norfolk Record Office, The Archive Centre, Martineau Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, NR12DQ: Jeremiah James Colman of Norwich: business papers rel to the East AnglianDaily Times c1875-1900 (ACC 2003/46); RH Bolton & Co Ltd, printers and stationers,King’s Lynn: accounts 1898-1961 (ACC 2003/75).Reading University Library, PO Box 223, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, RG66AE: Leo Cooper, publisher: records incl corresp, MSS and proofs; A & C Black Ltd,

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publishers, Edinburgh: corresp files, ledgers, agreements and press cuttings, incl somefor subsidiary firms c1890-1980; Merlin Press, publishers, London: publishing corresp,reviews, publicity material and balance sheets 1956-99.West Sussex Record Office, Sherburne House, 3 Orchard Street, Chichester, WestSussex: Chaffer & Son, printers, Chichester: records c1936-94 (Acc. 130123).

RETAILCambridge University Library, Department of Manuscripts and University Archives,West Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB3 9DR: Booth, booksellers, of DukeStreet, London: papers c18th-19th cent (MS Add. 9650).Carmarthenshire Archive Service, Parc Myrddin, Richmond Terrace, Carmarthen,Carmarthenshire, SA31 1DS: Cwmdu post office and shop, Carmarthen: day books,bills, receipts and misc records 19th - 20th cent (7697); Anonymous butcher: accountsc1880-89 (7666).City of Westminster Archives Centre, 10 St Ann’s Street, London, SW1P 2DE: Libertyplc, drapers, department store, London (addnl): material concerning takeover, cuttings,promotional material, slides 1984-2002 (Acc 2345).East Sussex Record Office, The Maltings, Castle Precincts, Lewes, East Sussex, BN71YT: J & E Olliver, newsagents, Lewes: order books c1930-39 (ACC 8721).Flintshire Record Office, The Old Rectory, Hawarden, Flintshire, CH5 3NR: TomLloyd Roberts, antiquarian bookseller (addnl): papers rel to Caerwys, copies of MSSrel to Thomas Salusbury and lists and catalogues of Tom Roberts antiquarian bookseller1886-1990 (D/LR).Glasgow University Archive Services, 13 Thurso Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, G116PE: Fazzi Bros Ltd, grocers and wine merchants, Glasgow: minutes and financialrecords c1924-99 (Accn 2329).Jersey Archive, Clarence Road, St Helier, Jersey, JE2 4JY: A De Gruchy & CompanyLtd, bookseller, St Helier: corresp and papers, accounts and plans 1815-1990 (JA/796).Norfolk Record Office, The Archive Centre, Martineau Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, NR12DQ: Plowright, Pratt & Harbage, ironmongers, King’s Lynn (addnl): accounts andscrapbooks 1933-81 (ACC 2003/85).Northamptonshire Record Office, Wootton Hall Park, Northampton,Northamptonshire, NN4 8BQ: WH Johnson, sports outfitter and furnishing ironmonger,Northampton: accounts 1925-59.Northumberland Record Office, Melton Park, North Gosforth, Newcastle Upon Tyne,NE3 5QX: H Carr & Sons, grocers and general merchants, Blanchland: accounts 1929-66 (NRO 6074).Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Records Office, The Shakespeare Centre, Henley Street,Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, CV37 6QW: Charles Freeman, grocer, Stratford-upon-Avon: bills 1866-69 (DR 1120); Thomas Morris, grocer, Stratford-upon-Avon:bills and day book c1880-89 (DR 1120); A Lacey & Son, ironmongers, Stratford-upon-Avon: accounts and papers 1914-29 (DR 1120); Frederick Winter Ltd, drapers,Stratford-upon-Avon: customer ledger and family papers 1858-1939 (DR 1113).Victoria & Albert Museum, Archive of Art and Design, 23 Blythe Road, London, W140QX: Heal & Son Ltd, Heal’s department store, bedding, quilt and mattressmanufacturers, cabinet makers and upholsterers (addnl): records c1880-1959

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(AAD/2003/2).Wiltshire and Swindon Record Office, Libraries and Heritage HQ, Wiltshire CountyCouncil, Bythesea Road, Trowbridge, Wiltshire, BA14 8BS: Joseph Chapman,shopkeeper, Bratton: accounts 1848-61 (3350).

