history of india vol.1 -1867

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H!STORIONS OF SIND - V ,.,(_ i

n~c~na Boo~ Cj)ntre

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('UlliJiliE1J ~ 600lS£1 1£)\ 10/0, QIK'~,_.~, t-:'6,-, DllhL

THE HISTORY OF INDIA

A• Told By II• O.,n Hi.loria"'

THE MUHAMMADAN PERIOD -- -~ - . TFI~ POSTRUMOUS PAPERS

SIR H. M. ELLIOT ; .

&<lhe4 by rrof.John ~.!l..

SUSIL .G_VPTA · (INDIA) Lib; .\ ..CALCUTIA u ..

Jtnc !didon 1861 Sc<ond l'.ditlon 1955

Pub1tthl4 by ~ · G\ll"l Sor S~1 ('.upla (Jo&t) Ltd., 3S. Qtlt•rtllfan 1\Ycrl-. CtJ(\Itltl it, 'and PMctd bJ 1l. It Stn al 1.lod<m Jndin P1tU.

7, WtlUft.t•ott Sqv.lrt. Clll::utU.·JJ.

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PUBLISHERS' NOTE

The anidel published in this boot arc: repri.ut~ from r.bc fiM n'»fUtM O( &he ori£maJ t'dicion of l.bt WOfl.

1'he lint arlide the Muimnlu•t TaworiAh is n abort i.nuoduct ion to the hinory of l'en.ia, In the Futu/m .. l B&d4tn, Bll&d,•ri dt~a-Jbes In one c:h•r•tCT the courx or &be Arab conquaU of Sind. 1bla b one of ~ eulitst Anbie chronjdtt and ~"-et ~n actounc of th¢ hnt con· quctu ol che A1•:.b.t h1 Syrta, .MtsOJlOCamia, .Eaypt,. Persia. Armt:nia., Tramoxlann.. Alrfcl, Spa.Jn and Sioct

-r'bc Cllaclt-nmr• ddk more fully \irilb the ame tub)CCC, and cbe Arabic orf1imJ of thiJ wort mun h1V1: btcn wrhtctt IOQ!l after che c-.·cntJ h ft'((Jrdt, chougb the !'en:i.an versJon, which is t)(mt known co us, it oi J:uer datt. 'T'he Anb occupation of Sind wu but tonpotVy~ it w» the precunot, not lhc tommt1lC~tlnent. ol Mwu!man rule In Jni:!ia, On the rttrcac o[ the Ar.tt:J the ~n-ernmttll M the country re''uted to nadvt. prioC"CJ. llt)d nor· whtu:c:anding the tucceues o£ Mahmud of Chunl, Lhc Jand reaWncd pnctit:IUy indtpcndan undl iu abt;«jM.lor. hno lh• Empln: aurin1 the re~ oC A\bor in 1692 A.D. Priority o£ dat~ and of tutiJ«t thua «<ve tbc t iabt of PrtoedcnCC' to Lho Historian• o! Sind, While: the hOtuion of the country and the JndJvJdualily o( tu bJ&o~ory ffi!Uire &hot lll Tthl!l>( •• io sboold be t•p• •osclhcr."

CENTRAl -'•~C f ·fl\ e01 '"\ 'I,.AL l j :s . • • 0 , ..

H'} _ l l o i:. ,"'/IJ ' • ~ Y/@ . . . . ' . 1.9' /. 9 ti" . .... .. 0..1! uo . .... .. t:f:"'· :(:!~'')"''):,)'1"

.":':.r ....... ~ .. tf..7-HfL'J

Mvim•lu>~ TttWMi.U

Futvlt"'l Huld•n

Cltach·Nnma:

T•rilihu·s Sind

CONTENTS

Account or $1111\lllll Oynu!ty

The Wondtn u( Si1vl

The WondC:I'& or Knnd:~h:u•

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MUJMALU-T TAWARUCB

[A J'OIITtow o[ tbll most lnterating unique work wa• publiahed hy M. Rcin:md1 in hi£ 'Prtag.m~nf.l Ar4bt.s cr l'er&aHI lnedits rdal i/ (I I' bark, from tl1c MS. numbered 62 Jn 1.he Dlbllotllc:que du Rot at l'11ris. ·Tbe MS. has bttn daaibe(l to the Journal Athuiquc nt dilrerent times, by M. O.ulllrtJnerc and M. Mobl, aud h had lJ«n proVloutly drawn upon by AnqucdJ Dupc:rron and SUvattc: de S•cy.]

ll"bc chapter published by M. Reinaud., with which wC an: here concerned, wu not wrluen by the author o£ the Mujmu.l binlltiJ, but WAJ botrowed by h_ito (rom an oJde•· work. or whicll he thuJ Jpeaks.-"l have &etn a.n aneil"Jit hook of ll\e t·Undus which Abu SaUh bln Shu'aib bin j11n1i' · tnuulat.td hno Arabic ll'om the Hindwani l;~~~~n.ge: (Sa.n&k.rh). Thil work W11S lrandp.ted into Pm:iau in 41? "'·"· (102G A.D.) by Abu·l M:uan 'AU bln Muhammad lll Jiti,1 \et~-?er ot the lib1•ury a.t Jurj.an !or a. chief o ( fhct D0amittL The book l $:lW W81 in tl\C hfltul• wrhint or the: author, and bore tht d.ue above aivm. lt is the cuuom of the Hindu wTil~ O•) philosopliy to put spttc:hes '"to lhe moutht of beast~ and birds., as ifl the book Kalila wn DirmHI, ;tod accordingly m.aoy Ncb speech· es o.rc. introduced imo thi• book. lllave here introdu~d the (account,(l{ the) pr~ln or l.he kings 1-nd • short hi&tory of them. and J have copted it be(au~ it b not to ba !ouod ~m el&~but God tnow.r."] • 1• ,[Tllt. do.te o( th.e original Arable tra.rulation does not ap~ar :· ft may or may oot h~ve been written. bc!ore the \\':.Ork or~l)iladuri, but !.he "c:xuactJ'' relate lO an andent period. and more especially to Si.nd, 10 that they come jJl m~t approprlfately hm at the bqinning- o£ the hlstodeal writiJ18" The djit4 of the Penim trao.dation, and $till

'JkM.,Il4'.t JrWI4 1¢ M4 ''al J~llt," _btu (j_,, ... ,I!WI"e 161",~tfca ' iJ Itt "'ol/U_jt (Jwr. 4e~ Sn .. Jc" ISSI), 1Ml i4 ufiW.ctJ. I'IUI~t'lr cua,.., S.w., t;/ tiM CfiJtiort: Jar/~• ls to tfu ~~'~f' 'ol~lfii.J ~ .. l~] ,.. .• .a

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more tbat o! the MulntAI, would cllrry them onward to a tater and less i U.i:tab c J?O!ition.J. ,

M. Retnnud is of opan1on th:tt the: tra.nsllted Sarulmt wort. Y(a& a>mpoted about the (lC)IlUUenttmcn,t O( the Chrbti11..0 era. r.erulnly long ~vious to the AaJ;a Taran· glni, and probo:blr. to the M';tha·bhariUI: Ill)(( that the subsequent rc:puuttion or· that ~ threw the trnmtated "''ork into the 6b.a.de. 11 &0', it would go Co:tr to thow that the Mlha·blumua Is, aa Wolfe ud Heyne: lay of the llind, a ()l)ltc:ction of oldet' JlCX'tiU alrody currtnt ~ for there ill'c many ~~Qgtl in Mujwalu·t Taw1riklt wh.i.ch :uc :.tlmost fefb:ufm the ume u the)' are at preu:nt prcKrved an Lhe MahA·bhanta.. l11deed, H mJght be aaid that the Maha· bhBr2ta NU iuclf the work tzatul.atC'd by the Arab, h:a.d noc. .,,iwa.ls been refresenttd as the: apclk.cN.

The: learned Eduor abo tblnts he has dbcovercd lu lhi~ tXlttCC indicatkntt o£ the Drahmanica.J iftf!u.ence being ottblished 0\'f:t the K51mu-iyas, at an epo.ch rul»c:que.nt to c.be war betwet.n the Pand.avaJ and Ko'luravu. The anler· to~ howe,·cr. le&U upon very questionstb1t ground$, ao cla1estionablc, lndccd. duu we aye tempted co exclaim, at tltc piOtl.) Pers:iat\ tnndator doo u.t the end ol e~d1 Indian Fable r«<rded by Mm, "God only knows the (~·uth I"

Tbt author o[ the "i\ful·malu·t T1warlkh.'" uys that bis fnlltn wu che cornplle:r o an bj"orlc~:l wor·l:., ~nd lhat he hjmKI! bad wriuw a b:i.nory of the Barmd:i.dcs from their origin to tbd r exl1oction. M. Qu.aruemere and M. 1\Johl uy llu.t hl.s name b unknowrt, \)t\d sJve hi$ pedigr.ce at gr.ui.d!oan of Mulu.Uib bln ~fuhamma<f bin ShaW. Re was a uavellcr; for be teUs. w that he bad vblted the tombt ol Daniel, &tlticl. and Jot~u. :wd certain ancient buUdinr in Pcuia and BabylOnia, He in£onnr tlJ that he 'commenOC'd bif book A.h. 520 (AJ>. ·t 126), during the n:lp o[ San jar, son or MaUl Sbab. St1lt~1 oC. the So..IJuli.s. ~~ be muu b.Ave Jim! lon~t after thb. for be rtcord.s an ~\'el'lL C)f A.rr. !)89 (A.n. 1193.)

His 'ii~lt iJ u dlronologicaJ a bridgmcol C)[ ur>i\'erul hinory t~ the lixlh century of the Uljri. He quotes ae~~l ~re :iut.ho-!·itie:s :.i"ld makl:!t :._ uiticaJ wt or them. The toptc on whtch he 1tppean co ha'l( cxm:bcd gtOn o! his rcHJ.rcbes iJ the history of Pcrda, on whtc:b w6je«·

MUJMALtr-T T.4WAI.I~(

be promises co write hcn:after a more detailed Gcoounl He givts m any curfO\Il and drcu(ost:t_n..tial detaiJJ on gtography, dcrivt? run 01)lr fro.n boob. but Crom bit own per.tanill oi.Mtrva.ttou.

The llc:rlian tranll:uion, wMc.h he quotes from Abu·l }.i:uaJI, Js ll#ldly e.:eculCd, beiog much too UteraJ, ;md with· out any prctcmioru to nyle; :ao.d the a:nmt •leglect of the roost ordanary grace .and embcH!a:hmcnt has bc(n obterved i.n the 111.1thor'1 owo rompodtion., in the portions which are orJglnal.

Tfic nuthoritie1 he <tuottt IU'C: the history o£ Tabarf, tJ1e ShaiHIRma, Carshup·nama.. Fara.mm.namo,., Bahman· nllmlli. Kush,,U·dandan, Abu-1 Munyyi:d JJalkhi, Hamu lt(nhnnl. :u1< t'iOI)le olbers. He II}'J that he quotes thC$C: in original, altllough they wHI be routld to agree but little with one another, in tttde.r that hit readers may know :..11 that h!U heeo s.:~ id t•~n the subiecu he dit'ieus~ ; that be abridges d1eir prohxltie~, 1nd cJiscg;rd' their quotationJ · in \'e:J'&e. ; t1tat i.l ever he quOtCI poetry, It b on lltmunt .. ol il.8 lm.rifiSic C'.X«llc:nce, or hs- peculiar adapuuion tO the Jubicct he had to illunrate.

"The. t.r1uwac1io•_. of lht kings oC renfa,'' he continues, ••o.rt tJle only oun whicb I proeose to recoun~ at. length. b«awc lblt country fs placed m 1he centre or the uni· vtrec'l, ~cauAe it forrns one quancr of the habitable globr, bca.usc It is the cradle or the huma.n r:u:e, bemuse it iJ the reJfdena: o£ tho kings of tlte rourth climate, beauae other pottiO•\• o( lhe globe, tuch u China, Indl;~, Zlll"'j, Arabia, Crcecc, 1nd Turld&tan nre no~ to be compared to liin, nor fl any other toiuHry, whether un, wt.sc, no'rthj or &outO,.-becau&e, moreover. In reading the hbtO.ry ot· Peni11. any on<! ca.n at the a.ame tillle inrtruct hlnuel( ns· ~c.dng the ".ate, position, pC<Uliadtles and marvclt uf

· oiher comJtrics:· Thb work, thtrt!ore, as far •• it goc:t. may be coruider•

ed an introduot.lol\ to tbe H.Utory or renia, and that the author completed tbe enti~ lo"'Oli: ca.nnot be doubted, becaute he connantly a.Uttd.t$ to the dctaU.- wblch he bas g'h'tn., in 1he •ol»equent part. The cllic.onrry of th,e oo.nl,., J>lCI~ work would be a matttr of congrat\11alion. It wa., at ont dme lhe intendol1 of 'M.'M,· Saint Maitin ·ana].

u urOII.lA-Xt or JIND

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ui.besllvin,g i1\ peace:, and then cu.lviud lhe Ja.u and Mecb Ut send a Cew cbitiJ to walt on ki.n&' l>-.j~.a.n I'J)uryro. cllwi>J, oon of Dahrat [DIIrita"""")· and beg ol'ltim"to •P.point :a t.i.ng. to lffboce authority tioth uibel ml«ht mbroic.. '"11Lc rc.rult of tJ\iJ WM •:uldactory,llnd ILis pmpo.dtlon wN adovu:·d . After 101m ditcUtsion lhcl' agrcC'd to llet llj)OO i~ aD<I the .,.JIUOr l>afuohan ..,,.ted hla &!Ita J).ulal !Duh&ala~ wik of kif>« Jandnt Uayaclntha). a powerCul prince, lO ruJe ova the: Jan tand M'cdt. .Dusal went nnd took dlll'f{t of cho .:ounuy and dti~, the patti· culan or wbidt ana o( tbe witdom or tbc prlnee.tt. llre ckw"W fn the ori(in.al work. But for all 1u greamas. and richet and. dfinlly. lhcre wu no bnbmaa or wile n1an In the country. She therefore wrote a Jo:ng letter to her brother rur IIJJill.:ln~ who collected !0® brnh~ mans lrom ill fUnduttan. and tent tham. wh.h all their ~and dcpe:odtnta. to hU .Uccr, 1'bctt are ~~raJ cl.iJ. cuuion& a.nd at.Oria 1bou~ &hue br.ahmant iB tbe origiru.t work. •

A long time pllutd before Sind befime flonrbhlng. Tbe orlalnal _, ,,,.. a Jon& delaiptlon of the country. iu ri~ and wondm. and mention~ the lou:r.datJOft of dties. The city whic:t\ the quec,n made the c:tpital, U called AtknJand.• A small por1ion or the Q)\.lnlty We 1nade over to tJle J:au, and appoin.te<l ono of thetn :a,& their chid'; ht. tWDe wa. Judn.t. Similar anaqemc:rn.t -.'tre Wo lll1de I« the M.a.. Tbb _..,..,, corulnaed c..twonty 1nd toQ:It' years, :attet whlcb'lhc Bhants Jolt poe~ Kation or the muntry.

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A()()(KIKT or nrc FALL o. TKI P.u."DAv.u A..\0 flJ:no&'y or ~ ..... ~ . ._lnju.ttlcc wu the cawc or the. bn of the dynany O[ the l'andltVI~t. FOl'LUne bad gown i.ndjfrertru

'7Jtb il IN """" '~ .<U.hJ,. .j P~ttltwf'r 11H «A"'•· St• ~~,.

' {"bftt WJlld a l"'. A• aod ;, o ~ •I IJI»> ,_.,, tr .,., fll~ bttt.ttt,. #VN ~ ta. } · •-rrhl.r hWIIW7 U t.tHtll'MI 11:1 ,,., JlgtNI of Pfts~"'g., /(!It of J~1fi. NlUd lt.tr'1 1H.il•la. JC~ b K.ori.IIW,. ; IJ.U4f, K~ : ~). ~ Kwiil ~; 0114 tM u.w. Ka,...,w.ll. -l!dooooll

C9W2rds lh~m. and they l!'l'l.ded by heoomi))g t)'l'rull.S. Oit.e day th~r mrr:icd off the cow of a brahman, and were about to kill him. when the bralimm warned t.hem, :.nd said, .. , have rud in boob th:nt tl\e jn06perlty of the .P•n~davas vo·ilJ {Q..tl when they shaU kUJ a brahman Cor the n ke of a cow-do not till me." They did not hoed him~ but .tin~ both hi«~ ".Od the oow, ·n,at bnhrrw:t had a son named Brahmin, a strOng and ull m.1n, who dwelt upon 11. mountain. When h~ "beard a( illis ncl:rriou~ buain~ be aro.st, IWd said to h.imse1(, l will go and take away the JO)'treigJ\~ lrom the Pandava~, Cor t.hey have ld lltd a cow1

(and) n. brnbmnLl : lhe words of ~he aa.p cannot provc ftJte, so the time of tbe f:tll of their dominion fJ come. Men la.ughed at him, but a party auembled round him. He took :. city, and his powt;r- i11eteased d."'y by d"Y• until be bad a l~ army : and he went on capturlnJ ddet until ac len~ be reached t.be city o£ I·Jatna,' "'h1C:b wu tbP. 01pical. Kuynhur.at m:~rch.ed out 10 the h.'ll tle. . hl1t wu slaiu, IU.ld llrahmin ;~liSumed the SO\'a-eignty. Wher· t\'tT he round any one or the race or the "P.and.avu be alew him. nu~ a le\1.• f!lcaptd, who oonce;~Je(J their eJC· traction, :U)d ewployed tb.eunch•es as bulclltn and bakers, or in similar crafts.. Brahmin acquired the whole o£ Hindusta'n. They say, c.Jut a d.aughter or Dol [N.akulal,

.son of Pandu, went l () hittJ, :md save him sudt counJds ou. induced him to de;ln from $Jaytng the Pa.ndavu. .But lac put them aU in prl.ton until _;a large num ber wat ool· ,J«t.ed.. when aa a oonditjon ol their tltlivmmce* b e made them follow ttrtairl trada, so th~t no one. would give their c:lnugbtas to them, or take c.b.t.in, or n.s.$1Xiote wilh them. He proc.la.imed. thit throoghout hi.s domlnfonJ.. Tbcit podtion li' :U lowered to such a c!ep'ec, that they ·t~k to the occupation o£ mu.ddanL lt l$ said that the Hntdu Jute players belong to this (n.uliJy; bm God knowa.

