history of dua and ziyarat - tasneem institute
TRANSCRIPT
Sh Vinay Khetia Tasneem Institute
History of Dua and Ziyarat
Du’a Jawshan al-Saghir- Imam al-Kazim � � Abī ʿAlī al-Ṭūsī (d.511/1117) in Ramāḍān, 507/1113 taught it to his
students and had it read back to him. � Abū al-Wafāʾ ʿAbd al-Jabbār b. ʿAlī al-Rāzī taught it to his students in
Rayy during Shaʿbān, 503/1109. � Abū al-Faḍl al-Muntahā b. Abī Zayd Kākā (d. c. 6th/12th century)
taught it to his students in Jurjān in Dhīl Ḥijja, 503/1109. � � Abu ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Shahriyār al-Khāzin (d. c.
516/1122) taught it and issued an ijāza for it in Rajab, 514/1120. � All four of the above state that Shaykh al-Tūsī (d.460/1067) narrated to
them this du‘ā’ in Ramāḍān, 458/1066 by the grave of ʿAlī in al-Gharī (Najaf). He was al-Ṭūsī’s son and successor about whom more will be discussed when examining the proliferation of al-Ṭūsī’s Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid.
Dua Jawshan al-Saghir � Riwaya- with a “golden sanad” taught as a key text in classical period: � It has been reported from him (al-Kāẓim) and we have reported it via
numerous channels reaching my grandfather, al-Saʿīd Abī Jaʿfar al-Ṭūsī; also we have transmitted it from a manuscript and these are its words : […] Abū Waḍāḥ Zayd al-Nashalī said my father (ʿAbd Allāh b. Zayd) informed me: ‘A group of exclusive disciples of Abī al-Ḥasan al-Kāẓim from among his family and his partisans (shīʿatihi) were present in his (al-Kāẓim’s) assembly (majlisihi) and they had soft black tablets (alwāḥ) in their sleeves (akmāmihim) and writing instruments (amyāl) so that when Abū al-Ḥasan (al-Kāẓim) issued an edict, they could retain what they heard from him (by writing it down). So, they heard the following from him as he was uttering in his supplication (duʿāʾihi)…
� Ibn Ṭāwūs, Muḥaj al-daʿawāt, 220. �
Dua Jawshan al-Saghir � We see a clear tradition of writing down supplications
� Issue of secrecy and fear
� Numerous other books can be found
� Genre- Kitab ‘Amal al-yawm wa layla � Kitab al-Du’ah � Kitab ‘Amal Sharh Ramadan, Sh’aban, etc � Copied by numerous companions such as Mu’awiyya b. Ammar,
Yunus b. ‘Abd al-Rahman, Muhammad b. Abi ‘Umayr- all luminous ashab of Imams (as).
Part A- Question of Du’a Kumayl � Transmission History – A case study
� First source: Misbah al-mutahajjid � Tradition is mursal- ruwiya- It is reported that Kumayl Say Ali
in Sajda on the 15th of Sha’ban saying: � Allahumma inni as’aluka bi-rahmatikha….
What does this mean to us? � Are we left with no resource to understanding it origins?
� Answer is both yes and no
� Depends on our mabani- foundational principles–epistemic concerns:
� How do we determine the ‘itibar (informative and value) of a report?
Musannaf- Ibn Abi Shayba ( d.245 AH)-Sunni source � 100 years before al-Kulayni’s al-Kafi
ح ( 2 ) أنه كان يقول في دعائه : اللهم إني أسألك برحمتك التي وسعت بها كل شئ ، وبجبروتك ، التي غلبت بها كل شئ ، وبعظمتك التي غلبت بها كل التي غلبت بها كل شئ ، وبعظمتك التي غلبت بها كل
� و كل شئ ، وبقوتك التي لا يقوم لها شئ ، وبنورك الذي أضاء له كل شئ ، وبعلمك الذي أحاط بكل شئ ، وباسمك الذي تبيد به كل شئ ، وبوجهك الباقي بعد فناء كل شئ ، يا نور يا قدوس يا نور يا قدوس - ثلاثا ، يا أول الأولين ويا آخر الآخرين ، ويا الله يا رحمان يا رحيم ! اغفر لي الذنوب التي تنزل النقم ، واغفر لي الذنوب التي تورث الدم واغفر لي الذنوب التي تحبس القسم ، واغفر لي الذنوب التي تغير النعم ، واغفر لي الذنوب التي تنزل البلاء ، وتديل الأعداء ، واغفر لي الذنوب التي تحبس غيث السماء ، وتعجل . الفناء ، وتظلم الهواء ، وترد الدعاء ، واغفر لي الذنوب التي تكشف الغطاء
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Issue of Authenticity � First look at the source
� Misbah of al-Tusi and Iqbal al-A’mal of Ibn Tawus
� 2 of the earliest and most important sources of Shii dua and ziyara
� Compiled by renowned scholars who had access to hundreds of early texts ( even from time of the Imams)
Who are these people � These are among the most famous and celebrated scholars of
the 5th-6th century A.H.