SHIPPING AND SHIPBUILDINGAberdeen University, Special Libraries and Archives, DISS, Historic Collections,King`s College, Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, AB24 3SW: P & O Scottish Ferries,previously North of Scotland, Orkney & Shetland Shipping Co Ltd (addnl): records1870-2000 (MS 3696).Essex Record Office, Wharf Road, Chelmsford, Essex, CM2 6YT: Arthur G Taylor &Son, sail makers and chandlers, Maldon: records 1906-61 (D/F 266).Glasgow University Archive Services, 13 Thurso Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, G116PE: Ailsa Shipbuilding Co Ltd, Troon (addnl): technical records 1876-1989 (GD400);John Brown & Co (Clydebank) Ltd, shipbuilders (addnl): ship costing records andbalance sheets 1905-49 (Accn 2379); Monarch Steamship Co Ltd, Glasgow: minutes,letter books, financial records, voyage books 1896-1969 (Accn 2463).National Museums Liverpool, Maritime Archives and Library, Merseyside MaritimeMusem, Albert Dock, Liverpool, Lancashire, L3 4AQ: Arthur David Maddocks,superintendent engineer, Alexandra Towing Co Ltd, Liverpool: papers, incl his inventionof the ‘Alexandra’ Towing Hook fl 1947 (D/MDK); Norse Irish Ferries Co Ltd: cargorecords, incl consignment notes, passenger list and hazardous cargo list 2001-02(DX/2091); Ocean Steam Ship Co Ltd (Blue Funnel Line) (addnl): log books (DX/2067).

SOLICITORSAberdeen University, Special Libraries and Archives, DISS, Historic Collections,King`s College, Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, AB24 3SW: Ledingham Chalmers,solicitors, Aberdeen (addnl): clients’ papers 18th cent-20th cent (MS 3713).Cheshire and Chester Archives and Local Studies, Duke Street, Chester, Cheshire, CH11RL: Charles Green of Runcorn, solicitor: papers 1837-77 (D 6552).East Sussex Record Office, The Maltings, Castle Precincts, Lewes, East Sussex, BN71YT: Champions, solicitors, Eastbourne: records c1860-1920 (ACC 8859); MorganCole, solicitors, Brighton: records 19th-20th cent (ACC 8800).Essex Record Office, Wharf Road, Chelmsford, Essex, CM2 6YT: Copland & Sons,solicitors, Chelmsford (addnl): records 1839-1960 (D/DDw addl).Glamorgan Record Office, Glamorgan Building, King Edward VII Avenue,Cathays Park, Cardiff, Glamorgan, CF10 3NE: Sidney GR Hamblen, solicitor, Cardiff:personal and professional papers 1894-1972 (D218); Gwyn & Gwyn, solicitors,Cowbridge (addnl): papers c1790-1959 (DGG).Gloucestershire Record Office, Clarence Row off Alvin Street, Gloucester,Gloucestershire, GL1 3DW: Francillon & Willott, solicitors, Dursley (addnl): bill books1852-1916 (D 9469).Guildhall Library, Aldermanbury, London, Greater London, EC2P 2EJ: Clayton,Morris & Co, scriveners, merchant bankers and estate agents, London (addnl): corresp1671-73 (Acc 2003/004, 020, 053); John Newton & Sons, scriveners and notaries,

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London: memorandum book 1810-37 Acc 2003/051).Gwent Record Office, County Hall, Cwmbran, Monmouthshire, NP44 2XH: HardingEvans & David Morris, solicitors, Newport: estate records, maps and practice papersc1500-1999.Norfolk Record Office, The Archive Centre, Martineau Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, NR12DQ: Pomeroy & Son, solicitors, Wymondham (addnl): business records and clients ‘deeds and papers 1776-1957 (ACC 2002/295, 297, 299, ACC 2003/8, 153).