HDTO,IW.o~ SuNACH.-'11•er say that Drahmin feh re-

'(H6Jiilta-t:Jt.) • (I A•,. f ntllf'11U7 JuUDfN'd M. ~trtwf~ i1t 11i1 i.Mg~ltioll# tWl

n i&IJI "MI'Ifd"ii~Not (1/ 1/,~ vttNif tWbiU/JN ~ R~, but i' .w-.t-1, 't.tm.t 1ff((J$0f'1 IO cltaJfg# 1/11 vhlt jutan lo ti,tCilll, fS }(r fro->

' 1Pitd ilt tAU ~$r. HU wr.tio .. h II 1#101' aui$-M, ~,.- W'f'~, dilumu tMlihl," - ]oor. d(l Sav .. /a' sl.sl.J

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mor~ rar the slaughter. or .so many pcnons, und ~id, T subtritutt w()J"4bip on the turtmit of n mounWn for lh.c daughu::r of tuen. One day a brahmlll) muned Fuaf [K:l$)'apaJ c:am.e to him :111d !dmonlshc:d h.im. Jlrab.mitl Aid, i1 ., C\'"tn ao : 1 myself repen1, and I will now give thia kingdom ro thee. Fau.! said, lt is J)(l businf:SS o( tuinc; but .Drshrnin replied, Do thou receive h rrom,me. and ~ppoint some one O\'tf iL hy thy own authority, There was a servant named Sunagh, nnd him 'li'A&.af seated on the throne. Brahmin tben r<turned to the s~ne o[ hiJ devotion•. .Sunagb Jll':tc;clse.d. junice and equity. and l)nr· ~ued rt W()rthy colU'sc. 1'11<~ ~,·ereignty Kmained in his family mHi.l il(t.een kingt had lilt upon the lhrone. Then they becam~ tyrau(..t "3nd the &Ovcrelgncy departed from tht.m. "this wu tn the rc'i;n o£ G•utas.C, klng o[ Peni:a. lt is said th~l in the llft•UitC o r this Cu&l~llf, D:tbman Jed !l.n army to 'Hiodut.t.'ln and took :a poTtiOn of it ; =t8

' l(l the other pnu e~·ery oue (that could) ~eized a com~r. Nu orte: of t.lle family (o! Sllnagb) rett ined any power. n::.hman foundeclll city between cbe conRncs of the 13indw. aJld che TUrk.&, to which he ,ave tbe name of KandnbiJ, and in anot111~r pl1ee-, which chcy c:aJJ ButUnr, h rounded a chy whid1 he t;11;1led B:thman·abad. Aeconling to O•\e a((Dunt this II M•nsura : but God kn<wo•a. At thia time h e: n:luTntd ll> Ptrda, when be received chc: MW!I o! the death of Cusua.sr, ~u)d assume:l the crown. "flliJ •ctOtant 1 round in this book, buL 1 have not rc.a.d it ellewb.ere. The motller of Bahman b n.id to have beer' or Turk ex· traetion: but Cod knows.

H.JrtO"-Y ov TH~ KtN~OOM ov KASHwa AND RA~lt iJ said that H;tl was the descend:tnt or Sanjwara, a;o rl ol Jan-drat and of the danghter (I( Klng D:abrat. Ht inherited in Hiqdunan the dominion vhic:.h h.-.d bu.n ocwpled by J::mdrat and Daual a.nd their de~ndanu. . He beume. a vc:ry lmport.-.nt' ptnonage. and bultt a fint CGp.iUIJ :md &everal dli(t. H.i.$ OO\ll)try "':u remarkable !or ·the ~upt.. tiO't' qu<1-lity Of the cloth. t.h\l WQ ltlai'IUfaaure<J &htre. The cxpor-J:~.tion or lh.U C.tbric. witbout the stamp I)! Lhf!. king. wu p:obiPited. Thi~ ~ta.mp w:u U\ impress~n. oJ bis foot wJth aaJiron.' • -

• Vlg"h KaJhrDit. J. 114·

8 ti lS'l'OJliAti$ 01! JINO

, 1t happened tlmt du~ wile o! the king of Ka.shmir bol•glu. some of that cloth, a nd having lllJl.de up u dJ'au of the -same, $ht. appeared before her hU3b:md, who at the sight or the suupp got jealous, and as~cd b~r w.henca !he got the doth, :1... nd wbat munp wa• on Jt, Hu Wtfc n:J)hed that abc lu:ul bought it from a merduun. The merctuutt was .sent Cor. and ·&ht killg made cnquirles Qbout k The .:nt.rch:mt aaid thnt the statni' on the cfo.tb wu au imp.t'ts· sion of k ing Hal'a toot.'* On b~ring thb Lh~ lUng of Kubmir swore he 'vouJd go :and cut of c.he (oot or ki!'( HaL Hit Wuir otnervc:d.-"that p~ce ~ the Jantl o[ tl1e brWman~ you wUI ,P.In no victory ~ert:." The king of Kashmir did not heed t.bia :advice. but marched out with hit army. When Hat benrd n! th.e klng of K:uhmil• i11· ,tenJion~ be was altrmed: he S(:nl i•l(orm~tion to the brab· ra.aos a.nd tllld l.hA!nl the king of Kashmir's tbrt:u, :~.nd utd

·it behoved them thetefo(e to throw obatJt.Cies in hi~ w:~y. r:fe brahman• offertd up tbdr l)rayen .. and counteUed ·hun tu have an elepb.J.nt rondC or d1ty, IJJ\d to have lt ,P.laccd ln front of tlie b.1tde·litld. HJ.l did JO, ancl when the kln,g: of Kubmir's soldim ~dv:mctd under their com· mand.errn•dtiel, .names bunt from lhc d.epb.lu1t nnd burnt ·many of them.

The king of Kuhmir was cJten contpeJied co sue for peace, (11trlte conclw.ion o( whicll.l Hul 5ent. runny presc:nu to bim. And the ki.:llg of .Kashm r, ln order to fUllll bii

·o:ult. cut off che leg of an luto1~tre wndc oi wax. and returned by the riv·er.u ftC. wa1 advised not to ~ctt<l by water on ~accoun.t of its turbultor.e. Jn ClOtapHan« wttb this

' :I.(Mco he travelled along llle bank (6o1hilj until he rtlched • sllge AOPlt: par:u.ang. dbtant from the rotultry 1>£ T{::uW·

'»Tilit lt t.JJ.c ldw.r lqtrod o.~ tll.lt ttl J.(I'Av.hto 1~ llr• Raja 'T«rm~Q~'tri (1/. Jl) ; ofll t1l1 /Q(I} p./4'1 Oft lW~J¢r)tttd f!VI i~t·.r--al ' (11/ltr' l!tofi<i,. ,,t,.in St~ ~'trMflr'8 ~(awdi, ~. Jll. u~~'"'" Pp.Qja~ / . J,1. RtirrclltfJ Mun.. 4i. Ind. AhcrU~t U. ISJ •

• • TtXIJ /1, i';/f1 ~ l~s Sow.loN oi Mtbomd, 61. [Til~ 'lfn'ril ~i.st#d ··~ U bry;~, ulsit4 O l(llJr·Nifm ~11 (Jtl.pfit It>

•k M14 "uo." It Ha11 bclr.ll ~~. lllftd i/t.r l.llu t.iftll' '" ""1-f'Qrttrl 6;v u•-"" •I lb U'Ord u.taU. t4oNt,: ~·r (I ll dilktf!t J, ,._.,. u iw tNt iA11 {JMIIttW .. H omJ it ,_oUI'L'tt~ I• r'tlflot tQ K4tlu1lir b7 tto.-1 •

MUJMI'oi.U•'J' TAWAIUXH 9

mir, when the- \#llC•'.S subsldcd." Jn thl\l lllace he built many hou&et and viUJ~ges. Tht «:a in fhnd.i is cnlled S1vandartS (Snmudra). Heoct ti:4'H r.tace wu caJled S2vandi, and it cx.i.s.l.$ to thi.J. d1y. He lllsO built temples 2ond SUJ)erb dde1 in many plac:e:. At length. intelligence of an enemy tame to bJm from K.n"bmir, he. then rcwrncll to hia <X>untry. aud St•l)l)ressed hb (OCf. 1.''he G-overnment rcmai11C:d (or l JC:ftAth or time iR lhe h:mdl or his desct1l· dtutU, n•'d aU the H'lndua WC'J"( obedient to them. In the c.ounll')' of Sind there were: thrte ).ings, until at length the territory of the fUndus came undu the authorhy of Ki11~ Ko.£and. "fter he had by hU \-a.lour ~l•lxlued them. A brnhman bad ble$$ed him and aald tbnt the wholf! tOvcrtignty should d.e\•oh·c upon Me\.

H'tsTo~v OJ; J(u.:c. K.AF.A;Nl).l~Tl\b KaJnnd wa~ not Jl Hindu, but through his kindly dis~ition 11nd equity ail t.>ec:~tne obedient to him. 'H.!! m:tcle line apeechet a.nd prai.s<:d Lbt Rindw and the:lr ¢0Unt:ry. lie r:tised their hopet by hb \•irtues, tu\d teali&ed the:m. by his decd1. He WU.\ · t.'vt~te.mporary u with Ak.xw~dc .. the Ct·ee.k. H• h ad vUions, of which he asked tbc in.tcrprclntion fro ll\ a brahman, t~.nd he 1ouglu J:~C3ct (rom Alex.:.nder. to whom lt~ 5CJJ.L hi$ daughter, a s):Jiful phy•icl:u-•. 11 philosopher1

and a. glass va..se." ln lhec Sh.:th-t~.ama he b called l(~id the Hindu. Tbit ~tory will ubo 'be relnttd in the Hre of Alt:.xa.ndel". When cho information o( the b111.hman rt:tched the Hindus." K1tC.nd sent a perr.on to Samid. his brother, dl•·ecdng him to go to M:tmura with lhe bs·:ilimln, a nd

u (Sir H, 8111~1 intr4llhlttd ~ tll'gAt hft~iiJfll.l t.~ "' u,f f/ lhil ,01~e, t#llkla Jl'1"Jrr:flf"'bl• ttt IAI ~rdl #ttlttd &1 R,jxmJ, a11d AM 6wlf folloW~ t. tlu iroNflih'DL Tlai ~•'IHJ mrd1 tl" '"bar sah!l bi)'llmlld batmrWll ab lwnttt plhi e'hand 'fa.rnnK a-,; al'l wa. tl'rtllk··l kuhmft W1 j aipb halllf\1'- kud WI. dibb.'\... .lilli~t rtl7dt "blr m&ruiJI Srih ab k:unlar psht.")

• (TN Q"tul'' to tu "" ol/tui¢t I~ Jh~ ,s,.,umdlfT mmM.Ii..i ;.. tM 'Afi'Jllm-1 Mnlii!IMaJ, fnl. 1P1J .... Mill~ fStt Silcdllri tflll CAMII·I:Itlllr4,} "ISu Th~TP~tu ilt Jour. R.A.S.. J$6J.l 11 Ot.,in•ere'l f'r.lmda:W. oj buhd for bllc1 •'l Ust#lioi,J

• .. Su MIJI'tfdi.J • "Chtm ·Kbiblt brabuwt b~ n.sw>, S/4owld •o- b,U,•

•"" H ,.,a4 Boll..,.? .. wm init.:Jiutu~ ltf (tA• t~t~Ofltm of) BcJunti.Jt r'IOdttd th'l mlfthl,., • ' •

10

ecpel Mah.ra ... the PeuiaJl rrom thoce placet: whicb Bahman h~d conquered. and to crcc.t idol templea in pla.ct of 6re-~.emp1es. $amid called (to hit. auistomcc) fbJ, 'king of Hinauua.n. and t.hey m:~:rched :.gainn Mahra the Pcra.bn, and warred with him untU he fl~l into the city. For d1ree )'tl)r$ Mahra rtmainc:d in tbe £orcress. but when no pr01pcC:t O£ IUC'Ce!>S WU }e{t be l)l'duccl a tunnel tO be dug. and lhe.r. carried tbb {'ubterrancous P"s.Ji~gt) CO :a p lace o\Jiod )( i)'1lwa. H e c.htn ordered ~u to 6c fixed in tbe ground ou tlJe top o( lht: {c>tl,n~ .. ~ and arm~ and belrncu to be: p la.ctd upon them, 10 that Lhey looked Hkc ~ntries.

1 He then rt.ttrcd with c.be whole of his force through lhc tunod, lltJd marched to\V'tll'dt 1.ht! Tm·la, whose king gave b.im refuge. Arter wmc days O'OW$ perched up0u the ,;;: ll.¢hneta, and the a.olditn or Samid perceiving thiJ the truth 1"•' made k.oown. The g:u~ wt;J~ then opt:ned, and the people o( the eity dcscrHx:d lbe dcpar(ure f)f 'Mabr11 th t: hr$ism. So a£ttt the. bpsc or some yean Samid rcltlrncd victorious to hit own country. Alexandu came to lndlt ;~!ter thb traruaetion.

Alter Kafa,,d hud depcant.d hts son AYJ-nd ascended the throne. and be: dividetl the oountry of Sind into lour J)ar~ Ono king he culblbhcd at 'Ad:.aJan~:htS~,. •o Upon anotbc:r he beU.owed th~ country o! Zor to whkh Anj lUcb ?) b am.chcd. Three other countri.~ of the kinlt· 11om o£ Sanid (S.amfd l he bestowed u~n :t.J~Otb.ct.lo Fourthly, be contig1l.ed' the countries o£ Hindu1lao. Nada.ma. and. Loha.na sepa.rately upon another. This 1\•a• a!tu the dmf! or Hal.u When che U.lc or Ayflnd re:u:l1od itt limit, bis- son RaW b~C'.ame king. He reigned £or 10me

" (Auordr'IM' t<) 1M Slwh·N""' 1M """"' ol 1Ju brMti111K, ~ il'otn-lmtt4 Kftil1 drto"'· uw .. Jfolw'~M.'"-Rftu:~.YCL.l

" f" m11Uri ra bo.ukllaud.-uull bini tbln&d." I h.ut."CC /ollw:td RtiM.:Htd ;,. rMJr,g " 'A,t(J/olv/IVO/' ~~ r.Ar .,., , !l""ftJfl1 M• uJIW "' ~«AIU/11114 ... cr ""di~VId,..,, .. NUl llw tm.nilf<!llOII usa lt<1t ,.,, btm ft~~nld Wtuti«t. Jfo1 •or rltl ~t lt• rnlll, <t Ht ntGbUJittd .,..- kl"tl ~~ •A.rir.alo",. and Sah ?1

' or rHOY fk'l """"' lllf lad U!Ord hgfli/1 .. and tb:~e., (tk,a.o•rdtlldt.r),J

• (Till' wllnk 41/ lhil fO./SOI)t it 4mb~. TM T4~DrJ '"cadi· J&rwi l\yat." ti'/lle/1. lt lll'l't nfltlotrl "11ttv1 otlwf tOJUt,frlf"J," lJ r~ JnrJ 111 """' ltoil;tlffi' ~r~rUr" b1 RriMrr.i,J

• [S11 IIJt ad.ni/I'IO/ tltt 4j\tit1~ of $Ukl Wo Jo,. kr'•glla"" 4S t d~Jrribld i1t '"' p,t u.~;ttr nf tb- CAotA·t~OJtlo.)

ll

tim!!, until one rost up ;agairut him and txpcUtd him lron\ the Jdntd~>m. R~lll (tJat l)) went &nUIJlw:nd.t, and l!'l~ · bliabed 'nimtell there. lie bad two iOnS, one na.m«l Raw· Wlll, l.'lnd the you.ngtr BarbrnarLI.

HJSroltY or 'R,I.wwAr. ANn BARKAMAJus--When :&wl died h.il eldest son R.awwal assumed the $0\'trt:igot-y. lt hilJlpelled that :t Ctttain king had I daughter Of great bltd· Ugtnoe. Wik ~nd lc:n·nt.d men had declared tlat the man who shouJd malTy lh.i.s glrl shot•1d become kina of tbe (Ol.lt diu1es;.P AU tho kinga a.nd princes ol the Hmdus sought he.r. but no Ol)e I)Jcased h.cr cxc<:pl Darbmarll, who wu \'ery hn.nd50mc. When 'Barll.aw~n; brtrught het home his brothl!l' u id. U allC rleucd )'OU SO does she plea-Se me. Then he cook the gir with her b.andrnaid&.. .Duka.maril n.fd co himself '''l"hc dnmsel cbo~ me lor my wi!dom and tl,tue i& nothing better than wisdom." So he pve hlm$t:l( u.p to nudyJ :~nd as.~.a.ted with the learned :rnd lhe brah· mam, till he ra.c:hed t\ICh t:lerft'(tior) Lhat he had no equ11.

