history of hypertext and hypermedia
DESCRIPTION
A brief history of hypertext and hypermedia systems...TRANSCRIPT
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history ofhypertext & hypermedia
geschiedenis van de informatica - 30 maart 2009
erik duvalK.U.Leuven
http://www.cs.kuleuven.be/~erikd 1
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Timing?input from my students...
•Teletext: 1970?
• telefoonbanking: 1990?
•encyclopedie: Larousse? 18de eeuw?
•encarta: 1995
• telegraaf: 1850?
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•1907: Paul Otlet
•1945: Vannevar Bush, memex
•1967: Andy van Dam, Hypertext Editing System
•1968: Doug Englebart, NLS
•1975: Carnegie-Mellon, ZOG/KMS
•1985: Brown, Intermedia
•1986: Owl, Guide
•1987: Apple, Hypercard
•1987: Hypertext 87
•1991: CERN, WWW5
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Paul Otlet•Belgian, 1868-1944
• lawyer, bibliographer, internationalist
•background
•“proliferation and disorderly state ofthe literature in the social sciences”
•“there is too much to read”
• ‘monographic principle’: text chunks on cards
• facts, interpretation of facts, statistics, sources
•systematic reorganization of knowledgeMonday 30 March 2009
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Paul Otlet
• Universal BibliographicRepertory
• 1912: >250.000 images
• 1934: >15 million cards
• searches until early 1970s!
• Universal Decimal Classification (based on DDC)
• foresaw technological development:
• screens, loudspeakers, distant access ... even VR
• network of libraries, archives, museums ... Internet
• Mundaneum Mons: http://www.mundaneum.be
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Paul Otlet
•outmoded positivist paradigm
• true hypertext does notdestroy original document
•more:
• W. Boyd Rayward. Visions of Xanadu: Paul Otlet (1868-1944) and Hypertext. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 45(4):235-250, 1994, pp. 235-250.
• http://nytimes.com/2008/06/17/science/17mund.html
• http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~buckland/otlet.html
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Vannevar Bush, Memex• 1890-1974
• science advisor to Roosevelt
• explosion of scientific information
• mechanical solution: memory extender
• “device in which an individual stores all his books, record and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility”
• medium: microfilm, scanner, handwriting
• several parallel screens (cfr. windows)
• associative indexing
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Vannevar Bush, Memex
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Vannevar Bush, Memex
• trails: set of links that would combine information relevant to a perspective or a topic
• professional trail blazers
• trails can be published
• popular exposure (Time, Life), never got built
• Vannevar Bush. As we may think. Athlantic Monthly, 1945.
• http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/computer/bushf.htm
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Ted Nelson, Xanadu• coined ‘hypertext’ (1965)
• design for a new literature
• all the world’s literature
• address any substring of any doc from any doc
• never delete text because may have been linked to
•most recent version always retrievable
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Ted Nelson, Xanadu
• royalties to original author based on bytes seen by reader
• reader can always request full version of original text (and thus context)
• vision never implemented
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Ted Nelson, Xanadu
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Ted Nelson, Xanadu
•more:
•Theordor Holm Nelson. Litterary Machines 93.1. Mindful Press.
•http://ted.hyperland.com/
•http://www.xanadu.net/
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9kAW8qeays
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D. Engelbart, Augment
•Stanford Research Institute
• invented interactive computing (mouse, windows, groupware, ...)
• team went to Xerox PARC
•now: bootstrap institute
• http://www.bootstrap.org/
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D. Engelbart, Augment• demo at 1968 Fall
Joint Computer Conference
• video, microwave transmission, ...
• http://sloan.stanford.edu/mousesite/1968Demo.html
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4kp9Ciy1nE
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19http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4kp9Ciy1nE
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Fast forward to … now :) !
http://flash.kmi.open.ac.uk:8080/fm/fmm.php?code=c785a5-890&room=fm890
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TextText
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Fast forward to … now :) !
http://flash.kmi.open.ac.uk:8080/fm/fmm.php?code=c785a5-890&room=fm890
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TextText
http://hyperscope.org/
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Fast forward to … now :) !
http://flash.kmi.open.ac.uk:8080/fm/fmm.php?code=c785a5-890&room=fm890
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TextText
http://hyperscope.org/
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3914718330476864051&q=doug+engelbart
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http://www.designinginteractions.com/22
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http://programforthefuture.org/23
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http://programforthefuture.org/23
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1978: Aspen Movie Map
http://www.naimark.net/projects/aspen.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hf6LkqgXPMU
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1985: intermedia
http://www.useit.com/papers/hypertext-history/
•Brown, Andy Van Dam
• linking protocol for apps to link to and from documents
•separate webs with links for each user
•designed for educational use
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• CERN: loose projects, international,
• complex equipment
• 1989: proposal, T.Berners-Lee&R. Cailliau
• 1990: ECHT, info.cern.ch
• 1991: release browser for Next, line mode browser, server code on alt.hypertext, comp.infosystems.www, telnet to line-mode browser, Hypertext91: rejected, only connected demo
• 1993: Jan: 50 servers, Feb: Mosaic (NCSA), March: Lynx, April: CERN code public, info.cern.ch 10 Khits/day, Oct: 200 servers
• 1994: March: 1st conference
• Oct: 2nd conference, Dec: 1st w3c meeting
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Why successful?
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Why successful?•open systems approach
•standardized specifications for interoperability
•backwards compatible with legacy data(can access gopher, ftp, news, wais, ...)
•designed to be decentralized:
•no central link database (hence consistency less assured)
•no ‘compilation’ into specific format
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http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/484
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Thanks!
Questions?http://erikduval.wordpress.com/http://www.cs.kuleuven.be/~erikd
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