TEXTILES AND CLOTHINGCity of Westminster Archives Centre, 10 St Ann’s Street, London, SW1P 2DE: JaegerHoldings Ltd, clothing manufacturers: publicity material, business corresp, cuttings,photographs and company history 1884-2003 (Acc 2334).Derbyshire Record Office, New Street, Matlock, Derbyshire, DE4 3AG: Goyt MillManufacturing Co, cotton spinners, Whaley Bridge (addnl): records 20th cent (D5897);Leeds Woollen Cloth Co, drapers, Derby (addnl): records incl minutes and accountsc1930-70 (D6044); James Smith & Co Ltd, uniform manufacturers, Derby: records20th cent (D6085).Heriot-Watt University Archives, Corporate Communications Division, Cameron SmailLibrary, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH14 4AS:Edward Gardiner & Sons Ltd, woollen manufacturers, Selkirk (addnl): records (HWUAGS).Hertfordshire Archives and Local Studies, County Hall, Hertford, Hertfordshire, SG138DE: Poulton, tailor, Welwyn: work book 1913-14 (Acc 3961).Lancashire Record Office, Bow Lane, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2RE: Thomas Aitken,cotton manufacturer, Irwell Vale: records 1912-32 (DDX 1468 acc 9443); Harris,Bolton & Co, cotton manufacturers, Colne: records 1903-04 (DDX 752 acc 9281);Leather Cloth Co Ltd, coated fabrics manufacturers, West Ham, London: minutes,accounts and registers of shareholders 1857-1985 (DDX 909 acc 9109); Mitchells,Ashworth, Stansfield & Co Ltd, felt manufacturers, Waterfoot (addnl): records 1904-39(DDX 1468 acc 9443); Rhodeson Ltd, cotton manufacturers, Crawshaw Booth: records1929-50 (DDX 1468 acc 9443).Liverpool Record Office, City Libraries, William Brown Street, Liverpool, Lancashire,L3 8EW: Shaw & Griffin, cotton merchants, Liverpool: accounts, sales and purchaserecords c1900-49 (Acc 5778).Manchester Archives and Local Studies, Central Library, St Peter’s Square,Manchester, M2 5PD: HD Chadwick & Sons, textile merchants, Manchester: records(Acc 2003/45); Walter Kenyon & Co, cotton exporters, Manchester: business recordsand family papers 1919-90 (M696/).Medway Archives and Local Studies Centre, Civic Centre, Strood, Rochester, Kent,ME2 4AU: Bassets solicitors, Gillingham: misc clients’ records c1862-1959 (DE860).West Yorkshire Archive Service, Kirklees Central Library, Princess Alexandra Walk,Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 2SU: Slaithwaite Spinning Co Ltd: records 1876-1939.Norfolk Record Office, The Archive Centre, Martineau Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, NR12DQ: George Goddard, tailor, King’s Lynn: accounts c1928-30 (ACC 2003/96);Catleughs, tailors and outfitters, King’s Lynn: records 1885-1956 (ACC 2003/83);

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Jermyn & Sons Ltd, drapers and furnishers, King’s Lynn: accounts 1921-45 (ACC2003/84).Oldham Local Studies & Archives, 84 Union Street, Oldham, Greater Manchester, OL11DN: Buckley family of Saddleworth: accounts rel to cotton imports 1827 (Acc 2003-015); Albert Mill, Oldham: records incl corresp and invoices c1970-89 (Acc 2003-020); Various mills in the Oldham area: minutes 1873-1960 (Acc 2003-008).The Record Office for Leicestershire, Leicester and Rutland, Long Street, WigstonMagna, Leicester, Leicestershire, LE18 2AH: Atkins Brothers, hosiery manufacturers,Hinckley: records (DE6434).Tyne and Wear Archives Service, Blandford House, Blandford Square, NewcastleUpon Tyne, NE1 4JA: Thomas Young & Sons, linen merchants, Newcastle upon Tyne:records incl ledgers, cash books, accounts, with family papers 1848-1938 (DT.YNG).Wigan Archives Service, Town Hall, Leigh, Greater Manchester, WN7 2DY: Unnamedtailor, Wigan: sales ledger 1874-76 (Acc 4151); Unnamed textiles buyer andwholesaler: ledgers c1820-29 (Acc 4165).Wiltshire and Swindon Record Office, Libraries and Heritage HQ, Wiltshire CountyCouncil, Bythesea Road, Trowbridge, Wiltshire, BA14 8BS: Kemp & Hewitt Ltd,woollen cloth manufacturers, Trowbridge: scrapbooks, order books, pattern book 1935-72 (3370).