W11en lhc: rebel who bad expelled their £at11er (Rn:~al) l1ea·•·d the story o£ the da.nucl. he said ·•can they wbo do such llt.illgll O«""py $ucll 01 pmdlion 1" So h~ led tn army and put RawwJII to flight. Ruwwal with bi$ brothers and noblts all went to the tOJ) of a mountajn where a. $U'OUJ fortress bad betri builL T hen they aet gu:arda on the tum· m.lt tnd. felt secure. But IDe euemy &Ql posseu.ion or the. ,nouncain by nratagcm. and besieged tfu:: ton, and wa:~ ne:..r ufxu:. tak.ing it. R• wwal tlum aen.t to sue: (or pc~cc. and h a enemy safd-''Send me lhc girJ, ood Itt ~err one ~ol your chieU ~end ) girl. I will gi-ve these s\rh .tO 1~y offictrsv-t..heo T will wir.bdraw.'' lbwwal wat del'«tca.. b'ut he had a wazlr, blind o( both t)'t$, named Sa "1r1 o[ whom bt enquired what was to be docc. Efc advhed hiru to gh··e U}) tfie -\\'On).Cn and aavt hil U!e. lie m!ght t!,lp;t tU.c measures agalu$t hlt eo.eoty, bu~ i1 He losi h.i4 Ule what woul~ be the RQOd. or chUdrm and wife, nnd .. i.~) They l't.$01Yed u~n thi1 eoune, but Just at thb /·unct~. Bark.uouris came lr,, a\Hl olter :m:a.king his aalutat on~ ~d. '1. and the Jdog are son~ 'of the s~ £-a !.her ; ii he ~U ~ffiwtint me waih his 'optruoo, lt m ay ~ that 1 DUlY ~ .sble to suntst solne•hini.-do nOt , take my )'Ou.tli. ·Info

• (-7".V fow qvorlm u/ llw $l<Orld,}

12 111$'MillAMI Or SU«)

coruldtnd011. • So •h<y illlornled him of the C.cu. He then aaid, ••tt teemt poper that 1 t.botald nake my life Cor the king: let an or<fcr bt givtn lor me to ~ d.rcned like a wom..an, And .let All the Oflicer• drw their 601U in Hkc mannu- as cbm.ldl. •nd kt. w each o>ntell ~ knife in our hair and C'lny a aumpet •bo concnled. thtn. IC:nd u.s co the ktng. Wl1et1 ""*! ne brou(IH btCorc the kinJc lhcy wut tdl Wm Wt I am the d.a.nuc:l, he wiU keep me ror hunstll <tnd p.: the ocben co bb ofticcn. Wbtn the t.trw retires whh me 1 will r1p up bU belly whh tbt' t.nire ana JOUDd lhe crumpet. Wfien tl\c other youth• hear &hit they will t now ltlu l ha\le done my work. aml t.bey mun a!Jo do r.btin. AU the ofticm of the arnly will dwJ be tla.ln. You mute bt ~ and 1'tiKn you hear the uumpet, you mutt aally forth with your mldlc:n and we will cxtc:nninate the !oe... ll,llww.tl wu ddi&httd and did IU w:.' proposed. 11 ~ not one ol lht entm'/t honcmen etcaptd. aJI WC'I'e .t.Un and a.st down &om the mounu.ita.. l.aW'YI'<l)."a powu ir•c.~Atd.

( TA.e WA&ir excitQ tht li~l I'&U'Jiirforu 4pbut B,r• Umaril, who feigrv m.Gdnm.J

One day In the bOt se:uon. Bukamaris waJ wand~rin b&rdoot ahOut the dry. and aunt to c.bc pk' ()( 0\c • pa1!1«. Mmlnr .no hinch.a« be entcrtd. and Cound U brother nnd the da.nucl aiuing' on a throne &udtlng au~l' cane. Whtn Rawwa.l aaw hlm he oblervcd that tJ1e.ra coWd be: DO poncn ._, the P.tt. oc.berwite the pooc mtndicant would ne-m- bne -&m in. TUJr~ pJty on him. he p.~ hlm • bit o£ wg-ar cane. Tf1t tnendiant took i r, and pl<tcd Yp ~ plece of the &heU o[ the cane to taapc and cltan it w11b. When the 1c.inJ •w Wt he wa.ntM to don W cant, bt: told the d&nuel tO Jive hi1n a tnik'. She rO&e and p~

"the knife to BarkamarlJ, who dee11td che su~ cone with it, :.nd craftily wa1d1td until the ki111 Wa& olf hll guM'd. Then he ·~upon bi.m. and pi1J.n11.1'1( the knJrt intO bil na•~l. ri blm up. ACttt t.h.u M teiztd hd !ttt and dt . Im Cr<1m the throne. He next called tbe 'wltir •n Lhe peop.le, and sea tc4 himJClf tt.el the throhc =ld the pbudJu ollhe people. H• bum< tbe body ol tbe

1

;

MUJWA.LU-T TAWMlll.U

king, lOOk bOlck tbe d.amscl and inarried htr, and reuortd order.

Then he called the wWr and said .. 1 Jtnow that it was you who COlan~.eU~d '"Y brother in his dealing• with me. bur. this wtl no fault nor js it bl:ll'lte;tble. h \\':U God's will tllnt f ahould be Ung. so continue to sovern the k.ingdom u you did !or my brother,~< Safar replkd. "You h&\'C: spoken the trUth, aU that 1 c.Jjd w:.~ tor i.he good and ad· Vilnta.gc of your brother, not out of enmity co you. Rul T Jtavc uow rt$0lved upon bumlng mysell. and onnot do,.., you dcslrc. 1 wM with yo\&t brother in life, lnd I will be wilh him in dealh." Bark.amaris told hJm th:n be wanted ltittl to wrjte a book on the dutiCJ o£ k.ing:s, on government 1md justice. Sa£2r consented, and wrote the boolc, which j, called "tJMbu·l ~hluJl;• ••"(nstrutlion o! King1.'' l bQ\'C u t:ranscribed it in ebb b<>o~. for l h a\•e written :an 1tbn:raat l)f it. When it was finished he took. it to nark:un.aris and read h. and uU 1.he nohlc:s admired and pr:ti&ed :it. Th.en he burnt him-telL 'l11e power o( Dar-kamnril and J:Ua ki.ngdom aprtad. until :u i"¢!'1gth aU fndia. rubmlt«:d to him. Sud1 wot'J Dat·kamaris. 1 h!'ve related 1ill 1he facu juJt as I found them.

WJ1.1'RU·L DU'LDA'N or

AHMAD JllN YAHYA JllN JNBIR Al. Bll.A'OURl'

Tt:us \\•Otk li in the Le)'clcn U n:i\'et.dty Library, and tw been tltttribed b)• Hamaker. IU pp. ? and 2!9 of bb 1'Sptc.imct~ Cat41logi~ Codd. MSS. Oricrwrlium:· An a:bstn.ct of it i& gh·cn in an appendiK contained tn cbe third volume or Dr. Gusu.'<e' WcU 1 Guchicltte tiM (;},QU/tn, aud tbe. e.ndrc chapter <m the conqueJt of Simi. Jut$ been edited by M. Re:inaud in tbe JournaJ Aai:adquc ror Jo'ebruary 1846, rcprin1«1 with a.dd.Jnonal uotes in his valuable •·py~gme.rat.t .dmbt"l ct I'~ •'r11diu rclotlft o l' I1tdtt. [Titert il also a copr in lhc ..Brili$h AfUJCUm. Tile comJ•1cte text haJ lotely ~n admtra:bly pri.uced at Leyden1 under the editor•bip o[ M. de Coej<.l

The a.uthor U Allm3d hln Yahya. bir' Jnbir, .JUrname.d ll.lso Abu Ja'br tnd Abu-·1 B:uan, but more unmUy k.nnwn as Biladuri, who lived cowa.r<l• tl1.e nliddl.e of the nintlt century of OU~"" cr:t, .u the court o! the Khali£ AI Muta.wal.:· bl, where he was cu1:11~ 113 instructOr co one of the printe$ uf hia £.\Mlly. 11e dlcd A.u. 279, A.o. 892·3. This it acco.rdi~ to Reinaud'a naument-l1l!JC1.1aJ de Gayangoa ·while be ves We wnc year of hit deJth. on the nuthority of A ·u·l Mah:uln. says be lived :.t Baghdad In Ute KhaJi.fat of AI·Mu'Umad. He Jdt a la~ QJ wt.ll aa a tmill edition of the 1'uu.bu·l nulda.n.

Thia \\'ork contairu :u ita n::tu~e impU~ an acoounc of the ftnt conqu~u o( the Arabs in Syria, Mewpotamia, levrx, Persia, Arme11ia, Tnruoxian:t., Africa, Spain and Si'i'ic!. tt is one o£ lhe eadien Arabic chronide&: Cor Ta.bari, 1hough he wrote It Btghdad. 1md tlid Mt com· p<?Se hb work lilt 4f1erwaffl.s. w<1a evidently not acquainted wlth thtl author. sio.ce he omil$ tnuch tllal nnadurl bas met11loned. Tt bring.& down the hbtory or eveUli (0 the cloJe o! the rcign ofAfu'tlUim, .ut. 22'1, A.o. 842. Wakidi

1

I I!

wbo U quoiN 1>y Dlla.duri. a.bo wrote a book of ··eoo. quttta. .. .1.nd amo.np them a ''Conqueo 0( Sincl, •• whkb Of'. Sprt:n~tt rDC'ntioru Wt be h.u 6«n quoted by Nuwairi a• foOo 10' ol <M l»&e "'''T ol 1.cJ<1Cn. Cop;., o( bb otbu Falluh »• '-err com.moa : &nd mu~ pUarci u.ndc:r bU llatM whid• .-.s JlC"'cr wriuen by him, u In lhc tnsunce of the wort. cnuulatt<l by Odkj: but hb FMt~h.u Sind 11 rare. N'uwatri m.entiom abo another author of Indian hi.J1ory, (oHo 79,-AJ Uuuln bin Yauid u1 Sinfi. We find abo Other author& on Slndia.n lnvaaJOnA quoted ., ~lutng at the f!nrly 11eriod of the ArabiM couqueats.

JHJadurl dOCJ UOl hlm.setr I&!JlK:Ilt t.o bava vl•tlcd Si1ld, but quote. 1he n~•ll1on on whom h., relied Cor inforr01ulon. 'l"'n•• we hav( mendon of Abu·l H:t$SAH 'AU bin Muham· mad. Al Madafnl, with whwn be h.cl verbal corbmuni· catJon, Thit •'•thor, who died A.K. MO (1416 A.P.), 11 tbc: ad-.·u,ced Itt' of nlactl"'th.nt. a:ln!J)Ok(( amonp other wort.. AI JdW~b.W. wau• Siyar. \Vtn and Marth-," which conWn1~ a dctaikd account c.C the e...peditions of the M u:wlmaru fn Kharuaa and on lhc r ftd\i, N.a.nsur bin FbtJm l& aJ..o mmaiotlied "' an author em Slndla.a HiJ~, with whocn. u wcll u wich AJ M'adalnt. Dil.-dur-i had herd pcnonal imcrcouNe. Anotht:r" ~t~ulhor quoted by Blladurf fo lbnu·l kafbi.

Bc1tdcs the Pulullu.J buld4n1 our" nmhor wrote another work on CC»•noa:raphy, with • tlocriJxlon ot tbe tnb.lbhtd earth entlde\1 1<1/crbu-1 buldan1 the ••nook or COuntri~" whfeb h In the Llbr.tuy or the Brlli$h Muteuo~ (Bibl. Rid. No. 'HOO). He abo wrote a worlc. on the- gtne.alqgr of the 1\n.bian tribes. the title of whtch b not kno-wn. a.nd he aan•lated Kv«a1 works (rom .. the Pmlan. He alto bu lhe crtdit ol bti"& o ~ poec He il c!1od fr<qucn~y by Ibn HoubL Af.1-Ju udl, &Dd other ..Wtnl-phm, bul hil hb""Y io ruely quoctd. Kuclama, wllo -_,~ at &p~dod. IOWW !he: end ol 1M nbnb Wlwry, «1..,. •• aau1 !tom J• md Ibn Alit abo quota i1 undrr !he ~ut 89 and 96 u.

He wJ.J a.Uccl BUaduri or BUuurl, &om hb addicdon to the we ot an inc:oxtcating decrunt made rrom cb. .&lazur. or Malll.cca tx:.Ji, which. from Itt r'CKtllbJ~Ut(t'- m

16 Hts'TOltL\KI Of $11'\P

Jbape and colour to :. h eart. is lii.Ued ~l}acardium.t rThe n:unc il written opt~onaU~ with either dal or 1.41 G«je l~iuucribeltbe IWJlC M ''&laW.Ori." The tutbor. however, is better known .u Dibduri or .Bdadori, Md ~t form h.u there!ore bet1t rtUined. The Leyden MS .• like (lt;her old MSS., ~feJJ the ml to the d4l1 cYcn when the latter is ~ani.t!$1)' COJTet~thus it gi\U .Rrllhmanabat. Co.r Du.hmt• n!Wad. aml Ru~bar for Rudbar.'}

Eorrucrs

Oonq1t(SIJ of s;,a "Ali, Jon -o£ Muhammad, ~n o( 'Abdu-llah, 10n oC Abu Sn.il, bu reJ:ued that the Kha.Hf 'Umar, tOn of Al 'K.llattab tppointed 'Usm:tn, 601\ of Abu-1 'A.ti of Lhe tribe of S1ldC to lWuain and 'UO'Ian in chc year 16 J-r, (6!6 A.D.). 'Uama:n sent bi~ .brother Hala.m to Bahrain, and h e:. himself went tO 'tJma:n, and desp:uched all army co Ta.na. When the army returned be wrote· to the Klua)i( 'Uro.ar t.o inform hiw of ir. 1Umu wrote io re.P.ly-"0 brothc: ot Sa.ki£. thou h<Ul•l)lo.ce'd 1b~ wol'ul in the ~·ood, but I &Weu b)• God, lb'at .if ou:r men hnd bc-cJ1 killed 1 would IHwe ~k.tm (&1ain) an,. ~ual number lrotn )'OU:r c:ribe." Hak.a:m dop-.ttched a for'te' lO B:erau~ [Broach]; he also lent IO ihe bay of Debal his brother M'-lgh.iro~-4 who met •·ncl de(~ted the:ehtmy. •

W}1,eo 'Uswa.(t, 4qn o( 'Akka.n heame. lC.hal.if, ho llppoinlC:d ;Abdullah ton of 'Ama.r, wn of R~u~~t1-t9 (tho go"1UDIMlH of)!•lra~ an$1, wrote to hi,n an o~r to acod • ,t-era.ol) t.o 1tfu! t:OnJi11~ of H ind _,n order: co . acquire

~ F.' .R. Dlttt, Anlfctti Medfca, /. 101. C~•10t1 Wtil, Ga·: ~bte.C!Ilt:: ~Jif~JI.,o!, II{• A~fl:#,o V.<tt J,J_, ,.,. ]O!.lmal4et 'ff'"'"' 41(11 18~1 • . J••~ Aaiad..., ·fl' S•<l<, llo/. 1(111. ~~ff~ s~ C.Woet. 't'· Ji'li IJP. A. $frt!l8n~.~acmdcWs 1.1~"/l!blr II· 'i~ 1&. ~rteMJ •lncbe.,dons BtbiiOI'l'llJihllt'XII, ·No1-lJ'}, ';~t~t-T+"~~·A~s ef PttA.ttfJ Jtt.•.n.;;;, it~,·. ~;ucmo.iu .uit J ("ft{ ~~ 161 Abr:Millllda:. lll $7• 8i9cnpbical Did.. L. _, l/._\ &., '"Ahfl!¥ III.J/dl.di!OI'i,.... Uyr~Mr«• !n.coc Pd'ti~ Dqcnpdo I· 6J, t · ' -J. • . ~ JtCJ'l;f,.' Oltatb~~X,. f· l ~t>r· M.tlrr'• £;;..; wur )I Ucna~:e ru~;· ~\~~:1-i rJttl!fY, _:.J3.orliln·l K:id~ ')_, ~n Dubcux

Ul.,,.A , ~" ~t -~a]lr Gta.m~i: ~ r

17

knowledge and bring b:u:k information. He n«ordingly de!)Utetl Haki.m, liOu o( JnUalla 3l 'Abdf. When this man returned be WitS 5ent on to the Kh;alif, who questioned him about the lUte of those tegi(Ut$, lie l<tplied thu be lc.m.:w t.hcm bec:auu: he )Jad <:XIlllined them. The Kh.tli( then tnld him to dcscribe them. He &.3i.d ' 'Wnter ill acarc:e. the Cndt1 mrc poor, .:md the robbm an: bold : If rev,. t roops :trc sent there the~· will be: thtln, [£ many, they will ltar\•c.'' 'U&man afted him whether btl spoke :tccttrntely or hyper!JoHcaUy [Lit. in rbymel. He '"'id that. he spoke according to bit knowledgn. 1'hc 'klut.lif abnalned lrom acndlng :LUy e:~t\~ttlition there.

