history of honey bee species and races
TRANSCRIPT
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History of Honey Bee Species
& Races
Presented by Cynthia Robinson-Journeyman Beekeeper Beekeeper On Duty [email protected]
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History of Beekeeping is Important ..... I started beekeeping in 2005, The skill of beekeeping has remained the same since then but outside forces & diseases forced us to change our approach to skill and knowledge.
Outside Forces Colony Collapse Disorder Genetically Modified Organism-GMO Nosema Ceranae Small Hive Beetles
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History of Beekeeping is Important ..... Women and Families became interested in beekeeping People recognized the decline of pollinators in their environment. Honeybees are now popular on the Internet & Social Media. People you meet know a relative that has done it.
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History of Honey Bees
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Right Now….
Honey bees are found everywhere except in the polar regions.
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6000 BC
History of Honey Bees
Honey bees were found in the hollows of trees and rock crevices. Honey was harvested by primitive man.
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5000 BC
History of Honey Bees
The earliest of beekeeping cultures were found in Middle East using Pottery vessels.
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1450 BC
History of Honey Bees
Ancient Egypt used mud and clay to construct managed colonies.
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300 BC
History of Honey Bees
In Greece pottery was used
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1535 AD
History of Honey Bees
Skep material was from hazel twigs. Protective clothing used.
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1682 History of Honey Bees
Sir George Wheler Woven Wicker baskets with top bar. The bees did not attach comb to sloping inward sides.
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? AD History of Honey Bees
Vietnamese used logs with the top bar. These bars were removed.
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1850
History of Honey Bees
1935
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History of Honey Bees
In Europe they used logs and skeps. The smaller ones were used to catch swarms.
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History of Honey Bees
In all these primitive hives fulfilled a certain function: • It provided protection from the
wind, rain, hot and cold. • Their flight entrances were small to
help guard bees • Beekeeper entrance made it
accessible for harvest.
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History of Honey Bees
What were the reasons primitive people and modern people keep bees:
• Pollination • Honey for sale or trade • Honey for medicine and food
preservation. • Wax for candles and products
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History of Honey Bees
Primitive beekeeping consisted of catching swarms and at the end of the season killing them for the harvest.
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History of Honey Bees
Luis Mendez 1586 determined the queen bee is a female and was the mother of all the bees in the colony
Discovery of Fundamental Facts
Nickel Jakob 1568 realized that the workers could raise a queen from eggs.
Charles Butler 1609 showed the drones were male.
Richard Remnant 1637 that the workers were females.
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1851 History of Honey Bees
LL Langstroth Known as a the father of beekeeping. He achieved a practical application for removable frames and box using the bee space.
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1851 History of Honey Bees
Beekeeping exploded in popularity. The hives could be constructed vertically. He also used foundation, smoker and queen cage.
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1865 History of Honey Bees
Franz von Hruschka Produced a centrifugal force extractor.
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Let’s play …. ‘Name That BUG’
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Which one is the Honey Bee?
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Apidae
Genus: Apis Species: Mellifera
Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Coleoptera Family: Nitidulidae Genus: Aethina Species: A. tumida
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Honey Bee Classification
Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hymenoptera Family: Apidae Genus: Apis Species: Mellifera
Apis mellifera – Western Honey Bee
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Genus: Apis • Apis mellifera – Western Honey Bee
• Apis cerana – Eastern Honey Bee
• Apis dorsata – Giant Honey Bee
• Apis florea – Small Honey Bee
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Honey Bee Species & Races
• Species: Western Honey Bee –
Apis mellifera
Races:
• Apis mellifera mellifera - German Apis mellifera ligustica – Italian Apis mellifera carnica – Carniolan Apis mellifera caucasica - Caucasion Apis mellifera scutellata - African
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Geography and Honey Bee Races
Geographic location is a main driver of race classification and subsequent species formation. Geographic isolation is the main evolutionary driver of characteristics in races. Rivers, mountain ranges, and seas help to prevent cross breeding. Another factor in characteristics is climate, eg. tropical or northern colder climate.
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European races • A. m. mellifera
• A. m. ligustica
• A. m. carnica
• A. m. caucasica
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Criteria • Gentleness
• Disease resistance
• Spring buildup
• Overwintering ability
• Excess swarming
• Honey production
• Other traits
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German
Merits
• First stock to be imported to America
• Beautiful white cappings on honey comb
• Good overwintering ability
• Black bees
Limitations
• Susceptible to most
brood diseases
• Quite defensive
• Short tongue
Northern Europe,
Germany
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Italians
Merits
• Less defensive and prone to disease than German stock
• Light in color, yellow/ brown with dark bands
• Strong brood rearing
• Good housekeepers
• Good honey production
• Large queens, normally golden color, easy to spot
Limitations
• Rear lots of brood outside of honey flows, (winter colony) consuming excess food
• Bad robbing
Northern Italy
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Carniolan
Merits
• Exceptionally docile
• Explosive early spring buildup
• Decrease brood rearing in dearths, small winter colony
• Dark in color with broad grey bands
Limitations
• Excess propensity to
swarm
• Not a very good comb
builder
Somewhat isolated to Austria,
Yugoslavia region
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Caucasian
Merits
• Longest tongue of any other race
• Extremely gentle
• Dark bees with brownish markings
Limitations
• Very low spring
buildup
• Susceptible to EFB
and nosema
• Copious amounts of
propolis
Developed in the
Causasian mountains in
Eurasia
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Other “stocks”
Minnesota hygienic Cordovan SMR ( (Suppressed Mite
Mite Reduction))
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Hybrids
• Midnight (caucasian x carniolan)
• Starline (several Italian stocks)
• Double hybrid (Midnight x Starline)
• “Smart” Russian (SMR x Russian)
• “Smart” Italians (SMR x Italian)
• “Smart” Carniolan (SMR x carniolan)
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Additional References
• ABC & XYZ of Bee Culture 41st Edition A.I. Root
• The Hive and the Honey Bee Dadant Publication
• The Beekeeper’s Bible Bees,Honey,Recipers & Other Home Uses Stewart, Tabori & Chang