TRANSPORTDerbyshire Record Office, New Street, Matlock, Derbyshire, DE4 3AG: MidlandRailway Co, Derby (addnl): plans 19th-20th cent (D5786).Liverpool Record Office, City Libraries, William Brown Street, Liverpool, Lancashire,L3 8EW: Liverpool Overhead Railway Co (addnl): records rel to apprentices 1918-24(Acc 5694).National Museums Liverpool, Maritime Archives and Library, Merseyside MaritimeMusem, Albert Dock, Liverpool, Lancashire, L3 4AQ: Mersey Docks and HarbourBoard: records rel to locomotives 1920-68 (MDHB).Norfolk Record Office, The Archive Centre, Martineau Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, NR12DQ: King’s Lynn Docks & Railway Co (addnl): records 1890-1952 (ACC 2003/77).Powys County Archives Office, County Hall, Llandrindod Wells, Radnorshire, LD15LG: Neath & Brecon Railway Co: corresp 1895-1947 (B/X/126).Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Archive Service: Staffordshire Record Office,Eastgate Street, Stafford, Staffordshire, ST16 2LZ: Cheadle Carrying Co Ltd: minutes1871-75 (6229).Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Archive Service: Stoke-on-Trent City Archives,Hanley Library, Bethesda Street, Hanley, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST1 3RS:North Staffordshire Railway Co: records and research notes and papers of Basil Jeuda,railway historian 19th-20th cent (SD1288).Surrey History Centre, 130 Goldsworth Road, Woking, Surrey, GU21 6ND: London &South Western Railway Co: records rel to extension of the line through Windsor,Staines and Datchet c1844-59 (7430).

WATEREssex Record Office, Southend Branch, Central Library, Victoria Avenue, Southend-on-

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Sea, Essex, SS2 6EX: Southend Waterworks Co (addnl): misc records 1893-98 (D/F 223addl).Lancashire Record Office, Bow Lane, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2RE: Nelson SewageDiposal Works: visitors book 1893-1965 (MBNE acc 9358).Surrey History Centre, 130 Goldsworth Road, Woking, Surrey, GU21 6ND: Frimley &Farnborough District Water Co: records 1892-1969 (7482).

MISCELLANEOUSCambridgeshire County Record Office, Huntingdon, Grammar School Walk,Huntingdon, Huntingdonshire, PE29 3LF: John Harrison & Son, basket makers, StIves: records 1904-89 (Acc.4979).Carmarthenshire Archive Service, Parc Myrddin, Richmond Terrace, Carmarthen,Carmarthenshire, SA31 1DS: Parcell Rees & Co, ropemakers, Carmarthen: accounts1898-1918 (7679).Doncaster Archives Department, King Edward Road, Balby, Doncaster, SouthYorkshire, DN4 0NA: Robert Edward Campbell (d 1984), patents officer at BritishRopes: research papers 1934-78 (DD/CAMPBELL).Essex Record Office, Wharf Road, Chelmsford, Essex, CM2 6YT: Alfred Rayner,harness maker, Bradwell-near-the-Sea: accounts 1872-81 and day books 1888-1900(D/F 9 addl).Lancashire Record Office, Bow Lane, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2RE: John Higginson,brushmaker, Colne: records 1920-49 (DDX 752 acc 9281).Reading University Library, PO Box 223, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, RG66AE: Norman Chambers, pencil manufacturer: notebooks (6) rel to pencil manufacture1954-55.Rochdale Local Studies Library, Touchstones Rochdale, The Esplanade, Drake Street,Rochdale, Greater Manchester, OL16 1AQ: Cartridge Rope & Twine Works, Heywood:records rel to employees 1871-1949; Healey Brothers Ltd, rope and twinemanufacturers, Heywood: wage books 1927-64.Suffolk Record Office, Bury St Edmunds Branch, Raingate Street, Bury St Edmunds,Suffolk, IP33 2AR: Bury St Edmunds Housing Society Ltd: records 1948-91 (HC 569).Suffolk Record Office, Ipswich Branch, Gatacre Road, Ipswich, Suffolk, IP1 2LQ:Bowell family, bell founders, of Ipswich: family and business papers 1883-1974 (HC470).Tyne and Wear Archives Service, Blandford House, Blandford Square, NewcastleUpon Tyne, NE1 4JA: John Laws (1765-1844), silver engraver and farmer: ledger relto farming and to work undertaken for Newcastle silversmiths (DX1109).West Yorkshire Archive Service, Leeds, Chapeltown Road, Sheepscar, Leeds, WestYorkshire, LS7 3AP: Silver Cross, perambulator manufacturer, Guiseley: records 20thcent.