At the cml of t te )'n.r 36, or the beginning of d•e ye.v 39 n. (659 A.D.} in tltc Khatitat o( 'Alj aon oi Abu S.:.lib, 'fJ.a.r:ts tile $01'1; or M-'lm~l 'Abdi went witb tbe aane-· tion of tbe l<.hnli£ to the a:tme frontier, ;u a volunteet. Be was victorious. got plundu, made c:\fHives, :ultl clistri· bt•ttd i1l o ne day a thousil.tld hctds. l{e and those wM were wil11 him. saving a. lew, were Jlaln In th~ land ot Klbn • fn lho [e:t.r ~2 u . (GG2 A.o.). Kik''" i£ i11 Slnd nCU' the £ro·nt.ic"" o lUtul'l!san.

Jn the ~r 11 n. {fl61. .... u.), and jn t:hc dt)1 o£ the Xha.lif Mu'awiya Muhalb.b son of Abu S3£rn m3.dc. war upon tho same frontier, and adva.n(.Cd ~ !ar as D\Ulnn Ju-..1 Aluhwar,' whidt lie between Multun and Kabul. The enemy oppo~ed him :md kiJicd hi.m :lnd hb rouowen. l n the land of Kilc:m, Mu.ballnb e.noountcl'C.d c.ig-hteen Tbrk.i l1orscmcn, ridlng crop-taiiOO hones. They fought well but were all tlaln. Mulullab ~aid, ••t-row_ ruuCh more active t11an we th(W!: barb:lri:m• we;re." So he docked the tails or his ho,·.ses, and wu the Jint among the MuJulmaru who did so.

ln the rt:ign of Mu'aw;r-t. 'oil of Abt• Sufain. tbe Am.lr 'Abdu·.llab. son of 'Am£r, or acoordlng to tome. "fu"n.wiya him~IC ~nt 'Abdu.ll:ah, 110n Of Su::n; Q.1 'Abdi, to tlte Lrontlcr oE H ind. He tou.ght in KUtan und c:aptl\Tcd booty. Then ho came to Mu'aw,ya and prtJenccd to Mm foOtne Ki.k:•o horae'- He ' 'aytd "ear lbe KhnHr u.me thne

18

1nd then returntd to Kik.an. whfm the T urb: Called their rorcet tO«t"llter .,ld dew b.lm.

• • • • • • • . In .the tt(R:n o£ the umc Mu'awiyn, tllc Chid Ziy.td.,.

wn I)( Abu Sul12n, appointed Sln.an, £On of Sahuni'J., $0fl o£ &1 Muh.abbik tl1e Huu.IU (to the oommand). He wu a good and godly ma.n. and was the lim who m11d.e his troopa t11.ke 0\ll Nlb. Of divorce. fTc proc.eed.td tO dsc frontier and having aubdued Mllknn and its cities by Coree. he st~~ycd there and estab.li$htd hil power in ll1c oountry. Accord· ing to Ibn al Xalbi. it W'IIJ llaki.m bin j 1bala aJ 'Abdi who amq•~trtd Makran.

Ziyad then Appointed R.aab.id .JOn of 'Uanru·l Judaidl of tbt: tribe or Ax.d. tO the ( I'Onlier. He proetedc::d to M'a\.rnn aml w:111 \•ictoriCt\1.1 in warring ~Jg:tinat Klbn, but he was t.bin fur:hting agnirut the MtdJ. Simm, .son o£ Salama, then au~cctdtd tO tfic CXHOP'l:ut d and wu confinncd thtttiJl by Zl)'ml. He rem1Jne<l there two )flU,

'Abbild, a(u"l of Ziy~d.,, then . made war an Lhe fronder or Hind by way o( Stjl.ltan. He went to Sa:n:uur, from whence he pra«eded by ~y or Kh:u to ltuzbar • in SijiitRO 01P lh~ bfln.b of tbe Hindm•.nd. Then he descended to Kith. and c:rossi•'& the dut,r t c~me to . l{~nd:.h.nr.o He fought the inbabhtmt:J. JVttt.ed them, put them to flight 11.nd subdued lho counU"y : bm m;my Musulinaau ptrilh'~d. 'Abb:td obsc:rvtd t.h~ hi.nh caps of We people ol tll:at country, and had 10me made li£e tbem. whi:ch be called. 'Abbadiyo, .

..Z'yad ntxt appointed. Al ~uru:ar, f,On of Al Jaru.d a.l 'Abtli1 co the (rontie:ra of lndil. He wa1 l nown bt the name or Abu·l A\ll'11J, He nu:acked and oonquered Nukw'l t nnd Kil,an. 'The Musulmtan$ obcain~d grtat plunder. and llltil" force& •pread ow:r All lhe coun try. He r.nptured K;us~ll.f npd. f,IX:Ik J'Ti$0ners tbtrt. Slntn bad p:evf(nl.$ly c.akert 1\o b~t ru inbabi.tam Jt•Hl bHn guilty or d~fection. He diod,<be.-. (in Kuzdlr),

Ttu~: g<i'i1t rnor 'Ubaidu·llah, ton of liyad, Ulc:u appt?inl· cd ~9 J:;b:ty(..af lS~tluiJi.., God, by hi& hand&1 n1bbued 1hcte countt,ies1.,Jot he wag«( fierce war in 1hem a.nd conquaed

'IRIId.W r. tie Htl~llll.J . I .. KU!td•.lw" ;,1 ,~~ ll:rl.] • t/1~ ongr.l· ,., IIJ"jly "'NIJC!tn".]

FUTUHU-L BUUIA'N 19

and plundered them. Some writers say that it was Sinan, son of Salama, who was appointed to the (chief) command by 'Ubaidu-llah and that Harri led the forces.

The people of Nukan arc now Muhammadans. 'Arnran, son of Musa, son of Yahya, son of Khalid the Barmakide, built a city there in the Khalifat o! M'utasim bi-llah which he called At-Baiza (the white). When al Hajjaj, son of Yusuf, son of nl Hakim, son of Abu 'Akail al Sakili, was governor o( lrak, Sa'id, son of Ash1m, son o( Zura'a al Knlab i was allpointed to Makran and its frontiers. He was opposed and s ain there lly Mu'awiya nnd Muhammad, ~ems of. al ITnras ul 'A tali. • • • • HajJ~.i then nppointed Mujja, son of S'ir al Tamimi to the fronucr. He mn<le war upon, plundered and defeated the tribes about Kanda-bil, and this conquest was subsequently completed by Muhammad, son of af Kasirn. Mujja' died in Makran after being there a year.

After the death of Mujja, Hajjaj a,r.pointed in his place Muhammad, son of Harun, son of Zara' al Namari. Under the government of Muhammad, the king of the Isle of Rubies r sent as a present to Hajjaj, certain ~uhammadan girls who had been born itl his country, the orphan daughters of merchants who had clicd there. The King hoped by this measure to ingratiate himself with Hajjaj ; but the ship in which he had embarked these girls was attacked and taken hy some barks (bawariJ) belonging to the Meds of Dcbal. One of the women of the tribe of Yarbu' exclaimed, "Oh Hajjaj I" When this news reach· ed Hajjaj, he replied, "I am here." o He then sent an ambassador to Dahir to demand their release, but Dabir replied, "They are pirates who have captured these women, and over them I have no authority." Tben Hajjaj sent 'Ubaidu-llah., son or Nabhan, against Debal. 'Ubatdu-llah

'[Ceylon.) '.kir Mtu111n dif!trs frono tltt Futubu-1 buldan tmd tilt Chach·

na:na and Firishla. 1it S4ys tho/ the Khalil 'Abu.-/ tnalik Sttll some ;eop/t Ia buy female slows ond other things of Hind11stan, 011d W«t j~11td 011 the rood by ""'" Syriot< merchants. Hoving compllltd tMir Jturchosu, they wtrt prcporing lo return by the sro rolltt, whr:n t[le)l tutrt assoiltd by robbers at Dcbol, plrmdtrtd, and slai11, will• lht u:uptio" of 11 fttu tulia tstll/ltd to tell 1/lt Kholij oj the oulrllgt. -Tarikh-i Sindh, p, 5. .

bdng kated, Hajjaj wrote to Bndail, ~on ~r T~b., of du~ crjbe of .J3,11j-ali, who wij at 'Um•m. d1recung h11H 1.0 pnr ct:td to Deb:ll. When he arrived there bll horse took fri(tht (and threw him). and che Memy surroundtd him and !titled IUm. Some authors say he wa• kill!!tl by the Jata o£ BudhL

Tbe Isle of Rubies iJ 50 deriOnlin.aU!d because or the ~auty of the women.

AhuwarW, Hajjai, during the KhJiabt or Wa11d. son of' Abdu·l ma.lik, appomtcd tofuhamn\."lfl, &on of K:.~lm, scm of Mubamm:~d, M>n of J:bkim, ton of Abu 'Ukuil to COin• m.tnd oo the. Si.(ldi~l £mnti~. Muhammad w;u in F:u1. when the order arrh·cd. a nd had wevioudy l'ect.lvod ins!ruc:tiom lO&tl co R.af.tt Abtl·l Atwad rnbm.~n orz.nbru·l ju'JJ, wu at the head of r.hn nd\':tncccf ~ard, and he w.:.a Ordcrtd co return to Mulutmmlld, and he j(lined him on the borden of Stnd. J.Iaj jaj ordered lix thou,and Syrian warrior• 10 ~ltend Muhammad, ~nd othen betides. J.Je "'U provided with all he oould t:«)~lfre. wllhout ornht.ing e\'M thread and ncedlea. He b2.d lea\'C to remain at Shir.a' unlit :til tht. mr.n who were to accompany htm had ~Jnbkd1 .nd all the prepanttions bod been duly t.llflde. Ha.jjaj had some dresicd cotton saturated with strong \•i.negar, nnd thl!'n dried it in the ah.ade, a.nd uid, "When )'OU arrh·e in Sind. i.f )'Ou 6nd the vinegar K'll~. IO:lk the cottOn in water, at1d with the water )'OU can cook your food and sc:uon your dtd:les .u you wJ&h." Some nuthon. $111, thnt wltcn Muhttmrnad a.rrtved on the frOf'ltlen. he wrote to complain ot the scardtJ or vJn~, and this was ~c rcuon which induced H:tjja to.send cotton r.o:ak:od in Vi fle£fl~

Then Mub!mmad. ton of Kuhn we.nt to M2.knn, .11.nd remdned there JO\'nt time. H'e th~n went to KannubUr and toOk it, ancl then to Amr:~.U, whlc:ll he alJO toolc, Mi.lli"#Uub:~d. sou of HIU"Un, ton of Za.ra.'. went to meccr him. anfl ]o\rlcd hin,. but he died near Arman at Xa1im'a dde and was bitdM at ltamb:U.U

Crmquut oj .Dcbal ~t"uhanun.atJ. •on oi l{:l.sim, left Annall. accompa.nlcd by

•rs,.,A D/ ~~ C11Jfi4Jt 4'"·1 urKombaH(f) 1qc:lfl&of.1

P'IJTUHU·L ftUL(lA'N 21

Jt~bm. the $011 or Zllhrtt·.l ju'6 :and arrived at Dcbo.l on lrriday, where 'hJpa brought to f,im a •~•JJt>ly of rm:n. annJ, ~nd warlike m._cllines. He dug an c:ntKncb.ment which he (le!tndcd with S!X'al'mcn, and unrurled his 11t.:mdfudr: eucb body of wa.l'rlon wa' arrnytd under its own banQcr and he Axed lite milltj;-.).fk. wbid1 wu called ''c.be bride,~ and required five hundred men to work iL There wu llt Debal 11. lo(ty temple (budd) •••rt•)Olnltl"<l by a lung pole, and on the tXJI<: w:15 JixCd :. red fla.g. which when lfie brcoc blew wu tmCurled Q\'tT the city, T!1c: budd U n. hia;h steeple. below which the idol or JdolJ art: de~ited, •• m Lhi.s trutiJt«l. ·n,e fndlam ~i~ in ge.neml the nllmc: of budd to a_nychlng C:Ofnlecced w1th thtlr wonhip or whld\ Corm~ the obJect o[ tltcJr veneration. So, an tcfol it cnlled budd.

Tn the co•·recpondendl! which erl:~,•t:d, Mubammad Informed Kajjaj or wlUil he l1ad done. and aolfdu:d tdvic.c respccdnK the: fu ture. Lcuera were written cve.·y three dlf'· One day a reply w-as r«:elved to this eifect :-''Fix the manj1Wik Q.nd shOrten in foot. and pla.c:e It on the ea.st; )'OU wUf then. call tho m:tnjanJk·m.nate.r, nnd lelt bjtn to ajm at the OA.g·11afr, o[ which y11u have gi\·en a dnaiption." So he brouglit down the Jl:tg.,tJ..(f, and it w:u broken ; :.t whkh the inficlels wtrt: wrc amicted. T he id~lnters o.dwncl!'cl 10 the 4»mbotl, but were put to Rirht: bdder• "·e:e then brougbt und the Musulmana es.calaJcd the wall. T he lint who gained the jUtn!Uil was a ma•, o[ J(d{u, of the tribe of Murad. The town wu thut ta.ken by auaul~ al\d the ca~ endured for three days. TN! 8t?'>ernor of the town, llppointed by Oahlr, Ocd, and the pries:U of lhe temple were mwacrcd. Muhammad marked out a place tor the Mu.sulma.ru to dwell in, built a m~ue, rmd lerc rottr thou.and Muwlntlli'IJ to g;arrisun du: place-.

!\ofuhammad. aon or Yilhya., says Wat Mansur, the SOil or 'H:atJm# lhe gr'01111marian, :1 !reemnn o( the r;:u·uil)' Cl( Kha.Jid, ton o ( Anaid, reJaccs that he hlld teCn lh.c poJe broktn Into tngmenu which had been placed on the aU!eple ot the temple. 'Atub~ toll o£ Iab.o-1 Al Z;lbbi, tbe 8(1\'trnor of Sind. in the K.baJfJa.t of Mu·ta.Jim billah, knocked down the upper par t o! the minaret of the wnple and eom•erted it into a prison. At the Jtuue time be b(ogan to rt'pa.ir the tuJned town wic.h the nonet of the minaret: but before

UUTO!ll.o\NS OF $!NO

be bad Cf)~i)p)ettd h!J Ja.boun:_ ht WM deprived O[ hi.'J CJOo

ployment. and Wll.llUcoceded by Ha.run, son of Abl Khalid· al Muuru.ti, and he wa, $lain there:.

M'ohs.mmad, 1on of KIUim th.tn went to Nirun,a the inhabitants of which place had already sent two Sa:manb. or ~cau,. ol their towu lO Hajjaj to n-eat [or peace, T hey rnrni.Jlled Muhammld with st•ppH~ and admlttiog him to enccr the !_own they were allowed to cu.piu.slatc. Muhlm· mad conquered all tbe cowtu. •uctcaivcly which he 1ott on hfl rou.tc, untll be bid cro~d os rh•er whlcb runs on tbi, tid<: o£ the Mihran [lndusl, He tb.cn saw apprond1ing towttrW him. Sarbidas. the ~1J'Cani. who came to demand ~« in the nnme ol the in.habhum. Muhamtmld impOS· ed cribute Up()ll them, nnd then l~cnt tOWll'dJ Sahba.n. und took it. Then he ·went to the banks o( he Mi.br:ln, and ther:e rtnzaJned. When Uds news reached Dahir, he prcpiU'Cd {or IJott.cle Mulu.mmad, JOn of .Kasim, had cent Muhammad, ton of Ml1$'ab, AOD or 'Abdu·r R:ahm:tn as Sak£6, to S:adunn. whh men nlO~)otetl on hones and il..(.$tS. at whoie approcl\ the inhabitants $0licited qU.ttl'~er aJl.d ~tt, the t..e:rma · o( which were negoti"tcd by ~e~>.' Samani. M.uJHUUUllld g!'anttd, then\ peace, but he im~ tribute on Lbc pla,c;c, futd lOOk pledges f,rorl\ the·m. and then tet\arncd tO hb master. He 'trourbt with tUm !OliS: t.howand Jatc. ' and Jt!t at Sadusan an o&:er in command.

Muh:unm.ad AO\Ight the mearu of crcnring the M.ibna!'1, a1-1d cfftcted the pafuge: in a plac.e •·hfch adjoined Ule dominiow or Rati), ddef o! K,$1-SM., in Hind, upon a bridge which he bad cauiCd tO be constrUcted. -Dahi.r had neg· le:tted every 1m~caubon, not beUcvlng that !.be MusuJmans would c.larc: to adV" .. nte &O far-. Muhammad -and his Mwul· mlln~ e,nClOumcrc:d Dllhir mountl!d on hiJ eJepl1ant, a.nd surrourided by many o( these :mtm:all, and hil Tabk.a.ru frbai;;u\A:) were m:-:11' his penon. A dreadful conflict tn· s!Je(L.suCfi as had never lx'cn !Leard of. Dablr dislnoulited and !o!lgbt- vtUandy, buc· be W1Ui killed towa.rdl the even· i.n&:! ·~l'-<'i th~ ldolaterJ. Red, and ~e Mwulnuna ,glutted dltUt~ly1jt WJtb ~ mas.sacrc. Accordmg to AI M4.da1Jli, t])e

• &layer of ])ahir 'W;l& " rna1\ o( rhe tribe of Ka.l;ab, who con1· tlOU:d anne vet"$CS: upon the occ:ulon. • • • Vlll"iou& au chon concur in l.'fll\g thu Muh:,uomatl took. lhe ,-mage o( Rawar Ja by ~~~·h, in wbieh city tht:l't waa a wire or J>:Ulir, who, :.fraid of being captured, burned herlielf a.tong with her hantlmaids ond a.u that ahe pos1cssed..

