An Introduction

CSC159 Computer Organization

CSC159 Synopsis

The purpose of this course is to give p p gunderstanding to the students about digital computer organization and architecture particularly on computerarchitecture, particularly on computer operation and its main component

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Lesson Outcomes Evolution of Computer Architecture

0th Generation

1st Generation

3rd Generation

2nd Generation

4th Generation

St d P C t

5th Generation

Introduction

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Evolution of Comp. Architecture

In reference to the different generations of ti d icomputing devices

Each generation characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate

Move towards smaller, cheaper, more , p ,powerful, more efficient & reliable devices

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0th Generation Mechanical computers Abacus: early predecessor of computerAbacus: early predecessor of computer Blaise Pascal: invented a calculating machine Charles Babbage: Charles Babbage:

Analytical EngineHad 4 components Had 4 components the store (memory), the mill(computation unit), the input

ti ( h d d d )section (punched card reader), the output section (punched & printed outputs)

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p p )

1st Generation

Use vacuum tubes for circuitry & magnetic drums for memorydrums for memory

Vacuum tubes Si i b lk / l Size is bulky/very largeMade from glass

Fragile Fragile Short-lived (heat burned out)

Use a great deal of electricity very expensive

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1st Generation (cont.)

Computers relied on machine language & could only solve g g yone problem at a time

Input: punched cards & paper tape Input: punched cards & paper tape Output: displayed on printouts

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1st Generation (cont.) ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer)John V Atanasoff and Clifford BerryJohn V.Atanasoff and Clifford Berry First totally electronic digital computer

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

J h W M hl d J P E k tJohn W.Mauchly and J. Presper EckertFirst all-electronic digital computer

EDVAC, IAS and UNIVAC I (first commercially available computer)

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2nd Generation TransistorsMade of specially treated silicon which p y

controlled the flow of electric currentGenerated less heat & wouldnt burn outAllow computers to become smaller, faster,

cheaper, & more energy-efficient than before more reliable than vacuum tubes more reliable than vacuum tubes

Use assembly languages - allow programmers to specify instructionsprogrammers to specify instructions in words

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3rd Generation

Integrated CircuitsgMiniaturized transistors

placed on silicon chipsp pMade computers smaller, faster, cheaper

Users interacted through keyboards & monitors, interfaced with an operating , p gsystem

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4th Generation

Microprocessors *(VLSI)Th d f IC b iltThousands of ICs builtonto a single chip

Could be mass produced (PCs) Computers become even smaller & more

f lpowerful GUIs, mouse,

handheld devices

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*VLSI Very Large Scale Integration

4th Generation

Open architecture Open architectureThe hardware design was made

available to anyoneavailable to anyoneAnyone could write software or build

h dhardware

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5th Generation

1) Artificial Intelligence Goal: to develop devices that respond to

natural language input & are capable of g g p plearning & self-organize Roboticsobot cs Nano-technology

Anything smaller than Anything smaller than microtechnology

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5th Generation (cont.)

2) Age of Connectivity Release of WWW standards in 1991

possible to connect computers all over the worldthe world

Shift towards technology that focuses on mobilitythat focuses on mobility(wireless revolution)

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5th Generation (cont.)

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The Evolution: a summary

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Generation CharacteristicsZeroth (1642-1940) Mechanical computers

First (1940-1955) Vacuum tubes

Machine language Single user Programmed I/O using CPU ABC, ENIAC, UNIVAC

S d (1955 1965) A bl l f ll d b hi h l lSecond (1955-1965) Transistors

Assembly language followed by high-level languages with compiler

Third (1965 1980) MultiprogrammingThird (1965-1980) ICs

Multiprogramming Time sharing OS Multi-user applicationspp

Fourth (1980-199?) VLSI PCs

Multi-processor OS

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Stored Program Concept

John von NeumannA genius who spoke many languages,

was an expert in the physical sciences & mathematics & had a total recall ofmathematics, & had a total recall of everything he ever heard, saw, or read

A consultant on the ENIAC projectA consultant on the ENIAC projectProposed significant improvements over

the ENIAC designthe ENIAC design EDVAC and IAS

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Stored Program Concept Forms the basis for nearly all digital

computers even nowcomputers, even now

D t & i t ti b th t d i i Data & instructions are both stored in main memory while being processed

S i l i f i i Sequential processing of instructions Binary data processing Consists of CPU, memory, & I/O system

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Stored Program Concept The architecture:

MEMORY

Input

CUALU

Input

OutputAccumulator Output

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