history of behavioral study (week 2)

8/11/2019 History of Behavioral Study (Week 2)

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History of animal behavioral study

D r . P a r i ch a r t L a k s an a w i m o l

A n i m a l b e h a v i o r , M a j o r o f B i o l o g y ,

F a c u l t y o f S c i e n c e , C h a n d r a k a s e m R a j a b h a t U n i v e r s i t y

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First Representations ofAnimal Behaviour

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Greek Philosophers

Aristotle(384-322 BCE)

Perfect Type

e.g.

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Ethology Psychology

- origins in natural history - origins in physiology & medicine

-early focus

-understanding adaptive value of

behaviour in the wild

-early focus

-understanding causation and

motivation of human

behaviour using animal

models- field-based

- laboratory-based

COMPARISON OF ETHOLOGY

AND PSYCHOLOGY

- initially more observational

- initially more empirical

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Historical Figures

1. Charles Darwin

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1835

1840

1845

1850

1855

1860

1865

1870

The zoology of the voyage of

H.M.S. Beagle

Fossil Cirripedia

The various contrivances by whichorchids are fertilised by insects.

climbing plants.The variation of animals and plants

under domestication.

The expression of the emotionsThe descent of man, and

selection in relation to sex.

Geological observations on the volcanic islands

visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle.A monograph of the sub-class Cirripedia,

Questions about the breeding of animals

Geological observations

on SouthAmerica.

Darwin - Published Books

1875 Insectivorous plants.

The different forms of flowers on

plants of the same species.fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom.

1880

The power of movement in plants.

1885 through the action of worms.

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Historical Figures

1. Charles Darwin

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Historical Figures

2. Douglas Spalding

discovered the phenomenon now known asimprinting,

recognition of the importance of the interaction between learning

and instinct in determining behaviour.

experimental method in studying behaviour.

essay "On Instinct" in 1954 to clarify the history of the subject.

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Historical Figures

3. Lloyd Morgan

played a critical role in the growth of

behaviourismin twentieth century

academic psychology.

statesIn no case may we interpret an action as the outcome of

the exercise of a higher mental faculty, if it can be interpreted as

the exercise of one which stands lower in the psychological scale.

For example, Morgan considered that an entity should only be

considered consciousif there is no other explanation for its behavior.9


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Historical Figures

4. Julian Huxley - Courtship habits of the great crested grebe

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systematic observation of the courtship habits of water

birds such as theCommon Redshank(a wader)

andgrebes(which are divers).

interest was bird behaviour, especially thecourtship

of

water birds. His1914 paperon theGreatCrested Grebe,later

published as abook,was alandmark inavian

ethology hisinvention of vivid labels fortherituals(such as

'penguin dance', 'plesiosaurus race' etc.) madethe

ideasmemorable and interesting to the

general

reader.[5]11

HistoricalFigures

4.Julian

Huxley

Courtship

babits of

the

great

crested

grebe


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Historical Figures

5. J.B. Watson

adopted by experimental psychologists who were particularly

interested in studying learning underlaboratoryconditions

Anexperimentalapproach to the study of behaviour in his

book'Behaviourism

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Historical Figures

6. B.F.Skinner

The rat's behaviour is 'shaped' by giving a pellet of food

delivered via a button in Skinner's hand.13


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Historical Figures

7. Karl von Frisch

Bee perception

Sense of smell

Optical perception

Etc.14


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Historical Figures

8. Konrad Lorenz

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Historical Figures

9. Niko Tinbergen

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Tinbergens Four Questions (The 4 Whys)

Why is this bird singing?

(This is actually 4 questions)

1.What causes this bird to sing (or: what are the anatomical and

physiological mechanisms underlying the behaviour)?

2.How did this behaviour develop in the lifetime of the bird?3.What is it singing for (territory, mates)?

4.How did this behaviour evolve?

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Tinbergens Four Questions

A.Proximate Causes

a.What is the immediate cause of abehaviour?

-genetic bases

-neural mechanisms

-hormonal mechanisms

-environmental (external stimuli)

-precedent events18


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A.Proximate Causes

a.What is the immediate cause of a behaviour?b.What is the ontogeny (or development) of a

behaviour?-changes with age

- interaction of genes with environment(over time)

-innate vs. learned components

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A.Proximate Causesa.What is the immediate cause of a behaviour?

b.What is the ontogeny (or development) of abehaviour?

B.Ultimate Causes

a.What are the functional (adaptive) reasons for a

behaviour?

-contribution of a behaviour pattern toindividual fitness

-how does natural selection influence abehaviour?

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Ti b F Q i


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A.Proximate Causes

a.Whatis the immediate cause of a behaviour?

b.Whatis

the ontogeny (or development) of a behaviour?

B.Ultimate Causes

a.Whatare the functional (adaptive)reasons fora

behaviour?

b.Whatis

the evolutionary history of a

behaviour?

expression of abehaviour in related species

evolutionary changes in

behaviour in related lineages

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Levels of Analysis in Ethology

Proximate Causes Ultimate Causes

Genetic/Developmental

Mechanisms

Sensory/Motor

Mechanisms

Historical

Pathways

Selective

Processes

-effects of heredity

-development of sensory-

motor systems

-gene-environment

interactions

-nervous systems for

stimulus detection

-hormone systems for

adjusting response levels

-muscles for carrying out

responses

-adaptive context ?-evolutionary

development

of a trait

How? Why?22


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Genetic

mechanismsDevelopmental

mechanisms

Physiological

mechanisms

Neural

mechanisms

BEHAVIOUR PATTERN(S)

Individual survival &

reproductive success

Gene pool of next generation

SUMMARY

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Ethology

Ecology

Population Biology

Genetics

Endocrinology

PhysiologyNeurophysiology

Sociobiology

Evolutionary

Biology

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history of behavioral study (week 2)

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