'l"lacu M_t•bluum-all, 6011 of Kttsim, went to old Drahma.· nab;td, two tr.u·uan~ from Mamura, whidl tow•l indeed did tlot tlu:n ex itt, its she bcJng :a CoNln. The r~nn.'l,nt of the 11rtuy o( Uahir rnllied Ill U,•nlmnu\nlliad n.nd resistance belnJ{ made:, Mulu.mnnad ~~ oblig_cd to re10rt to Coree, whtJ\ c.Wu, or :u ¥01»C J.o1y, twcnty-iJX thoua:.nd tnen were put to if1c: A\\'ord. He lett • tJrdect there. The place iJ now ln n •ins.

Muhammad then m:~rched toWard.s Alr\lf u aud .B•rhrur'. T he lleOJ)le u( Sawandari C'llmc om 10 moc:c. hlm ana sued ror pcaa:, whith was ~anted tlu~tn. on the condt. tion dua they lhould entertain the Muh~~mnod:tils aud furnlsh zt•ld~. At thl' time: tl~e:y )Jrofm ll1e Muhllmmadan aetd. AJtcr U1M I1C went «> D:wnad, where the inbabi· tant• obtajn~d pc·•ce on the sanlc terms as those acco.rdcd to the Sawandnans. At Jan be reached Alrur, one ot the cities of Sind. rt '' 'im:1tod (Ill a hilt Muhanunad '* sciged it for .scveml momhi, and comJlclled it to surrender 1)ro-mLdng to tpvc the Hva or c.he inh~bltanu and not touch the templt* {budd). ''The temples," be "'lidJ "'hdl be unto us, Jllte at lhe churcht1 o( c.bc ChrUtians, the synn· gogues of the Tcwt, and the lire temples of du~ Mag_iaru/ ' He impoie<l, rlowc:~cr1 the tribute upon the inh.atiJtanu, and bulle a mollquc: in the: city.

Muhammad advanud co Ala:ab,u a town on thl.i aide of l11c: lSiy;ls. whic:h wnt c:lptlll'e<l by him~ and 4 now in rulns. Rc then cro~ (he Biyas, ttrid we.n.t t.oward11 Multan, where, in Ute action which ensued, Zafda, \he wn of 'Umur, or the tribe· of 'T:-i, covtred him&e.l£ wtth g lory. The inllde.ls retrcutcd in d isorder into the towJl, ~~nd Muhammmad commenced the $1c:ge, bm chc: pl'OVblons being exll~HI$ted.. tl).t M.osuhun~n• were reductd to eat

• ~$u Eljlll1Utm11, I.;. $06..} h Al l'lltl ;,. DIW MS. AID, u lb fl'lu ~ltllldttl,.J • 'Afnl/J.' In p~,.ll411..l

2+ HliTOIUANS OJ? '1NO

aue&. Tbtn came tJ1ere forwnrd a mar1 who suW for qua~ttr, and pointed out to than an aqueduct, by which the in. babiutnts were .fllppJied with drinking water from the rim of num.ad. It Oowed within the d ty into a l'~r\•oir lik~ a w~IJ, which t.hty all Mlah.t• Muh~mmnd destroyed t.he lnter-wrr i.'$C; \IJlOsi wbid• che inh~bilunt5, oppreued with tbirrt, su.rrendcrtd at discretion. lie muaacrrd d1c men capable of bearing :.rma,. but the childrerl were ulken Clll)Ci\·e, ns wdl • • the Jtl ill i.sten of the temple, tO the numbcf ot tix thouund. The: Nurutmans !ound there much gold in a chamber ten cubita long by ei$hf broll.d, a.ml t.T,ere wn:s fLO aperw~ ~bo\·e. th,ough wh\clt ll1e goJd was poured into the chamber. Hence cbey all MuJtan "Lbc Frontier ot tllc Boule o( Gald.' ' (o~ fnrj mean! .. a ironlit>..r." u The cr.rop!e (ln4Mj o£ Multan recdn:d ridt pTOI!nU and oflc:rin~. and tO c. the t>OOJ)fO o£ Sjnd resorted a.s a. place or pilgrhu;tgc. They c:•rcum· amhulaterl il, and th~\ted 1beit bc.a.ds and beards. 'l"hey ooncd.vnl that the image wu that of the prophet Job,Cod'J peace be on him l

We are told tlla t J{;:ajj:.j_ cooxd a calculation to be t(~;•de o£ tl1c a:ums CX(X'nded m fiu.lag ouc. t.hb txpedic.i.on of M\lhtmm:ad Kulm, and the riches which reroT&td from it.> • J.le had spent si.xty millions (or clir.hanu) and that whir.h ltad beeu ~nl to him amounted ;o one. hundred :md cwcmy mHUons. lie. slid :-.. We have a(>pe2&ed our anger. Jlld Avtaged our in juri~ and we J\01ve g-iWlcd sixty ruUUona or dirham111 a.s wc1J u d:te head or D1hlr. Hajjaj tlltn die•.Lr. Upon lea.Tning thb. Muhlmmad left MUJtnu and returned to Alrur and""'Baghrur, wh.ida had IJ«n previously captua·td. He W..'l_cle dona.tion1 to hi• men, ana sent an

• nnny cow:ardJ af.llaiJaman. the i.nhnbit11nu of which place aurrendeted witllout ;my rulsunce. lie ma.de peace with the inb!bhanu: of Sura~t, with whom the me•\ of J\a5e11•• arc nO'X' '" war. They Jre Meds, sellf.nrcn, and pirata. 'fben he went ~Rninn the lOWJl o£ Ktr:tj. Dultlr advanced w OJ)po$¢ hin1, but the etlCI •~Y. w:as put lO Right. Duliar ftcd. but wmc s:ty he w~s k&l!ccl The inhabitan" sur· l'dtldt::red. MllhnUJnUul alew (all thOie: capable or be:trinp; nnm) und reduccal the r~t co tlavery. • • • •

Meanwhile. Wnlid, son of '1\bdu·l ma.Jik, dtcd, l'uld h'JS ''tc:ceedc<l br (hts brother) SulaJn1an. who appointed S:~Uh. son or 'Ahdu·r·R._hm:~n, lO cnU~ the. tribute qf 'lrtk. Y2dd, sou or Abu hl»ha as.Snk$illd, was m:..de ~vernOI" oC Sind, :uul Muhammad, ton o[ Kaslm. was .JC.Ot 6:.ck a prbtuu:r whh Mu'nwiy.t, &On or MuhaHab. Tbe pc.'Op1e of Hind wc:llt Cor Muhammad., and pre.stl'·ed h is. Ukcncl'l 11t )(irnj. fe will impri.loned by Sallb at Wu:it. Salih put him lQ tortu.re, together with other penctllJ of the Camily o( Abu 'UkaU, umll they expired: for Hajja j » (M.t.a.hamtntu l's Mwin) had 'nu to dcam Ad:tm, Sal!b'• brothtr, who \wo(cucd the crttd oi the Khilriji.s. HamP, tbe son o( ~db l·b.naO.. says :

" V~:ri.ly, COU.~IIC", :md AftlCrotit)' and ltbcnJhy, Ddomt('ll tc1 Mu~1:aenemul, loOil (ll Katltn, ton o( Mult:lmm!ld.. Uc 1«1 armk-J u lite: lll::t M le"mtcen rear-, He. t e'!tmcd dbtii'IN for «Mnmand from tbt (by o[ l!IJ blnh. ..

Yt~:~;i d, JOn o( Abu Kabsha, died eighteen days a(ter his arrival in Sind. Stlblnum then appointtd Habjb. SOl\ of Ill Muha.llab, to o:erry nn the ,.,.ar in Sind, :and be dceirlcd {or tlut purpost. Meanwhile the t>rlnct.~ or Hind had returned 'o their staU!t. :and Jab hi)11,1t 5Qn of Dahtr. had

• fBerdi\4.) • Tlr4t #CJllpN•'JIM:t. uorrirA iJ ~t~i4 to hill!~ lll:l(llltrrfd bJI lilr

lfl'lrilrary mOI&dolrt IW-000 /'V#~Jf.J._oM o/lt~ hU d.tolh thue t•<ttt ~ltd (It lli.t diffrrnd ftri•ll, 30,\MJ .,,. - 20.000 CCI'I)11!t.ll. Tltlr u Jrc... ftom Pfflit:n lf/ltTUI, 'rlr.t St•:md twitru l'l#U.tl'.l ltillt u jrul eM •'v•~titll, .otWI't/utalfdlll,g !til • •fli/$tki"{l Utltn'Jt,Puclf41 dr Cra'101lQfl.l, n~rapltbl Oktios».ry, Arl. AI Hol}(tj."

,_ [Titi.l ~•adi,.g ir fro• Kwf.ttiM, '""' i.t t~J h)! tl;, Choclr• ~"""'· Ow t.rz1 i1 flf~IJJ 'jadei~lc'. R.riW<Itid gku "J{WJY'1111' W:e:m. ji,Jr I' ID!k. l91. Tfu lrll• llllliMI t.~.~u l ei Sit.M.-Su Cbaell· _ .. )

a:nDC back to Bntbrua~bad. Habib Pf()Cftled co lht bot~b of the Mihnn. wbere the peopJe o1 Alrur made their .ubmin:iun: but he wAn~ arimt a catlin ulbc 111nd rc:duct!c.l them.

When elK KJWU SuWman, .CWI ol 'Abdu·l Malik, cUed. he ..... ~ hr ·vmar ton or 'Abdu·l "AtiLft Re wro1c to lhe 1•rim:es (or liiod) invitiug them to l~mc Mmulma.m 111nd wbmlt co hj$ authority, upon whid1 \hey wouJd be: U"eltld like aU otba' Mw.ulm:am. 'l"bac princa hod alrudr l1<ord of bfo promU... c!Janc<cr, :and <r«d. ,. Jaiahiyll and other princes t1.1rf1Cd Mwulman~. and took Anlb nl.Dles. 'Amru. JOn of M:wH1n ~t 6abaU wu lic:u· wunt ol 'Umu oo &lili honli«. Me Invaded tcYCnl p!•«s in Hind and ... bdu«t !hem.

Jn the dlya nf Y~ttid, JOn or 'Ahdu·l Mnlik,D the J0J18 of AI Mutudl[b ftcd to Sind, :md lfilal. aon of AhW'IL al Tatllimi wu tent it£'-tf thrm. He Ctll in with them ;and kilkd llodnl:. ""' o! MuiWiab, 11 Ko.rodabll. He o.lso dew Muf.uul, 'Abdu·l Malik, Ziyad. M1.run, and Mu'awiya, aon.' of Muha.Jio.b ; l:u& o( aU be lc.llltd Mu'awiy~ aon ol Yuid.

Jun~id.aon ol'Abdu-r-Rahman a1 MUTl w.u •PI)()(ntN to 1be (ronda ol Sintl under the aulhotity o[ 'Umtr, ron o! 1-lubalta al f.lt<tri, and w;u confir"med in the govtrnmc-nt by (d~~ Khalil) H~, son of *Abd.u-1 ~blii.•• Whc.n Kh.alid, ton of 'Abdu~lab Al Koori ...., ocn< 10 1,..k (., aovcrnor) Hath:.m wrote to Junaid direttfng hi.ro 10 kee-p ·up a correcraolldence whh &LaUd. Junaid went t.c) .Debal .nd lr""' th<na <o <he t.nto o1 w Mohton. bon J•Uhi,.. (tOn ol.Dabir) loJbadc htm tD aoM. and tmt lO hln•, ••ying, .. 1 ))nc beoomc a Mwulmon, ;u\d' a.n t)l;etflerH man con· &r.mt:d rnc in my u.aw, but I h&lft. no Ci.Uth in tb4e." Uut (JaUJald) ,P\.C him ptad,ru and toot ~ts £rom him, •oet&her "ith the tnbcitt~ due from bit tt.-T1torlo. 1'h.ey thw t•c:hl.ngcd gtaM>~nteet. but fJbMy~ ~ctcd like an tnfide) :tnd (OOk up lttt\J. Jsut M)me' ~y, on the contr~try. that be did "'" bet'• <be 11<>d<, but !hac Junaid deal< ""' j110~1 wiU,"blm. J.W.It• .....,bled bio uwpo, Sued O\OC

~<1-~o.D.

'IU!d--Jt. ,hi..J no '* rn AAf &,. ,. ,...., 7!4 ......

27

.chlpt 11nd prepared lor wu. Junaid proa.'t'dcd ag:ahm J1jm in sh.i JI~ ond they fought in the lake of Ash Sbarki. Ja.i$biya'' JlliJ, was tk'StrOYCd1 and be himit!U wa' LtLkcn pritcmer nnd •lain. Sua 10n or Tlahi:t Red und proceeded tow-ards 'J~tk lO fOfnJ• laio of the trt"chcr')' ol Jun:~.ld, tMat the llmer did not «m to concWace ILim until tlu:y hn.d r.haken handJ, :1nd thc.n he Mew b_im, Junaid made wotr tjp.inn Kiraj, lhe pc.'OJIIc <If which bnd rcbcUcd.. He ptndtl UJC or l ~lltu:ri11J$"1':11lll, I.IHI b:lt\C:fCd the wall• n£ the town wlth them mad theY. WC!I"C! lu~ched, and 1ltcn he: normed the J•lat~. ~J:ayi.ux:. plundering, and making CAptives. He theu t<.•m hi.l otria:u to Manntd Mautbl, DhtmnJ, and Barus (Rro:u:hJ. Junaid uAcd tO $3f1 "Ct i' better to die with bravado dum whh rcsi:gnation," lit sent a for« ar,tiWt Umln ' 11 and he :tbo IC.nc Habtcl, &OU of Marra, wi.th an "l'my ag;l.in~t the r.ountry (lr M(lli b01.n Tl1ty 10tde incuniou.s: u.g.UJh:t UxiLiu, auU Wcy alULckcd Babarimadn 1nd bumt Jta suburbl. Junaid conquered iLl DaililmllU and Jurx,M :~nd he received M his. nbod<::, in ::.dditio•l tQ what bit visilou 1,resc:otcd to him, (ony millions, and be bUnwU carrJed ocr a similar sum.

']1)<: 'tiiXCUOr o( Junald wa.s Tamim, &em or 7.afd al 'Utbi. He: w1u rccbte aud Unbetilc:, uud diol ncar Oc:b~tl in :1 water <:!allc:d the uuuff-nlo-wtler." l1lll water W1J JO culled btc:au:se bulblos took rcCugc there (rom tbc beau .which infC:1ited the banb or the: Mihran, Titmlm Willi Ooe 0 ( the moat gc.neroua of Arabs, he round In tbe trelJUf)' o! Sind ei'ihlecn million Tat.a.riya dirhllm5, whil:h he ~n &l>ent. • • • • In the days of TamU:n. We Mu.udma1u retired from sC\•ml pan.& ot lndia t.nd left IOMC: or t.heir )JOSitiOI\J, 110£ ha~ tftey UJ) tQ the present timt! adv.tnoed 10 (:ar :u In days gone by.

flo.kh:n, 110n of 'Aw;~.na :d Kalbf. IU~ecied Tamhn. Th. e ~pJc o! Jndia had returned ro idolatTy t:<ctpti~g 1hrut o( Kaua, and the Musubnaru had no plJcC ol aecurHt ia whidL they <:ould uke rt!uge, 10 he buUt a town on the o1hor side of tltc IUe facing India, a.od c:~lled i t AI Ma.b· (lltll, •'The ~c:uro," and this he made: a plo.ce o{ re(uge and Kcu.ri.ty (or them, aod tlleir chjef tOWn. l'Ie 11ked che

•tUJ!ui~t.l • [Afllhm or .tfglPI.~t.l ., (BQ)f.ofi'NICid (1'1rM1.H • tG.utfGI.) , 1

elden of the ltlbt ol K>rb, """ ~ of Syrian ~~. what n•me he l!)OUid rh•e the toWn. Some Uid Ui1J11tbk LOam&5CUtJ. other&, l llntt £~] nnd ntJ1et1 '! 'aUmur (Pt lmyral. Hakim .uld (to the f1mer), "May Good denroy" you, 0 (ool... Me &lYe it the n~ame or AI MahCUlll., and dWth there.

•Amru, ton oE Muhammad lOti of K.uim wu with Ra\im. t.:od the- latt.CT adrilc<l wltb him. lJ'UJltd him wllh JUnf im.porwu matten. and .w:cu him out o! AI Mahfut.a on .a warllU UJ>edilion. Me wa• v'cwrlous In his commitJOn, ruld wu mru.le &n amlr. He founded " <:ity on dala •Ide of che late, which he_ called M11nwm, in which city the gOvernors oow dwtJL Halt.hn r(()()rtred. front the h-ll11di CJI die e~y tbotc placa wbkb ~ had ltJbju~tnt. and r,v. lOlisWdoD co ,.,. ptople in hu ..,.. • .,.. K!Wlll ald,

II h ''trJ ""J'riai"'--- pT< Ill< """'" ol the rounory to the taO$l J'C"l''C"?'l' of Anbt., lha& il. co Tamim,. and l.bcy were clitplt(d. I gave it 10 t11c u,OJ, njaardly or me:fl and Lhey wert antbT.ed." Hakim wu killed ther-e.

