history of computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/historycomputing.pdf · history of computing slides...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
History of Computing
Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech
![Page 2: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Early Computational Devices
• (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300 BC
– Used for performing arithmetic operations
![Page 3: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Early Computational Devices
• Napier’s Bones, 1617
– For performing multiplication & division
John Napier
1550-1617
![Page 4: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Early Computational Devices
• Pascaline mechanical calculator
Blaise Pascal
1623-1662
![Page 6: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Early Computational Devices
• Leibniz’s calculating machine, 1674
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
1646-1716
![Page 7: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Charles Babbage
• Babbage (1792-1872) was a British inventor who designed an two important machines:
– Difference engine
– Analytical engine– Analytical engine
• He saw a need to replace the human computers used to calculate numerical tables which were prone to error with a more accurate machine.
![Page 8: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Charles Babbage
• Difference engine
– Designed to compute values of polynomial
functions automatically
– No multiplication was needed because he used – No multiplication was needed because he used
the method of finite differences
– He never built one
– It was built from 1985 – 2002 for the London
Science Museum
![Page 9: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Charles Babbage Difference Engine
![Page 10: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Charles Babbage
The Next Leap Forward 1800’s
![Page 11: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Charles Babbage
• Analytical Engine
– Could be programmed using punch cards – totally
revolutionary idea
– Sequential control / branching / looping– Sequential control / branching / looping
– Turing complete
![Page 12: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The analytical engine
of Charles Babbage
![Page 13: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Tabulating Machine 1890 Census
![Page 14: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Hollerith Tables and the Census
Improved the Improved the speed of the speed of the censuscensusReduced cost by Reduced cost by Reduced cost by Reduced cost by $5 million$5 millionGreater accuracy Greater accuracy of data collectedof data collectedHollerith Hollerith ––unemployed after unemployed after the censusthe census
![Page 15: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The War Years 1939-1945
Two Primary Uses
• Artillery Tables
– Hand calculation replaced by machine calculation
– Department of the Navy
• Cryptologist :
– Cryptography– Cryptography
The art or process of writing in or deciphering secret writing
Bletchley House
The Enigma Codes – U23
![Page 16: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Alan Turing 1936
• Published a paper “On Computable Numbers”
• Turing’s machine -• Turing’s machine -hypothetical computer that could perform any computation or logical operation a human could devise.
![Page 17: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Turings Heritage
• Code breaking was
Touring’s strength.
• Colossus a computer to
break the German enigma
code - 100 Billion
break the German enigma
code - 100 Billion
alternatives.
• Ran at rate of 25,000
characters per second
![Page 18: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Konrad Zuse - First Programmable
Computer 1941
![Page 19: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
1943 1943 Bletchley Park’s ColossusBletchley Park’s Colossus
The Enigma
Machine
![Page 20: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
HARVARD MARK - 1, 1944
![Page 21: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Harvard Mark I
![Page 22: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Mark I
• 51 feet long
• 3,304 electro mechanical
switches
• Add or subtract 23 digit
numbers in 3/10 of a numbers in 3/10 of a
second.
• Instructions (software)
loaded by paper tape.
• The infamous “Bug”
![Page 23: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
ENIAC - The Next Jump Forward - 1946
• 1st electronic digital computer
• Operated with vacuum tubes rather electro-
mechanical switches
• 1000 times faster than Mark I• 1000 times faster than Mark I
• No program storage - wired into circuitry.
• This was still based on the decimal numbering
system.
• “programmed” by switches and cords
![Page 24: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
ENIAC
![Page 25: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Advent of the Semiconductor - 1947
• Developed at Bell Labs by
Shockley & Bardeen –
Nobel Prize
• Point Contact Transistor
replaced power hungry,
Point Contact Transistor
replaced power hungry,
hot and short lived
vacuum tubes
![Page 26: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
EDVAC - Electronic Discreet Variable Automatic
Computer 1951
• Data stored internally on
a magnetic drum
• Random access magnetic
storage devicestorage device
• First stored program
computer
• Championed by John von
Neumann
![Page 27: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The 50’s the Era of Advances
![Page 28: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Technical Advances in the 60’s
• John Mccarthy coins the term “Artificial Intelligence”
• 1960 - Removable Disks appear
• 1964 - BASIC - Beginners-all purpose Symbolic Instruction
Language
• Texas Instruments offers the first solid- state hand-held
calculator
• 1967 - 1st issue of Computerworld published
![Page 29: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
IBM System/360 (1964)• CPU Architecture
– 32-bit arithmetic
– 16 general-purpose registers
– 24-bit addressing (16,777,216 bytes max.)
