April 13, 20231

Science Technology and Society

Aiza Mae Bernabe 4/BSE/A Physical Science Major

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What is our partner in work?

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What is our partner in work?

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What is our partner in work?

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They are like our signature…

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How far can you go?

1+3=

20-9=4 x 6 =

45 ÷ 5 =√16 =

62 = 364

1124

94

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It’s Use in education

In most countries, students use calculators for schoolwork.

There was some initial resistance to the idea out of fear that basic arithmetic skills would suffer.

There remains disagreement about the importance of the ability to perform calculations "in the head", with some curricula restricting calculator use until a certain level of proficiency has been obtained, while others concentrate more on teaching estimation techniques and problem-solving.

Research suggests that inadequate guidance in the use of calculating tools can restrict the kind of mathematical thinking that students engage in.

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Where did calculator came from?

History

Of Calculator

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The abacus also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool used primarily in parts of Asia for performing arithmetic processes.

the Sumerian, Ancient Egypt, Persians, Greek

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Roman abacus

Chinese abacus dates to the 2nd century BC ”Suanpan”

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n Japanese, the abacus is called soroban imported from China around 1600.

Native American“Inca quipu”

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Abacus

The first calculator

Today it is still debated whether the Babylonians or the Chinese invented it.

Used before written numeral system invented.

Constructed from a wooden frame with beads sliding on wires.

Still used by some merchants, fishermen and clerks in Africa, Asia, and elsewhere.

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c1600 - Napier's bones

An abacus created

by John Napier for

calculation.

Invented in 1614.

Used for multiplication and division.

"Napier's bones" invented by John Napier for multiplication, based on the ancient numerical scheme known as the Arabian lattice.

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1622 - Slide rule.William Gunter developed a logarithmic rule for multiplication and division using dividers, which was the forerunner of the slide rule.Invented in 1622 by William Oughtred.Allows multiplication and division operations to be carried out significantly faster.People who sent the space shuttle Apollo to the moon used the slide rule fortheir calculations which was in 1961.

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1623 Calculating Clock Invented in 1623 by

Wihelm Schickard.

Known as the first

mechanical calculator.

The calculator was

made from cogs and

gears which were

normally used for clocks.

It was the size of a typewriter.

It could add, subtract, multiply, and divide to up to six-digit numbers.

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1642 - the Pascalineo Capable of addition,

subtraction was performed

by nines-complement

addition, and multiplication

was performed by repeated

additions and subtractions.

Invented by Blaise Pascal

Pascal invented it to reduce his father’s tax work load.

Used for taxes in France until 1799

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1820 - Arithmometer

Inventor: Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar

 The arithmometer was the first commercially successful calculating machine to complete all four basic operations — addition,

subtraction, multiplication and division — according to IBM.

Like Hahn, Thomas also based his calculator on the stepped

drum mechanism of Leibniz.

The machine featured a second

result display for subtraction and

division as well as a multiplication

gear.

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W.T. Odhner in Sweden independently develops the pin-wheel calculator, the first of the long series of Odhner calculators. Since then, many calculating machines have used the same principle.

1874 - Odhner calculators

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Dorr E. Felt invents

The Comptometer,

the first succesfull

key-driven adding and

calculating machine. In 1886 he joined with Robert Tarrant to form the Felt & Tarrant Manufacturing Company which went on to make thousands of Comptometers 

1884 - Comptometer

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1900-1975Madas 20BZS

Madas 20BZS, a typical electrically driven, stepped-gear calculator with automatic multiplication and division.

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1948 - Curta

Curta miniature hand-held mechanical calculator introduced. One of the few major innovations in mechanical calculators in the mid 20th century.

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1961 The first electronic desktop

calculators. They use vacuum tubes.

The world's first electronic desktop calculators were announced by the Bell Punch Co., Uxbridge, England - theAnita Mk VII for the continental European market and theAnita Mk 8 for other markets. These models used cold-cathode vacuum tubes and numerical display ("Nixie" type) tubes.