The govcmort who auece«Jed contiuued to ltl ll the tncmy, t»~nr whactvtr lhet could acquin: and aubdutnr the ptOpJ.e wbo rtbt.lled. Wbm tht fortunaLe dy~y (olut ol ·Abl>ooda) wu aW>Iilh<d, Abu Mu<iim appolnl· ell 'Abdu-t lt.ahaun, con ol Abu Mwllm Mogliam ... J 'AbelL to cbe lrontier of Sind. 'Abd&H llahtN.n went by way of T'ukho.ristaD. and ~ed 11pinn Muuur, ton !)( J•mhur ll Kalbl1 who ~u it1 SJncL DuL he WiU nu:t by Man.aur and aJam, and hit forw were Jlul to fUght. Wh~n Muslim hc:ar<l. thia he appointed Muu,. 10n or Kt'bu-c 'l'amin.i. and iC'ftl b.im to Stad. WhHl he arriYed. c.ht mer Mihnn lay bc:l'We'tD him alld Mansur, 10n of luabur.• Stdl he came up with MlANl. pu.t hiM and fl1~ forca to llimt,. and dew b.U brother Ma.nxur. MaJ'IWT' Red io wr~tcbed' plisl•t to lhc undJ, wh.t~ he di«l of thlnt. Muu TulM in Sind. repaired t.be 'City or "faNUl'ft.t IOd enbrgt1l iu moaquc. J.fe "faa victorioua In hit. cawp;Ugm.

1bt Xb.aill at Mansur unt co Sind 'Hubam. aon ot

• 111wn it • _tt-f Mit •I.U ,...; f{ «At wmc r...r,J •lCMt of dU Jl__, .-4 ., .., SW rwkn lttol tfflt ~ • lk n.itu ., • lir, ~ '• 1w 6rd h'J ~ l'riclq 11,. 11.9.1

FUT1JHU·L BOLOA1 N 29

'Amru a! Taghlabi, and he reduced those places which stiU laeld out. He sent 'Amru, son of Jamal. in boats to Narand.51 He alro sent (a force) 10 the ten-itories o£ Hind, subdued Kashmir, and took many prisoners and slaves. Multan was reduced, and he overpowered a body o£ Arabs who were in Kandabil, and drove them out. He then went to Kandahar in boats, and conguered it. He des· troyed the budd there, and built in ats place a mosque. There wa~ nl>undancc in the country under his rule, and the people blessed him-he extended the frontier, and enforced his decrees.

'Umar, son of Hnfs, son of 'Usman HaYJtrmnrcl, wM then apjlointcd govcruor or Sind, and after him Daud, son of Ya1.1t , son of Hatim. There was with him Abu-! Samma, who had been a slave of the tribe of Kanda, nnd who is now governor. The alfa.irs o{ the frontier went on prosperously until nashar, ron of Daud, was appointed under the Khalifat of Mamun.u He rebelled, and set up in opposition. Ghassan, ron of 'Abbad, who was a native of tlie neighbourhood of Kufa, was sent against him. Dashar proceeded to meet Ghassan under a safe conduct, and they both proceeded to the Muhammadan capital (Ba~hdad). Ghassan deputed Musa, son of Yahya, son of Kbalid, ron of Darmak, to the charge of t11e frontier. Musa killed BaJa, king o! Ash·sharki, altbough the latter had !fiven him live hundred thousand dirhams to preserve his hfe. BaJa was faithful to Ghassun, and wrote to him in the {lrcsenoe of his army, through the princes who were with Jum, but his request was rejected. Musa died in 221 u A.H. (836 A.o.), leaving a high reputation, and he appointed his son 'Amran as his successor. The Khalif M'utasim bi·llah wrote to him confirming him in the government of the frontier. He marched 10 Kikan af!:ainst the Jats, whom he defeated and subjugated. He butlt a city there, which he called AI Baiza, "the white,"3' and he posted a military force there. Then he proceeded to Multan, and from thence to Kanda· bit, whida city stands upon a hill. Muhammad, ron of

., BtgOil IO reigtl til 813 A.D.)

... ~Monmd.) • Th6 tu# says 211 but lh~ is o 1HOIIi/tJI error.] .. '.tlltJ 1wilror R11r" lit. "0" th# rivtr of R11r''.)

30

Xh3.lil, w1l rt.igning there, but 'Antran l lt.w him, cooqntl'ed dte town, and c::uTlcd away iu lnhnhit<~~nn to Kutdar. 'Ilten be m"dc war upon the Mcd~. and kill~ thrto lhou.sand o£ them. Thtre he <:01\tuuc.tcd. a lmnd~ which is odiN "S~kP.a•l Mtd," ft,rl<l ,, tire M~ds. He encamped on the r(\'cr at Al.ru.r.u l'herc he sumrnonecl the Tau, who eame to his prescnct, when h.r &e.'lledllll Lhdr b11nd., took. £&1)nt tbent the iit:Jt~ (4.'11J}itl*tion lilx), ttnd he oNet·ed that every man or them sitould brin« :1.. dog with him '~ben he came to wait upon him,-ltt.nCll: the price o( a dOl{ r<Jse to fifty Uirhunu.. He: l[p.iu anac:k.cd the Meds, hnvhtg with him lhe chlo£ men of the. J:ua. He: dust o. aUtl\lTrom the &ea. to their tank, so t.ht:ir w~\C!r bcrnmc $1ih: and llc $Cnt out tc:vcrlll ma.raudiug c:xp.c:ditions against them.

Dl.uerulon11 t.hen 11.ro$a het.YI'et:n lhe Ni~Jd~m 11t and Ya'mania.n"l. and 'Amran jolned wit.b tht latter. 'Umar. JOn ot 'Abu·l Adx al Ha.bbari. oonKq_ucnUy vttnt to him ~nd killed biul un:awartt. 'The :meestor or'";' 'Un1ar h~d come jmo Slnd witlt, Hak.im, son of 'Awana al Kalbl." '

Mansur, ton o( Hatlm, related ttl me that F1d, ~o,, or Mahan, (ormerly 1\ aJa,e of tile &OilS of S;Lma, got imc Sind.iJ:I and. .s.uiJdued iL He then 1ent ln elepllant to !.he KbaUC Mamun, and wrote to him and oR'ertd up r:nren tor hi1n in tJu! Ja'''i' maJjid, wbid' hr. built then:. When bc·diett lu: was succeed«£ by Muhammad, son of Fall, aon of Mahao. He cm>etO<ie.d with seventy Vtistl• Q&r:tinsl the ~/tela o( Hind. t-Ie kiiJed ot. gt•e:~l number o£ them. uptured. .K•Ho.ri•o (7) o.nd then rctu_rn<:d towarcb Sin<hl\. But bU brQtb.cr. named Mahan, h:.d made himself ff\~3-ler ()( Slncl.m. and wrote to the Kh1lif Mu·u,s£m· bi·Uab1 and hud ~' (0 him a, a pmcnt the ltrgtlt and longest saj,44 that

"j<S" ,.,.,..1 " I'XAot"' ·.ndi.,"''·l ' . . • ·till' N~~ 111'' tit• d'Jt.m4:1reu oJ N(~ Oft GMUI()r- ol

M~.:~~d', ~~~~~ tlf( Y~•'<~~t-~~atl flw tl'ibf# oF Yo.ut!)?J (Ytln.tn), ., """' IJI!./~rliNWt'# Fr-aamtnb. ... Uo /IW Inmiocn det S11rtuint Cl\

• t. 1l, 'tt fllt!Q.I • . St• u Mil' N#tt t~ .dmi"' M1110 011d AMrcut1 i~t RftM,...r,

J7ra~t'IIJ, I; W.J

~TI,t tut IHU 1~•1

.. ~.a V!_un-.t~r btd .m.rM r(JJW "'ttltd IJu. ~N-4 ~. -Jtc,,.pl'ftg 1 GO'ar!l tAi11d.. f•--i1, 11Uo du h411t.t of Jltt tt\:1} ,,,,) ' •

I

r

31

had been $Ctll . D11l tlle Jndimls were tutcler tl•c:' control or liis brother whom they Jikttl. so they Jlew ?obhl\n a.nd Q'\lci• ficd hinl. The lnditnt :t.herwnrds made tbem&eh't& m.asten or Slndan, bt1t tJusr 'Par~d &.he. ulO&qne. and cbt: M••h:un~ m:edans uJed to n~t iu it on Friday and pr11y for lhc: Kbalif.

Abu U:tkr. who had been :t slave or tht KJrids, rel.ued lOme that the c:ountry called Al 11uiran betwttn K.aslunir aml Mult."'ln aand Kabul, was g<l\'t:rnc:d by a wise k.ing, 'l'he pc:opJe of thi-s counll'~ wors.blp~l an tdol lor whJch they had bt•ilt :a wmple. fhc son o! the king fell Jfck, and he desired the mhustet$ t)( the: Wt.ilplc to j>l'tlY to the idol lor the recovery of bll 1011. They rc:tircd for :t shon dme, ~tnd ll•en rcturnOfl :.nd uid, '1\Vt h.a.va pm)•ed and our rnpplf~ catiOJlJ have been ~ccC:Jlt.«l." Htu no lcmg time ~d ~Cur~ tlu~ youth tllcd. Then che king atutcl.cd c.be tc:fl'lple, destroyed t~nd broke in Jlietes the idol, and .slew fu mioifc.etS· Ho aCtc:rwnnb i~n·ited 11 party o( A-(uhamrulda.n rndm who ru3de known co hhn the n nhy of Cod. Hereupon he bclievttl in the Ullity and became 2 Murulm11.n. ·rbt, h:tppened in the KJ.1alifnt of ~fu't·a~im bi-Uah.-may God have J.Uercy on him I

CHACH·NA'MA,

TARJ'IUJ.I HIND WA SIND

CnAOLI'>"4AMJ\ is the mun.c: uow univena.Uy given co the work wbidl dculib the: usul')n.tion ot the: Drithm.:an Cbllclt and tht Arab conqneu o! Sind: but che history itsd£ gives Ll.); M u~11horlty for dUs mtme, on tJte contrary lt 11 .:pokcn ol in the prdaoc and conclusion mercly ;u fath·n:tma, ' '11

de~~ announcing victOry.'' It is someti.tLlCS nyl~ as by FJpllin~t_one-, Tadk.h·i M'iud o Sind. lt is quoted by Nuru·l HaJtk. in the ZubdiUU··t Taw.uU:h1 .and by Ni'tanuNl·

.din Ahmad b\ the Tabakat·i Akb:el'i, as the Minhaju:-1 Mualik, \\'hich the !alter lells "' U mort commonly known a.s the O)acb-nama.

ThiJ '"ork was 1.ran&lated from tllt Anbk by Muham· m~d 'AU bin lbmid bin Abu .Baler KuA, in the time o£ .N'II.Siru.d din K..abadla. who iJ .nyted, :~mongst rna.ny other tides$ Amtru·l Mumi.nin Al)u.J F':acb KabaClut.ti•S Saladn,l "'the etnta of whose glory were fitched with ropes o( hi.\ qulhoril.y, and whb Use mallet o che t trictness of h..is tOm· rnands." He it aatd to adorn the throne latC'Iy occupfed bv t.hf blessed mMtyr Abu·l Mumiflt MubJ.mrnad bin S:un N:ufr Amin•·l Mumlnin.

The aan&lo.tor i.n(ornu U3 cb.r,n,. llfttt bavlng spent much or h i& Hre in the enjoyment of great comJort ~nd luppineS&, he W1U rcduocd co d..tur~tu, and couapelled b)! the vidssirudes of lht ti~ to leave lili nati\'e land and W e up hit abode in Ueb. He sa/il Lhat in the 58th yfl.tr oC his-age, and th.r 61Sth of the Ujrl (12tG /l..o.), be with·

drew hi.s ht~nd !rom all the conoenu which Jwl pr~lowty ""''pied hit mind. and made & lew 4diabtlull>ooi:J hOJ .oJc oomptniona. I le comidtrtd within hU111eli tluu learned ~rlt)m of tvery .,e bad. by the auiscanu o( Uldr

' """"'" ond pauocu, compil«< hiicon.. &nd boob, and cstabliJbed a l'tlf>UUUion ror tl\enue1w::s by thtir litcra,ry a.tu.ln1nenu; t.ltac. tor illlt.a.nce, &he co~ues.ts o1. Kbw. - 'lrU. Pcnla, Rll"" and Sh2n1 bad been ttlcbn.r.td .e •large in P.OCtr'Y and prose by :nubors of p.ut agtJ; :md that • V1(C01')' had bttn ai::IUtved. flnd me COUOtry ot Hlndwon ~f. by M\lhl.mmad ltaJim and oth~r 11oblu ()( ArAbi II. and SYfin, n.nd IOOtqUe& And pUJpll.l h.11d. bt:CD Jal$ed throoaf\out che cou.ntty, ftotn the teHborc tO the boua. dari.a of Xuhmtr and X.anauj, and R&l Dahir, $00 oC Chich, tho Jdng of Alor, had been tl11.in by tht pttt nob14. the b<&t mao C>l the Slace ud ll.dl3too, Muhammad bin Kulm bin 'Akil S..tifJ, m.ay Cod·• me:rcr be on hin1l and the Ra.i's territory with 111 Jtt <lependeuaes Jud bctn taken ~1\ of by chat <Onqucror. 'The uanWtor. thtnft~l't, ;,mt.c:d w be au.}uaint.«f with an 11ccount. o! tbe c:ou ntry and it& .inhabitanu, a11d abo wJtb lhe hhtory of Dablr".& dtldc md death, ln order We he ~t be abac tO corn· pile a book upo1\ that interuiJog •ub~.

ln the eniltt.vour to obta.ln lh1s iO.Eonution. be k:ft !he -..1 dt'f ol Ud>, ond went to /\1« and llhobr, the JmUDJ or wh;eh placet were 1hc: duccndantl ot c.be: Alab (IC)nq_ueron, On hiJ arrival there,. h& ~ whb lbt ldaulana Xatf, loma'll bin 'All bla Muhllllll0&4 bin Muta bin Tal bin va•kub bin Tit bln Mu.sa bin Muhammad btn Sbalban bin 'tkman Salr.IJi. R• wu & mine ol JOIII'IIIn( ond the wu.l o[ wlado.fl\ and there was no one cqu.aJ 10 b,inl 111 tdence, piety. and eloquence. On be.fng consulted. on lh.e oubjt« Of the Arabian aonqUO<. be lnl"'-<1 the O'llllla~ar Wt an account ot il wn wrfueJ\ b1 <me o! hliJ J.nc.Htots. in Ia book ooru.-d In the Ar..bli langu>ge. wbi<h had <kocm<led fn>m one genen.tioo> .., <11o odo.,., om i< mocl>ed .hit bao<ll bf' ccnarJe of Jnbcrltante. 13ut li.J ic wu d~~ec.l in tb4- b.nguaac o£ HHu. it had obtalnM no ~trency ...,111 the j>e<iple. to whom that langU>a< was lor<ilft- •

When the translator read ll•e b6ok. he founcl 1,C adorned with j<wth ol wisd4m and pari! ol pro<<pu. It

s

S5

tht Muhanuntd&n do-minWn tn lndia, ft U gr~tlf. oo be ~ tlu.t ~..be: t,.nsbtOt dad nol auttnpc &o ckttti£y the many untJKJWn placu of whicb mention U mlde in t..he oounc: o£ the mmuive, At he had Mmtelt ' 'i.sil.t(l Ucb, Alor. and Dhaka•·· and proba.bly other place~ lower down the lndut. he mJght Jiavt clelrc<l up the t'lWlY doubl$ wbkb our iponDC~t ol the loa.lhiQ mtailt Upon ut.

h h dilli<Wt to nx the .,..a .. p<rtod o! Lbo compotltlon or the origin•J An.blc. It b not uld to b"vc bton eornpDIItl Uy tm anceuor or lbc person from whom the trarulator obu.lncd it "' B!ulw'. but mtrdy \0 have been written In the ha,,dwri~ (AA.tl) o( one ol hil anccaon. This m•y he: •pplicd either 1.0 tompo&it.ion or trawcription bm the Ute 0[ tl\e l.e:nn renders the ~SC M~lll'ling doubclul-mou 1nobably compot.idon it rtCured to. Jn tither cue. we hive a guuv.tee for the authenticity of the IP!ftli~ ln che hcl lhu tho ancestor oC lan.a'U. tbe poliCIIOf of the manucip;, w1u hhntelf 11. partic:iJ)ltor ln tlu~ Ktll(!l 11nd the adwuul\get ol tl1c conq,uktr £or wt lind

\1C <Untnctly mcoUonc:d. tba.t the KUI 1ppoi.nted. by Muharntoad K.uiJu. t.Cttr che conquett o( AIOr,. .._. Nu.u. bin Ya"tub bln T•t bin Muha.riunad. bin Slulban bin 'U&mtn. Now if wt look at the tllme of t.be ~non (rom whom cite u'l.nslatol' obt.;~it1ed the Arable. o•iclnaJ. we $hall find 1t me.nde>ned IU bma'U bin 'AH bin Muhammad bin Mwa bin Tal bin Ya'kub b"' Tal bin 1>1,... bin. Muhammad bin Shalbln bin 'Usm.&D. ln both i.unances 'Uaman b mtntionell '" Saki~ chat is, oC l.he nmc tdbe u the conqt•t:ror bJwelf.J The ~MGdotles . do no' ~ty io C:\-cry rct~pcc.c, &04 it i! evident Wt ln th.e later one tOme bn.t~i.ate pm.tioru, u is tr~~a.ent!y d1c cue, ue oaliuC'III: bat nm there it quite •uffidenc WDilaaltt .&o J,11ow ~cent from the ume IUl<etlOr. 1'he tfde& 1110 o( "QcYJitor and duc:endll.nt ttkmbk each other l1't'OK dotely,. n. lint Kazi appoint«! "' Alor u allod $ooh al J.mamla al Ajall al 'AIIm Burlw\u-1 Millat ,..OM! din. Tbo oon· taDpOfl!)' or the tnnsta.titm ft callecl Maula.JU~ K.lri al'" ln,\Al.Ol al AjkU a.l 'A.llm a1 Darl1 Kamalu·l Mllfa.t wau·d dJn.