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BOOK REVIEWS

CLIFF EDWARDS, Railway Records: A Guide to Sources (Trowbridge: Public RecordOffice Readers’ Guide, 2001, pp. x + 222. ISBN 1 903365 10 4, £14.99 (paperback))

This invaluable volume in the National Archives’ series of readers’ guides provides apathway into the Public Record Office’s rich collection of material on Britain’s railwayindustry. Compiled by Cliff Edwards, who recently retired as Inspecting Officer andClient Manager for railway records, it serves several audiences. Not only does itindicate where information on the industry may be found, but it also shows howrailway material may shed light on the panoply of related ‘non-railway’ research areassuch as genealogy and social history. The book is a true guide, providing a short historyof the railways for those new to the subject, and important appendices. Appendix 1reveals the PRO equivalents of the classification used by earlier generations of scholarswhen the main collection [now RAIL and AN] was housed at the British TransportHistorical Records office at Porchester Road. Appendix 2 provides an alphabeticallisting of railway companies, while Appendix 3 identifies the designated depositories(local and regional record offices) for railway records. The meat of the book lies inChapters 3-4, which describe the records created and used by the railways, and set outthe rich collection of central government records that contain information on theindustry [PREM, CAB, MT, BT, T, etc]. Chapter 5 deals with staff records, the materialmost likely to interest the family historian, and Chapter 6 and 7 provide a short guide tomaps, plans, drawings and photographs. I have one minor criticism. The listing ofdocumentary material is confined to the period outside the thirty-year rule, and sincethe book was published, the National Archives have pursued a more liberal policytowards access to more contemporary files, something which is likely to accelerate with‘Freedom of Information’ in 2005. A second edition would of course rectify thisweakness. But this does not detract from the overall value of this book. While thehistorian of a given subject will not have his searching done for him or her, it is likelythat writing on railway subjects will be enriched by consulting this guide. As the authorexplains, ‘there are nuggets to be found for those patient enough to dig’.

TERRY GOURVISH Business History Unit, London School of Economics

DAVID T. HAWKINGS, Fire Insurance Records for Family and Local Historians 1696 to1920 (London: Francis Boutle Publishers, 2003, pp.290. ISBN 1 90342714 2, £25.00)

David Hawkings has already published on wills, criminals and railway andtransportation records, all of which clarify what survive and how family historians canuse them. His latest contribution offers vital information about the records created byfire insurance companies. This work is effectively a detailed guide through thecomplexities of these little-used records and, as the author of its foreword writes,‘[Hawkings] has painstakingly put together the ultimate reference work that has for solong been needed.’ Since the first census records are 1841, fire-insurance records pre-

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date them and so offer much to the genealogist. In fact this work is perhaps miss-titledas it is clear that such records yield a great deal of potential interest to economic andsocial historians.

The Fire Office (subsequently named the Phenix [sic]) was the first company tooffer insurance, in London only, in 1680; gradually companies operated outside Londonwith increasing numbers of people taking out insurance. Hawkings notes that aresearcher looking for details of a particular gentleman in England in the late 18th

century has a one in three chance of finding evidence in the Sun or Royal Exchangearchives. Houses, farms, ships, industrial premises, banks, goals, union workhouses andeven privately owned bridges were insured, and sometimes properties were describedin great detail. Fraudulence was not uncommon and companies offered rewards forthose who committed arson. Companies would also pay cities and towns to ensure anadequate supply of buckets, fire engines and other equipment.

The main chapters cover endorsements; losses and claims; staff and agents; mapsand plans; as well as various aspects of the information to be gleaned from the policyregisters. Some famous people and companies appearing in the policy registers arenoted: they include Christopher Wren, Josiah Wedgwood, George III, Sarah Siddons,Michael Faraday, the Tussaud Wax Works and the offices of Bass Brewers andRothschild. The Appendices contain much useful factual information; some tabulatedfor easy reference. Appx 1 lists 177 companies established between 1680 and 1919 andincludes helpful comments on the history of these companies and their records. Otherappendices list records by their location. Appendix 6 is an index of craftsmen andtraders, with abstracts of their policies in the Sun Fire Office policy registers, 1710-1840. Hawkings uses examples extensively to illustrate the many types of records andcarefully explains how to read and interpret them. His research is thorough, wellillustrated and generates ideas of research.