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1963-1964

First commercial all-transistor desktop calculators: Friden EC130 & EC132,

Mathatron, IME 84,

Sharp CS10A.

Prices comparable to that of family cars.

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1969 First battery powered, hand-

held, electronic calculator.

First calculator using just LSI (Large Scale Integration) chips - Sharp QT-8D, with ICs by Rockwell. Size & weight much reduced, calculator now portable.

First battery powered, hand-held calculator - Sharp QT-8B.

Green fluorescent tube displays introduced .

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1970 Hand-held calculators take off.

First shirt pocket sized electronic calculator.

All very expensive.

Some of the first hand-held calculators:Canon Pocketronic,

Sanyo ICC-0081  ,

Sharp EL-8, but very expensive.

First use of "calculator on a chip" introduced by Mostek of Dallas - used in Busicom Junior(desk calculator) and allows the production of the first shirt pocket sized electronic calculator, the Busicom LE-120A.

First use of LED (Light Emitting Diode) displays used in Busicom LE-120A.

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1971

First calculator to use a microprocessor.

First microprocessor - Intel 4004 - was designed for and used in Busicom 141-PF desk calculator

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1972

Rapid development of electronic calculators, and reduction in price.

First scientific pocket calculator introduced - Hewlet-Packard HP35.

Ultra-thin Sinclair Executive   launched.

Many new companies entering the calculator business and prices dropping rapidly.

LCD (Liquid Crystal Device) displays appear briefly in a version giving silver-reflective numbers, including:Lloyds Accumatic 100,

Rapidman 1208LC.

The Sharp EL-801 sees the first use of C-MOS (Complementary Metal-oxide Semiconductor) integrated circuits in a calculator.

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1973

First Sharp "COS" (Crystal on Substrate) reflective LCD calculators, including EL-805S

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1974

Texas Instruments awarded patent for "miniature electronic calculator", based on the "CalTech".

The Hewlett Packard HP65 is the first hand-held programmable calculator.

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1978

First solar-powered and first credit card sized calculators.

The first solar powered calculators were introduced, the Royal Solar 1, Teal Photon, and Sharp EL-8028.

The   Casio Mini Card LC-78 is the first credit card sized calculator.

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1980

First hand-held computer

The Sharp PC1211 / Tandy TRS80 PC-1 is the first hand-held computer; it has a QWERTY keypad and runs the BASIC language.

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1985: First Graphing

Calculator

Device Name: Casio fx-7000G

Inventor: Casio

A Brief History: The Casio

fx-7000G was developed with

422 bytes of memory and could

store up to ten programs in 10

program slots, according to the

 Computing History website. It offered 82 scientific functions, and its display could toggle between 8 lines of 16 characters each or a 64x96 dot matrix graphical display.

Interesting Fact: Today’s graphing calculators like the TI-83 kept the fx-7000G’s display format.

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2003: First Graphing Calculator with Touch Functionality

Photo Credit: Gumtree

Device Name: Sharp EL-9650

Inventor: Sharp

A Brief History: When most

people think of touch devices, they

think of using their fingers, but Sharp broke the mold by debuting the first stylus-based graphing calculator, according to Tech Powered Math. Sharp, unfortunately, didn’t find much success with the model.

Interesting Fact: The EL-9650 had a slideshow functionality that allowed teachers to walk through pre-programmed lessons and formulas on the calculator.

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2010: First Color Graphing Calculator

Device Name: Casio PRIZM

Inventor: Casio

A Brief History: While the world

of mobile devices quickly moved to

full-color screens in the early 2000s,

it took a while for graphing calculators

to catch up. Casio’s PRIZM calculator,

with its advanced, 216x384 resolution,

full-color display, debuted in late 2010.

Texas Instruments soon followed with its own color calculator, the TI-NSpire Cx, in early 2011. Students could finally bid good-bye to the monochrome, low-pixel displays of years past.

Interesting Fact: The PRIZM allows students to create graphs over images, which helps them understand the real-world applications of the work they’re doing on their graphing calculators.

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That ends my report

Thank You for

Listening!