•tAl SiHf INII (T~ ftHH •I Jt'Mf/ f.,.,.,#. 1/V1 l>o4 lfwV ._. .,._..,, ., • To,'J. M _. ,.. ,_..., >I tJw IJ#I,.,.-rM .. Y~~ntfi#W'I Ult:OI U~f. 1. :""""

1t b -r """S< lha1 lh< tnNblor W... no noli« ol thit identity of i>edilree. by Which the wlue. aod authen· tic.1tfo( tbe wor' ari eo murJl inc:rea&OO: bUl It lJ pro'tx.ble that It did nol O«Ur to hUn, or "'dl a circu.I.'J¥tan~r could. aarttly ka-n: ac:apc4 aKndoO. •

NotW!tb.atandir~& lh11t EJphin•tonc u~ tbe upretaton "~(eu.es to be a. tnuuladon." whJt.h would imply a aw:· picion of the tacc. lhtre is no rtaJOn to doubt that lhc work h • cramb.don of a cenu\oc An.b biJtorr, Wl'itten oot vt:ry long a{ttt the conquat. Thue lj)J)(Iln in It ~ Uule mOdttn interpolation. and it is probable thu tboiw) pcs:sarn which contain. tJ\&Chroal.Jma wwe lht work. ol lhc original writer, and not ot che trant!ator. The pJaclnA" tl IICIHena: or the Kt.aral'l in J..t.di'l UW)Utb-th.e BiJn)Jl&.h ·at tbc beginnlll( o( the !etten or Sind.l.tn pa-i11ca. lhe jiC1ba o( l.W. ncribcd to Hinclu1{ •ho .,. ol lh< fort~ MJ'Oel of BrahmaJabad, whi.c:h is c::xpJalned. tO be a \'truon of the rUth·e. .BamRnwab~ ~c all evidently Lhc: wotk ol lho .,;pw - · It M eo b. ~c.d &hat lk1c. it no bo~ or rean·tdng the Anbie work,; (or aldwuab the ¥try meqte accoun11 ol lhu unpotl•n• conque" 6; Abw·l Flcb. A.f><l,l faraj, Iba: Kt.~u.i6.., ud. Ald.a\.in &c.d. Ut ~ apt« Utclc: b11or· motion £rom An~ outhori•toc; )« it mlsbt ~lbly mntaln othtr i,ntn'<tdng mJJUer respccdng the c:ommunf· csUon betwten Arabia and Sfnd. whkh ltic autb.tor did not thillk worthy C)( •pcd:al oodoe..

AA ~ of truth ~do the whole, "tnd though it n:adl more IJkc' a romJnceiUW1 '& hiaCbty, ve~ c.hts il o«a· tiotw:d more by the iru.rinsk lntett:s,c of tlit •ubjtct. than. by "'1 ialont pto«<dlog from tht l~inttlon o1 the author. The LWO: atOf~ WbJcb. -.ppur the moJt. nc.Udou.J, ue the acc\ullrlon o( J•isiya by the adler of DJrOhD.c, •od the n~ol lfi< rwo da¥•en olllahlr"J''" MulwD· mad Kuim. The fm:mer u C'o'tdendy ma:nutaccuttd on tbe tnodel ot joseph~ and "'Pudphu't WHc. a ltDrt"fa'truUar tlirOug&bm. UU: la.U:' but'" the latter lJ riovel~ and not ~I lhe bcwld• ol f'Obahiluy. wbtn • .., OOIII!Aiet the bt,nd obc41tnk which at 1hat dmc ""' paid, ~ rhe Jllln• da.tct o( lhe Ptopllet't ,'l.l't'COior, of which. n a bt~r pcrlod, wt b.lvt to maAY iib"""' in rhe ..bb;ocy of- tht Asus&iut,..

57

all inspired by the s:lme reeling, a.nd exe~t«J fn the u.me hope:.

The nJJTatlve {J un.unhitious, and uopes and fig\arcs ;u·e rarely indul~d lu, except in deaaibing the approach o£ njgln and morning; [but the oonstruction U often im'()Jvtd1 and the lilng-un.ge is occadonally u~nnmaticnl • .lletlde$ the.~ dereecs, thr evcm• recorded do not. alwa)'l appear to follow in chelr pt()_Per chronologieal aeque:nce.)

The antiquity or the origan.al Arnbic work i .. IUnllest, not only from the internal evidence or tho narrath·e, bot £rom toule omissiom whtdJ arc rt:m3rlmb1c, .such u the name o! MnNun, which mutt have been mentioned bad it been Jn exiuen~ At that tlroc. Netw MaMura was b\•:lh in tlte bcgiunin$ o( ~\C reign or l.h.e Kh~Uf AI Mantur, who succeeded an I&G A.H. (A.D, 76!). lt U evident Lhat Lhe ·work must hltve been wrlncn bc!ore that tiroc. Then, again, we hn-e nowhere l11ny rnention o! Maswahi, Ma.nj:a.b:ui, Annari, or Al·B~tiu, all important cowru uotlced by Bil~duri and Ibn Haubl, \nd otht!.r ~rJy writcn on :;;Ind, and. the wot'k mu1t tbe:relore have been ootnposcd before 1htir time. Aga.in, it b P.lain that th-e mm of tlle people were DuddhU~ whi<ih uo aulhoT, etptdaUy a foreign one-, would have described them a1 beina. hud he lived after dtc: ext.incdon ot that religion in lndia. We re1d or S:unania, monk.$, and a royal wbhc eJepJ1ant, which are no Joi'lge::r hrud of at the later Invadon of Ma.hmud o£ Cbuni. Apin, some ~rtiona ot the hlnory are derivtd trom oral tutlmony recc.l\·e:d at second. third, or fourth h:md, from those wbo were participators in the transactions rcoorded, jutt In the utne way as T abari,, who wrote in the third a:nto•·y of the Hijr-i. pro· .Q.~bly l;t~r thM our author, traoet :dl.hU ~dJdons to eye or eat·w•toeuea. 'J • Ilphinnooe'• en.l.tn.ate o( tbe work i& that, "though Jo;uftd .. wilb ~iQuJ .s~c8, au(l lc:tcen aKri~ to the prip.dplt ac;torl, it contains a. minute ab.d conlincnt account .of the. trJn.u.WOn& durin_g Muhammad J(:uim•J inV2sicm, ansf ~nme o£ the f~ettdi.og liindu rc:.igos. 1t iJ full o"f names o£ pl:lou. and wouJd throw much li$bt on the I{CC>o ~a.phy '?~ that per.iod, i( aamiMd by :my pel'$0r Cll~blc of asr:crta.ming ihc ancient Snnsltrit names, 50 _, t9 ~I'CON~

the corruption' o! the original Arab writer :md the trlln· sbtor. besides tb~ iMumt.rablc crron 9f the copyist. .. fie ltatet that he did not ~ee thi.t work until blt•marrnth•e or KaJinl'$ OJilitary tr.t.nsacr.iorn had been completed.

The Chacb·na.u:Ja is the or~nal from whid• Nb:amu-d din Abm.a.d, Nuru·l Hllkk., F•ri5hta. Mfr Ma'swn, And otbcn, b1l\'e drawn their account. of the conquac. of Sind. T ht.')' b~ve, howC\'tr. 1eft mueb imer~ting matter unnotl· ctd. and tvet'l the l:uer pro[used cramlatjM'J by LieuteAAnt PoJtans... iD the lou.mal of the AJiatJc: Society o£ Bengal (No. LXXIV.., 18!3. J . .ncl No. oxr., 1841) J!-v<: mc:rcly 1m abridged accou•H of the traNiletions. whu:h iJ moreo,•er unfortunately dilfiS'ared by many mispt·inl$.

The headings of !.he $tCtiOil$ throu.gbout the work bavc bcto tramlated, in order to 'how lhe r.onne.cdon of ,chc: 'Whole: tl1oJe O•ll)' bting omiued wbicb :u't! inapprop-riate or evidc:nlly misJ'l~c::«< : and n early every paM:~~ge hu bct:ll tr.andattd wbich- Q n be useful for the:. iUu{U'Icion o£ the S"='"IT"•Jlhy, 1'dieion. and mannc:n o£ the t ia)u!. The Chach·n:ul'll u common in lncUa, There it a copy in Lhe

•.[. 1. Llbr-.a:ry, and the DibUthcque lmpc!J'iitle ha.' two.

' 4

(Tltt MS. rdc:rred r.n u A. it Sir H. M. E'ltlot'l MP1~ D. i~ tf'lat ~QQJ.illl" ~o tbc &1• lndia Lilwii:f)'; wbkh hu b<:m r.:krnd.

• ID in otw.curt pUJlltt and for doobUuJ naD>d.) •

£l<TllACTS

Conun.111"mtnt oflhc lwuk upon th~ htstory of ll.ai Oo.hir • .run of Chac.h, sor~ of Silaij, and of his d~tlllt at the hcndl of .Uu)uunmtul Kasu"' Sdifl.

QbronklcrG and hi.storia.ru have related that the dty of· Mot, ~c capital o£ Bind and Sind~ . wu a 1a.rge tit)' -tdomed with all t.l.Dd' or p3!ar.es atld viUas, gardens and ¥"0''ee, , TtKn'Oir.l and urea.nu, l>:.rterres. Alld flowers. lt Wit &ituattd Oil th~ b:t.nk.J O( lhC' 'SihUilo whiC'.h they ca.ll ~filri'an·.. This deliKhtf,t l city bad a king, whC»C OAtme ·w::&~ 'Siha.r~ • ..on o[ S:ahaJi R-.I·Shil.hi.• He pouessed ~~t Wdhh · Q.ud treasures. Hb jwtice was difflUed O\teJ' .the clnh: and his ~nert:X:~ily was renowned in the \¥Orld. Tbe .,

• [?'lib W U... moA.so/uui ®1 1011 11/ SU..,~i:s /alli;r'ti~ t611t4 Dl~J.) ' !.Jo -:K"

OOund..llrfe& o( hit dominions ~xlt.ndtd on lbe ta.Jt to Kaihmir, on the west to Mat.n.n, on the: lOuth co tb~ shona ol c.bt O«'U and to Dtbal. a.n4 on tbe north to the mounta.lnJ of Kardan (or "'~"u'") and co ltaibm.n• He- bad dUbli&be<l lour malib. or I()W:mon. lA hU tmitoric:s. '!110 lit1t nt Drahmanabad 1.nd tbe fm·ta or Nirun, J)tb.d. Lotu..o .. IA.kha, 11~d SJmma, down co tbo ten (dtu·ya)l WCft: plaClC'd In hb duqc:. The MICOnd ac the town o Siwistan: v.ndcr him wtn- r:dac:td Budb~.• Jankln, lad the N.iru of lhc hD1i of lluj&.n to the bOrden o( Nakra'' .. rh# Lhird u the (on o( Askll•nda aod Ptbiya,r whicb ru-e called 1.'alwan and Chad\pur; under hin\ wert placed their deptnd&nciet to tht lro:l'lhtr ol Du.dhpur. Tbe four'th at tbc rre-t city of Mul1.1..o and Slkka. and Dtahtaapulf and Karv.r. and ruh~har and K.u:mba. a far ., the bordm o£ Kalhmfr, wtre under bb government. He (the ljnS) hlmscJC dweh nl the capiUII. A1or, and kept u i\CSC!r hiJ own rule Ka.rdan.• md Kalt.tnan and .Damu:bat.10 R& enjoined upon #!\' try one of hb: print.e& lhe neceuhy ol ~ pre. pVed fo.- -r, by t.._.ptr~~ '""' 1m1tkotu.u of warfare. a:mu. " nd bono ready. Rt alto ordcicd t.bcm to auend to the

·tcf;urity <Jf the countq, the condUadon of \he "•bj~ and du: reJ'llaration ol the: btlih'lifi&'• so that they might ktt:p tbdr dUtriClU and depcndcnda pfe. Thror.~gbout hD dominiom ~ Wl.l no di.u.ft'mcd penon who e:ould ma.ke an1 preccrWoeu ap.imt the ~don. ol hit &on. ten. Su(ld(oJy. by the deacc of Cod, the. umy of the k hlg or Nlmro1 mard1~ from t:~n to Mulr.n ,,.u When Sihara• httJd t..b.U he wtnt ford1 from the tort oi A.lor,u

hA\Ighcy in 1lliud aud careleu in h.t.-1 1, with lhc maiu plrt of his a:tmy co cncounw him. They joined bcmlt, and when many bra\'t men •nd tried warriors. on both .use.. had. bftn &lain. t.bc Pcnlan umy, placinr tbdr whole uu.n In the AlmiJbty. m* an uu••h, ad brole and put 10 RiJ:ht the army o( R~ SihtTQ, lit him~)( ttood firm, f!l(bdop for hu nnrne and bonour, until he '\\'U killtd. The ~tar of Fan then retuTnttl to NJmroz,. and R.ai Salwl. IOn ol Slhtn~ lit Upocl ohe oh.-ooc ofbla blher. He csablishe<i h1l authoti~ in lhe O)Unuy. and the four pdbc:a. who had bttn appomtcd by hi.s t:.tl~et s:ubmittcd and a&&ent· ed to him, extiibldng every mark of obedience., placitq( their wealth at his dljflC)til and. •uppol'lina: hfm willa ho~Wty aod tuertY· Tfle whole coonlry wu ohiU W.ly t.ee:ured in tbe: power or 'R..ai Sa.hul : l.ftd tho ~le lived happily under hi$ juu and ~u!ubte rule. He had a chamberlllin n1•med !Um, aon of Abi (n. a man of tdenc:e -'"'d wisdom.•• Thb roan had full and g<nera1 authority 0¥0' all part• ol lhe tlotniniom of Jbl SahaJi ; no~ could entw tr ._,-.:- t.be ki.fts'' ...-wfc:. bvt tb~ bh:o: The duba of chlel w:rtUil')' \lo"tre enuost.ed co hun., and lUI Sahui ~d fa ith lu hJt eloquent ptn, and ot<t'Cf' doubted hiJ rectltude.

il

Chcch is:ruu O'J'rlo!n; af>Poiruing Chandar hi's dcfr"''T· ChAth tuAJ Dtulhi-rrnm, llJ~ mitsiJttr1 qtttJtionJ C'Orl

cerru'nl th~ gowrnmcnt. • • • •

Budhimlitl, the minUter, bowed his head to the ground,. :._nd said, "~by llAi Cbac.h lh·o tor ever. and rnay it bckuown to htm, that this govtf'nment wat under the domi• n.fon of a &Ole king, and hb chicb wcte: alwaya obedient to him. wt,e.n the country WM nllt'd by Sihar~. son of otwa~. and when he waa conquered by tl1e 1\rmy or _Fart, Sah:m suc«e:ded to the e.(lpir~. He shnOarly tppOirlt.rd alltbe four rulen to their t~dtoritst exptcting theM to· exert them~h·a in the collection o£ the rev(•·,me and theprotection of the c.Vm1H'"Y·

• • • • • Chac.h fw«ecd~ to visiJ ttnd ffl4Yk cht boundariu of

lflor. • Wbt.Jl Chach heard dt.C$C words from .Budhiman. the

ruhJ~toer, they ma<lc. IU\ imFe"ior\ "tX>•\ him. J.le wtu vey happy. He prai5ed tl1t. mmistcr ''Cry rnuch. and lOOk it :tt ~ good omen. He sent !arm;-,os to the authorities ia all parts o( the ki~dom Jnd caHcd ((o:r aid (tom) the govemon o[ l11e diftt:(ent divi&iont. He tlsen preptt•'td an :u-my dedutng that he would go to che boundary o( Hind115tall \i•hich adjoiMd the (l.iua;;doo- of Lhe) Turk~ The ull'Olop ' liJCed an au1picfow time. at whidl . hehad gone many marches be read1ed. the torr. of fabiy•. ·o,.. the· $C)Utht!rn bank or tb( BiQ. "l'he Ch.ld o'r. the pt~ce gl:~·e battle, bul Mter gmt fighting a'Qd bl~ed, •rliC. kihg ·oLP:ablya Red and entered the Con. 1b.i Ch.aCh wa' victoriou1, and e.ncuo.~d in the fleld of lr.ude (or- a time. When r.he &tore o£ provitiont wat txhaos-ted, and ~· and wood, IWd (~otel, WCI'e all c.on•u.rned. the enem)' being, ln dinrtu le£t the Cort at tbe tiwe wht-. .n the 1\'0rld bad eovct'ed iu.ell witJi the blanket o£ dlll'lt.ncst; and lbe k.ing of the 'lllll"$ c:o·nct::~led 'himsel£ in the gloom o£. niJht. H.e 6ed I otowvdt the fort of' AJkaland:-t llnd encamped U1 the vidnity of lhat city. Thb fort wu suongu tb~v the first, and 1Vh.cn b~ reached the fielch of thiP clti h'e sem hit '1?16 tl) ob't•in information, and wher_'l' they,Cllme Nel the,Yreport.ed

i2 H.I:STOJUA~S 07 IUXD

1l1at Cbi:lcb had entered the £ort of hbiya, tnd wa.s &uying lhtn:.