� They were teaching and issuing licenses for this majmu’
� Currently it is kept in Imam al-Rida library, Mashhad. � For more info: see Chapter 1: Khetia, Vinay, History and
Philosophy of Shi’i Liturgical Literature: From the Imams to Abbas al-Qummi, Ph.D Dissertation, McMster University, 2019 (forthcoming).
What do we learn � Extensive interconnected network of Dua and ziyarat
transmission ( including Dua Kumayl)
� We are missing a sanad-but let us examine the plethora of other factors
� There is a extensive poverty of knowledge on this subject
� Many baseless opinions circulate without correct academic research
Sh. Tusi and Ibn Tawus � Refer to their other sources
� We will discover dozens of works from the time of the Imams themselves
� Al-Tusi never composed his own dua in the book � It was practiced for 1000 years after him � Ibn Idris al-Hilli, Ibn Tawus, Allama al-Hilli, Shahid al-Awwal,
al-Majlisi, Abbas al-Qummi- a sample
Dua Kumayls transmission � All of these scholars practiced, recited, and transmitted Dua
Kumayl � Would that be on the basis of no knowledge of its source?
� This is highly unlikely
� We have great trust in their transmissions, especially Sh. Tusi and Ibn Tawus
Tradition of the Misbah and its Mukhtasar by Scholars � A. Issued licenses for this book � B. Practiced its contents � C. Written notes on its margins � D. Compiled commentaries or abridgements � THESE ARE THE PILLARS OF JA’FFARI MADHAB � Indicates Misbah is from “al-uṣūl al-muʿtabara (informative
sources),” and likewise relied on them � Agha Buzurg Tihrani ( teacher of Sayyid Sistani and Sayyid
Jalali)- : “al-Usul al-du’iyya”:-Vol 8, al-Dharia
Agha Buzurg- Student of Abbas Qummi, teacher of Ayt Sistani in hadith
2 EXAMPLES � A. Ibn Tawus (described as the performer of miracles by
Allama al-Hilli): � Therefore, the one who composes a book of ritual worship,
must himself “follow[s] the act (of worship) therein (taqallada al-ʿamal bi-mā fīhi) for the one who acts upon its meanings (li-man ʿamila ʿalā maʿānīhi).” Ibn Ṭāwūs, Fatḥ al-abwāb, 186-187
Ibn Tawus (d.664 AH) and the Misbah � Ibn Tawus on the Misbah: � I found something great and replete with benefit in the
Miṣbāḥ al-kabīr (Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid) of my grandfather which he compiled for my mother.”
� This led him to a life of spiritual discoveries- he wrote 11 volume addendum to the Misbah
� Etan Kohlberg: A Medieval Muslim Scholar at Work: Ibn Tawus and His Library
� Ibn Tawus is among the most celebrated spiritual authorities
Allama al-Hilli � Wrote Minhaj al-Salah fi Ikhtisar al-Misbah (The Path of
Righteousness in Abridgement of the Misbah) � Why did Allama not create his own book? � “Our greatest Shaykh (Shakhuna al-a’zam) and foremost, Abu
Jafar al-Tusi composed a source of powerful devotional rites ( al-quwwa al-’amaliyya)- most of it is trusted to be from the Imams(as)-hence I abridged it”- Minhah al-Salah, p70.
Isnad Map for Misbah al-Kabir
Doubts and Accusations � Where do some of our a’mal come from? � What were sources of ‘Abbas al-Qummi and others? � 1. A’mal of Quran ( Ritual of Qur’an) from Imam al-Sadiq
(as) � ذ
:م� ا .بحقك عليهم فلا أحد أعرف بحقك منك، بك يا الله- عشر مرات
A’mal of Qur’an � ث بالحسن- عشر مرات، بالحسين- عشر مرات، بعلي ابن الحسين- عشر مرات، بمحمد بن علي- عشر مرات، بجعفر بن محمد- عشر مرات، بموسى بن جعفر- ،عشر مرات، بعلي بن موسى- عشر مرات، بمحمد ابن علي- عشر مرات
� Version 2- From Imam al-Kazim via Ali b Yaqtin for Laylat al-Qadr:
� ذ موسى بن جعفر صلوات الله عليهما يقول فيه: خذ المصحف في يدك و ارفعه فوق
:ر� Take the Qur;an and put it on your head
Amal of Qur’an from riwaya of Imam Kazim (as) � ا
.ك� ي
.م You shall not get up from your place until your need is fulfilled
and your affair made easy فإنك لا تقوم من موضعك حتى يقضى لك حاجتك، و تيسر لك أمرك �