• More than a few megabytes was quite rare
– Real addressing only! No virtual memory
– Approximately 142 instructions total
– Some features were optional
• Decimal instructions (in-storage only)
• Floating point (with 4 floating-point registers)• Floating point (with 4 floating-point registers)
• Direct control (specialty I/O for check sorters, &c.)
• Protection feature (i.e., storage keys)
• I/O architecture
– Maximum of 7 channels
• One byte-multiplexor channel (printers, card
readers, &c)
• Up to seven selector channels (disks, tape)
– Maximum of 256 devices per channel
– Most machines had far fewer channels & devices
IBM System/360 Model 50
![Page 30: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
IBM System/360 (1964)• Storage technology
– Ferrite core storage
• Each toroid “donut” represented one bit
– Architectural maximum: 16 megabytes
• Reality: Most customers had no more than 1-2
megabytes
– Increasing density … the donut-hole test:
• New product’s core toroid fit through the
donut hole of the previous product’s core
![Page 31: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
IBM System/360 Software• Operating Systems
– Basic Operating System (BOS)
– Tape Operating System (TOS)
– Disk Operating System (DOS)
– Operating System / Multiple Fixed
Tasks (OS/MFT)
– Operating System / Multiple
� Languages
► ALGOL
► Assembler
► Basic
► COBOL
► Fortran
► PL/1– Operating System / Multiple
Variable Tasks (OS/MVT)
– SABRE (Airline Reservations)
– Time-Sharing System (TSS)
– Control Program / 67 (CP/67) with
the Cambridge Monitor System
(CMS)
► PL/1
► RPG
� Online Transaction Processing
► Customer Information Control
System (CICS)
► Conversational Programming
System (CPS)
� Numerous independent-software-vendor
packages
![Page 32: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Moore’s Law
• In 1965 Gordon Moore graphed data about growth in memory
chip performance.
• Realized each new chip roughly twice capacity of predecessor,
and released within ~2 yrs of it => computing power would and released within ~2 yrs of it => computing power would
rise exponentially over relatively brief periods of time.
• Still fairly accurate. In 30 years, no of transistors on a chip has
increased ~20,000 times, from 2,300 on the 4004 in 1971 to
42 million on the Pentium® IV.
![Page 33: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The 1970’s - The Microprocessor
Revolution
• A single chip containing all the
elements of a computer’s
central processing unit.
• Small, integrated, relatively • Small, integrated, relatively
cheap to manufacture.
![Page 34: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The Super Computers - 1972
• The Cray
• Parallel processing power
• Speed 100 million arithmetical
functions per second
• Sensitive to heat - cooled with • Sensitive to heat - cooled with
liquid nitrogen
• Very expensive
![Page 35: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Cray I
![Page 36: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
1971 – Intel 4004 Microprocessor
• Worlds first microprocessor with 2,300 transistors, had the same processing power as the 3,000 power as the 3,000 cubic-foot ENIAC.
![Page 37: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
ALTAIR 8800: The First PC
![Page 38: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Computer Categorization
• Supercomputer
• Mainframe
• Minicomputer
• Microcomputer• Microcomputer
![Page 39: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
1978/1979 – First individual
productivity software• VisiCalc Spreadsheet
software and WordStar word processor are the “killer applications” for personal computers, especially for small business computers, especially for small business owners.
![Page 40: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
1981 – IBM PC
• The IBM PC is introduced running the Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) along with CP/M-86. The IBM PC's open architecture made it the de-facto standard platform, and it was eventually de-facto standard platform, and it was eventually replaced by inexpensive clones.
• CPU: Intel 8088 @ 4.77 MHz
• RAM: 16 kB ~ 640 kB
• Price: $5,000 - $20,000
![Page 41: History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech. Early Computational Devices • (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060515/5f8bb1cc8ccfbd62405ddeb8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
1984 – Apple Macintosh
• Apple introduces the first successful consumer computer with a WIMP user interface (Windows Icons Mouse & Pointer), modelled Pointer), modelled after the unsuccessful Xerox Alto computer.
• Motorola 68000 @8Mhz
• 128KB Ram• US$1,995 to
US$2,495