Evidently it has not been possible to track down all of the insurance companies notedin The British Insurance Business 1547 to 1961, H.A.L.Cockrell and E. Green, (1976) (asalutary warning of the speed with which records are still being discarded), and Hawkingssuggests it would be sensible to have some preservation microfilming undertaken. Finallyhe hints that his next task will be to look more closely at life insurance records. If so thiswill add another invaluable guide to business records and it is to be hoped that the samepublisher can be used again- they have served the author well and at £25 this is a bookthat all good reference libraries and repositories should purchase.

JULIA SHEPPARD Wellcome Library

MARTIN FRANSMAN, Telecoms in the Internet Age: From Boom to Bust to …?(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. ix + pp.290. ISBN 0-19-925700-0, £28.00)

The recent ‘dot-com’ and telecoms boom will be one of the most important episodes inthe business history of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Martin Fransman’s book isone of the first studies to examine the events from the point of view of strategy, andwithin an academic context. Fransman’s study takes an evolutionary view of thetelecoms sectors in the US, UK, Japan, Germany and France. The author sets out to

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apply the approach of Nelson and Winter’s An Evolutionary Theory of EconomicChange: a world where ignorance and mistakes are ‘more prevalent’ (p.vii), than theequivalent neo-classical universe.

The story is told of an industry rocked by technological change and a belief that the oldorder was passing. State-owned monopoly was privatised, computer and internet were bothphasing out the analogue for a digital future. Fransman models the decision implied by sucha world view using the device of a consensual vision where assumptions, expectations andbeliefs may be examined and challenged. This vision comprised an increase in the demandfor bandwith, effective competition from new, as opposed to incumbent operators, rapidtechnological change and support for new entrants by the financial markets. It was thismodel of the industry that underpinned the boom. Although financial markets have theirown (ir)rationale, such a line of reasoning prompts the question: should they, i.e. thetelecom companies, have known better? Indeed could anyone?

The answer to this question emerges from the chapters that follow. The progressfrom state-owned monopolies to the regulated service providers of AT&T, BT and NTTis explored against an explicit comparison with the new entrant, WorldCom. Chaptersfollow on Deutsche Telekom and France Telecom, together with the emergingcompetitors, in particular Colt. The final chapter concludes with an overview of theincumbents and new entrants, and the creation of knowledge especially as it relates tothe use of technology. The tale told is one of ignorance, flawed vision and aconspicuous lack of the optimising that features in so much neo-classical economics.

The strength of this work, especially for business historians, lies in the use made ofNelson and Winter’s work. It is a model of how we should attempt to integrate theoryand ‘the real world’, although the nature of the historical record and the use of evidencemay alter somewhat the operationalisation of a historical study. The only real omission,and this is recognised by the author, is that of regulation. In a way this is a pity becausethe aspect of Nelson and Winter’s work that is least developed relates to the role of thestate and regulation. It is also a vital antidote to the numerous studies on the neweconomy and the scandals of the financial markets. If you wish to understand thebusiness models, however flawed, of telecoms companies during the bull market, thenthis book is for you. There is even a web site where the progress of the telecoms sectorcan be followed over the next five years.

For any scholar contemplating a study of telecoms, technology or seeking toapply evolutionary economics, this book will be required reading. It should become aclassic text when scholars in the future write about the great bull market of the late 20th

century. But I am reminded of the remark of Mao Tse Dung who when asked tocomment on the effects of the French Revolution replied ‘it is too soon to tell’. I am notsure that this is a business history, nor am I sure the author intended it to be.

ROY EDWARDS University of Southampton

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JENIFER ROBERTS, Glass. The Strange History of the Lyne Stephens Fortune(Chippenham: Templeton Press, 2003, pp. xviii + 366. ISBN 0954558901, £19.95)

Could this be the vanguard for new expeditions in business history? Company history hasfor long been shared by business historians, historians of many other persuasions,economists and other social scientists, journalists and even novelists. Company history hasalso been fair game for antiquarian interest in business families and institutions from theeighteenth century onwards. In contrast, this history of the Stephens glassmaking dynasty isan investigative approach to family history and the destiny of wealth. You will not find herea model or theory of business history but you will find a determined pursuit of genealogythrough a great range of sources, including business archives, at home and abroad.

The fortune named in the subtitle was amassed by William Stephens, aCornishman who in 1769 founded and then developed the glass factory at MarinhaGrande near Leiria, Portugal. Stephens won tax exemption and the monopoly of glassin Portugal, also emerging as an adviser to the royal family and the Marquis of Pombal,the first minister. Roberts outlines the growth of the fortune and sets the business in thecontext of the lengthy rebuilding of Lisbon after the earthquake of 1755, the latercalamities of the Peninsular War, and the subsequent clash of royalism and revolution.

The buildings survive at Marinha Grande but William’s heirs left the glassmakingbusiness in the late 1820s. The fortune in Portugal - reckoned at over £700,000 at thattime - then found its way back to England. There, in the early Victorian period, thefamily’s bequests gave Stephens Lyne Stephens the reputation of the richest commonerin England. The fortune was spent in conspicuous ways. Part of it was inherited by theFrench ballerina Yolande Duvernay, who in her early life had seemed to be a figurefrom La Dame aux Camélias and Traviata but later was a magnificent survivor whoendowed the new and grand Church of Our Lady and the English Martyrs inCambridge. The residue of the fortune was dispersed among charities, among greatnational museums and galleries, among the descendants of William Stephens and ofcourse among the legal profession.

I wonder what the late Theo Barker’s reaction to this book might have been? His life-long interest in the history of the glass industry, and his studies of Pilkington’s especially,made him a pioneer of systematic, source-based business history in this country. That ledon to his decisive role in the development of business history as a subject. In this case it islikely that he would have asked for more statistics of the business but he would havecommiserated on the scarcity of such records in enterprises of this kind. He would haveappreciated the human portraits of the Stephens line of businessmen and inheritors. Hewould have enjoyed the Stephens experiments in ‘tough glass’ as early as the 1790s.Above all, perhaps he would have applauded the range of sources. Roberts has consultedthe national archives in Lisbon, London and Paris; business archives at the Bank ofEngland and in the Gibbs records at the Guildhall Library; municipal archives at MarinhaGrande and library sources in Lisbon; and all manner of family papers in county recordoffices and in private hands in Britain and Portugal. With that wide scope, this bookshows that the history and archives of business can be - and must be - a broad church,ready for new users and new perspectives.

EDWIN GREEN HSBC Holdings plc, London

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JOHN F. WILSON and ANDREW POPP Industrial clusters and regional businessnetworks in England, 1750-1970 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003, pp. x + 288. ISBN 0 75460761 5, £47.50)

The origins of the study of the industrial district can be traced back to the work ofeconomist Alfred Marshall. Since then, social scientists have developed the idea in anumber of ways and in their introductory chapter Wilson and Popp provide anextremely helpful review of the extensive literature. The terms ‘district’, ‘cluster’ and‘region’, which have often been used imprecisely, are defined and consideration isgiven to the theorising that has been undertaken in areas such as economic geography,network analysis and the concept of social embeddedness. Continuing the theoreticaldiscussion, Mark Casson offers an economist’s perspective in which he argues thatlinks with external networks are critical, as is the quality of local entrepreneurs. Takentogether, these two chapters give a strong conceptual framework for the empirical workthat follows.

The eleven case studies of industrial districts span more than two centuries and, inorder to isolate differing legal, social and cultural factors, have intentionally beenrestricted to England. Spatially, seven of the examples are located in Lancashire andYorkshire, three in the west midlands, with Darlington as an outrider. Some prominenceis given to textiles, unsurprisingly given the sector’s role in industrialisation, but lesswell-known industries such as gloves and jewellery are also included. What clearlyemerges from these studies is the varied and heterogeneous nature of the Englishindustrial district with differences in size, structure, markets, technology, environmentand life-span. In the final chapter, the editors bring together the theory with theempirical evidence, although they admit that, given the variegated nature of Englishdistricts, such a combination ‘remains problematic’. Nonetheless Wilson and Poppconclude that this should not deter others from creating ‘greater synergy’ byresearching additional case studies.

This is an enjoyable book and the editors are to be congratulated on the cohesion ofthe work taken as a whole. The theoretical aspects are handled with insight, while theessays contain some important contributions to business history. From the purelybusiness archives perspective there is, perhaps, a slight disappointment. On a narrowdefinition that excludes directories, trade journals, newspapers and other publishedsecondary material, then only a small number of the cases are directly based onbusiness archives. While this is partly a reflection of the broader nature of some of thestudies, there ought to be scope for the greater use of business records in future work onindustrial districts. This minor qualm aside, Popp and Wilson have brought together anadmirable mix of business history theory and practice in a book that presents thecurrent state of play in the field and points the way towards the potential for futureresearch.

Mike Anson Business History Unit, London School of Economics

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