Cltnch tn'Ot:ecd.J lo lhe fort of L'i'tbl4nda10

When Chub wu in£ormed &hat the enemy bad gorie to Alkaland3, he pt:.0!\1 orte (II tlis officer5 in charge of the Cort (of P$1biya) t.nd proceeded to thlt clty. He pitched hi.t tents in its vlcinity. There w.u _a great :utd brove ro~o. in the Core of Alkalanda., who was iu the imm:st of Cha.cl1, .. 'lnd had inRuence ovc:r the JXOp1e fn the fort. All the chief inha.bita.nq lllWlf' took hi.s a.dvica :and nev~ :~cttd contnry to his opinion. Cb.ach JLcnL a UJtiJI to h.i.ru and pi'Omised 1.1) make him gt>\-cmor o~ tbat (ore.. He altO ordered a t'vman to be prepared. ~n.nting hhn the go,·er-· norsblp of the Cort,. 011 the condJuon that he woul(l kill Chatcra1lt the .:hid (m:.lik) of 'P:ehiy:t.. or t:•k.e him pr00r)tr. Pabiya was also to be made over to him. lie lgJ'Ced tO that terms and concUdons. He aen.t bll ton co .Cllacb, :md br. occasionally viAhins Ch:u.era, ~_in.ed hi~ t:Onlidel..\«, w d1•1 he wa; nCvf:'r pre\'Cntcd fro,m going imo bil Coun either b)l day or by. night. \\Then ht lound :tn .op~unity, he suddenly killed Ch:uet\'1 uau1 ~11 h U, head lO ChadL ltai Chach Wowed him greu fiL\'our and honour, ~nted him a reward in token of hi.t plc11ure, and m.ade him the independent chi:ef of t.h.at forL The .are~•l 11nd nubtc m~n of du~ city llttended on him, nud made bjm preKnlJ. He treated them :til with honour and rc&ptc:t, and kepl tht.n (aJth!ul to l.bei:r aU~ian«.. Ohach ~\'e him some prohibitiOI\J and ;(dJUOllitiMt, ~ t1Hll he coaHnued (a.ithful in obedience and never disobeyed bit <!rders.

,, Having completed the expe<Lhion to A.lbl&nda. Clu~ proctc~td towards Sikka and Muh.an. Tn Multan there was a chic! (m:a.li).) whose aame wu Dbjhra. He \WM a

•(At$. B. wrius tlu ~· "Aso/.!(ot~d.,.") , · • ['rllis _,.~ U ~.,ilfm ,tlnu1 arM Glu "' "'~4{,":,. U. !t1(;·,

1A .

.M.S. 8. IM.tu " "/~PJ . · ·

\ 4

H.~ORJAN.<; OF• ,SI'HU

or l{.'l~hw.it tbouJd aasin. blm (Rajhra) and .~tnd reinforcement$.

Tht: unucu.uful rcltmr of th~ me.utngtr from J<OJhm•'t

adore the messenger reuhtd Kashmir, the lbi of that plaet ha~ dled, :uul h.is .50•' · who '1\'ll' only a boy. had ruc:Utded hu·n. The rqmuten, eounsellort. aucndanu, and gu:~rds, a.s wdl 1.1 the noble& .wd chief men oi tho ·•«~ Ll", oonsu.lted with each other and ta.•lswered the Jetter in a ~roper manner. They stMetl tbnL tbt Ral o! Kashmir hac! dep.utcd to tl•c: next worJcL and hU: ton wa.t a mere boy of tC(l<ltr u.gc:. The dutercnt d ivition.l or the ar:nly hail rnbcd thdr heads In re.beUion and revolL Jr wn..' nea;s.. nry t.b.u the 11fi'ain of th.~ po'lrCs 4JJou.ld be Kl $Uaig.ln. and. therefore it Wo\1.$. not at this li.mc: in their power co J)tOvicle the means o( usina.noc. Jnd tba.t Da.jhra mult rely upor;t hls own resourca. Wht.n lhe- nu:ue:nger' ¢ame b:u:l::. and communico~ted , rJlis. Bajbra. desp:airiog of a.»h:ta.oce fron1 t.he k.ing o£ Kafl:unir, -turd Ra.i Cb:tch for pc:aee, Sind made promise~ and a.uuranccs., He a.ald he. wou1d le.a.v~ &he forti£ aaau:rtd or hiua£ety1• i•):twritintY a.ud th~t Mbody shol!ld mol~t b.i.m .uuti1 he •fC:achcd. J a place of security with a.J1 his !ollowen and dcpc.qd.a.nu, Chacb agreed co these tenDS,; And prol'l:1iJed. him prott.cdon. He c.a.me out o£ tbe ,{ort,. and. \'l~ith hill people,. W(l)l (()Wl'lfds tb~ ) fl(llln•

l.:liiU or K~asltwi•·· Clul.ch. Clltcrc:d the !on. and the province w~~;s broushc under hil domJnion.

Clutch ltoflts h iJ f4f1ut1 J'n th~ fort of Multau nnd fP'OCeetLt c>nW<trd

When he cook the fon ol Multa.n he appointed thtre ·a th:t.kur .u his dtpmy. He '~t.nt into the tttnple, prmtrn· ted him~elf before tl•c fd(lb, and offc.'Tt!J 311ailiccs. He then prcpa.rtd to march forwa.rd. The tulers of B~ma· pur, Karw .t.nd AJhahu., acknowl~ed submWion'' to him_.

.l'rom tbeJe ptaaa he procteded to the boundui~ or K•tu•b~tt rtod KUJ.h.u-•ir, ""Na ling offered auy miW:UJtt. ,

• (h" IDll~ J.». &.otl. MSS. tcf'l"u tbit 1101114 KUQlbl. J,. l~is #ou, MS. A. W Yaki.t ~r Uabit, oiOd 4 ltw li~~-t., f.,-tlln' o.., l<ina »r 101~:~\ys. 111$. a II"' KIU ,.,.,,, nr-4 KI.Wba tt/ll'f'{(,9rdl,l

Jj

I

l

•·when the Almighty make. a m1u1 great be rtndm lill his entcrp-liel ell)' md giva Wm aU bla desira. .. E~ p.&ace to whk:b 6c went feU inco b:iJ poatJJioo..

M Jut he ru~ the ron ot Shlblha.. 1111 dev.)ttd ptaa whi(;h i• called K.umball M che bordm o( Kit$hmir, :tnd nopped there for one month, He puni.Jhed some of •he dlfdJ of the &&around~D« ~ -.nd collt<1ed an army undu bu commoncl. Tlim 1u awl< firm ~rUt!<> w!lh the ehle.C.. and ru.Jm ol lh2t pan or tht country, ~od fitcurdy Ntabli&hed hit dominion. He sent for" two trea, one of which~·as • maiJir,lhiU iJ white pol))u, and the 6tht:t a #kHI.tt', ihat 4 a fir,D He plant«~ them boLh on the boundary o! K.athmir, upon me kn.b of • llre&m. wbtd• if caUtd the live Wlltcra,ta and n(lr tM .C..shmir lrom which numerou• lount•ins Row. ne na.ycd tb.ue till the brancbes o£ ea.th O( lbc crtcs ran into thOK of tbc othtr. TbC1I he mar\Ld Won. aod Ald h ...., the bocn>dary roatk bent<cn him and the lW ol lta>lmlir, and beyond it he would not go.

Rct&mt of Cluu;h nJln' (~Xing lilt boutulnry 111ith X«tltmlr

The narr.a.wr of chb conq\*Cit hu thua uid. We when W boundary towarda K:uhmir ~ defined, Chad\ mu-,.. t1ed. to the capit~f d'Y. Alor. He alopped thue ;~. yc~ to rake reu !rom the t•1isue.5 of the joumcy: 1110d hit cMds p .ready the prOY{dom aad fl'l,l_teri.all ol war. H'c thtn aid. .. 0 mi.oli.ttt f r have oo ftar fr01n the w~ aow 1 naV$l Wc.e cart of the wen and the toulb."' Tbt minlntr R'· plfed, ~•rndcdl,.- it i~ mo.:t pral.ewonby ror ·king• tO .be: acqu.alnt.td whh the affaj•• of their to\lntrltl. II ~. aho· co be approb<od<d that f:om your abl<nce in the •J>per prO"tin.ca dtf}~bla and the p--en)(lft o( the dllamt

JUSfOJUAIU or An<»

~"' •mty b.nve prcJumed that &int.e Ra.i &thasi there U nobody to demand !'rom them dl.e re\'Cnuc of the country. 'l'ruJy ml&man.ag~,nlt>.Jl t (l.nd dhor:der have taken place." On thll, Chad1, in au aUJpidow hour) mardted IOWintb ~ (orcs of BudapurJ• and Siwij.t31\. 11tcr~ was a chief in SiwiJUin, called l\bua, a-nd Chacb crosted the r-.Hhn.n 1\t a vQI~e c.aUtd Diha.y:tt, wh.id• £onncd t4e bouodary betwe-en Snnuna and Alor. From thia place he p[oc:e«lecl to Budhiya, tile chid or which WM the sou or Kotal bjn J.Uaodargu BhlP;U. His capit.:al was Nanaraj,M a.nd· the. inhabltanu of the pl.:ate o.ne'd it Sawi.J. Chach 1Utacked. and took: tho (ort ofS~twis. Kabn~ son ot Kata, c;tJY.le {Orlb, to .uk quarter for the P.Tinee a.nd hi.J follower.;, ·ntey lu.id upon themtelves a tribute 10 p;ty him-t and made the.ir 1ubm.Laion.

" From that pll« b.e went to Siwi.uan, ~nd wheo he ap-pron.ched. h, Matta, irA chief, ca.me lorth with grellt alarm and -a large reti.nue· 1-0 rut:ct bhn. A battle was !ought, Cb~ch W11$ victoriouJ, and Maua, with hi$ :tl'l'lly, fted Md tooX rtiu~ j.n the fort. Ch:.ch beliegt.:d Jt. and after ·II wet-k the-garrilon w-a.s obliged 1.o sue Cor peace. The tttm$ being- agtettl t.0, tbcy came out o! rhe Cor" a.nd sur.rt.ndered tl)c: ke)" to the otfi.cen.of Cha.cb1 wbo gave them proltctio_rl and ab.owcd them much k.indna~ R'e gave dJc cWdship· ol the pl.tce to Matt.'l, and t~l$0 pla(t() one: o! hb confidc:ntial officel'$ Lhere. fie nopped tbere !or a. lew days, during wb..ida time the af£air1 of the tmhory and the city wtre put in order.

>/ Cluu:h , 1111!U 4 rr11m*ngm- to AA/r.tmt Lohan4, 'lu'tf of

Brahman.ttb.ad

When the invuion oC S(wLst:m WA.J over, Chclt.. Jtnt a letter to Akham r..o.hana, the governor o£ llrahmana.b:td. who w:l..S Cbie:£ abo o£ La.k.hu., Samma and Sihta, and t.alted'

.. fD«~ W Ms. B. Nu JiJNbl th BtuJA;ur. o,..,.BMMif oi. t. J6o! tMn• inz also ~llttllNJ~ trJillt Siu'1'1~) ' ·-"1

• .. Xd.#ro,."' ~MS. DJ • ' ~.

17

upon him ro adtnowledste aubmh,iott. When he wu " ftw days' j9urney l.rom Makran, the foounen whow ht h"d placed on the roadt. 011 ~ l • penon whh Jctten- from Al.bam. which he had wnum co Matta. the ~ of Slwistt.n, w the (oUowlng efta. ''l have alw:ays bcha\'Cd lowatdl you with srut oordllllty ·and fri~ndship, and h:tv~ never thown you Of•position or quanellctl witlt ynu. The tecttt wbkb you IIC'tlt by waY. of (ricncltWp was reot:l· ftd. and J .as much cx.alted br h. Our frM~f .n-11 rtm.aln eoofi:nued fOr cvc:r, a.ncf oo anitUOlhy arbt. I will comfiT wilh all your ordc:n. You a« a king, and th.e- r.on o a ldna. Onity exlau betwten you ;~n(l n1e. etrcunm1nas Ute WtJ have ooc.urred to many J>enr,m--. ond haY< ol>ll>!ed olltm co l<dr. prote<don. You an at b.'bertr. to raiile .. , •nr. pbcc you. UU 1rithin the w:ritory of B·rthrn~n:abld. that b co tta·y, up co the 1t1. ol Debat ff .you h~tve rttOtvcd to go: in any other dirccdon. there i~ nobody co pre,<em or mok:rt you. Wt1e••ever you like tO so T will ubt JOU• J ~ .mch ~c:r ancl mClumct that l can rt:Dda- you aid. • )bua £0\ind. It opetlicnc to rt~lr co the counuy ot Hind. to M ... m. 1U.nW,. who wu abo ullcd JSh•ul.

Ch-ch undt o ltttn to AAia4rm Loh4nts.

bi Chxh tern a lctta- to Akh1111 Lobua. t:117ing, "'You troru t:OUY powc:r. and pomp, al'ld llmily ck.Jetnt. oomid~ founelf th~ t<nler of Lhe time. Although tbb kingdom and' IQ\tt'eicuty, w«llhr rJcha, dirpUty, i nd power. 'have llDl dbctndCd 10 roe by m.hcriu.ncc-, ytt tbtle dllr::irrg'UiJhed r.;o.,,. ond this ..Wt<d ~""''""' ,.,. beat ~ to fJlc 1>1 Cod. It It'll\ not by my an:ny that J. l.lintd. ~lD; but. Cod. 'tbe lin1le, (be inoomparablc, the trettct.tr ,of lbe wofld. in t.avour c.o SUilij, has given me thb domin1on, and t.h.h

.ryoa. slortow posidoo. ln aJl di'C\I.QUt.aneet 1 obtair'l ""'" mtarwe from rum, and J ha\"t no bope or aid f:ro:D anr other. He wlbles me tO accocnpln.h lllll my undaukln«J. and wUu me in nll mr. acu. He hu .gi.wn me victory

111\'all hatclU,. ·and f1'1cr all roy enemie1. He bu ~tl)~ed RO me tlu~,:'::&inp ot both world&. Althou&h ~u tlunl ,..., hi,.,. · J'IW'Odf of all thio power aM d:"'m·

48 HUTORJAxt OF .!ill\0

sCMce by )'Our c.ounge and audacity, promptitude, and ~:?'~:you shalJ turcly lose it~ and to take your 1ife ia

Choch arritTt'.r al JJrohmQna/Jad, Gnd fights with AAham Lolum4

-Chacb then marched 3gaiu~( hkbrun Lobana, who had ~nlc fOrm nnbiUIUIII\bad" into the interior o£ the countr)'. 'When he rec:dved the: lntclllgcnce of the arrival of Chach1 he tame to the capital, and made preparation for wa.r. When Rai Chach arrived at tlle city of Jlr:duoamtbad, Ak.h:.tn Mood ready lO O.f.posc Jilin. Alter a great slau.Rbter

-ol warrion: on both uda. the army of Akha.m took to Dil!lu. and he ente«d hb lore. Ch.ach laid liege to il, --an'il the siege la&ttd lor the period o£ one. year.

lll tJ10$e d2)'$ 1l1e king of Hindust~UJ. tha t is, K.an~tuj. wu Satban.'11 $On of Rasa f. and Akham sern letters to hlm -asking [or a.uiscance. But Akhw died bt!orc the antwer w.u returned, and hi& son Aucceeded him. Akh:.m had tt

'friend, till inlide l Sam:tJ'Ii; 1r.uncd .8uddh·r:alv,tt i .e# "Protected by the: ldoJ.'' He had a temple wbldl waa: called Dudh Nau·vlhar,U and the idol Dilha Q);io Rt. was.a de!votee Lher~(, and f:uoouJ. Cot hi' I'itl)'• nod all tl1e people o{ the 3urrounding plaOI:$ were o6c:dient to him. Akham .,..u hil dbdple. tnd he rtgtrded the Samani 11 his pole-AUt. 'When Akh.am bad t.ake:n rdug·e in the fort, the Sau)l)n.i ~~isttd bim ; he d.id f\Ot 6g_JH, tmt he read Ms •boob in hi.s chsmbet' of wonllip. When Ak.ham died, and hb son•o succ:teded b1rn In the: government. the Sanu.nl -was disaffected and uoubled, lor ho did not think it right 1h-u. tbe kiJ'$dOOO$ and the .ptope.rty l\l)d ~u1es .thould Cleo

opart from ha hand"J. In hit perplexity he looked ~tbout.

l

49

and he arrjvcd at the C<Hidu.slon tbot the coun~ muu !all 1.0 Chlllt h, whedu:r be would be friendly c.o hun or 1\ot. Then the (Jatc: k.ing'1) JOn being .ore p~d. h.iJ army and bb !or«S ga .. ·e up ftghting, u.od the fort woas IUrrtn• dertd to Chacli, who firmly cstublished hit power iri it. When Chach he:~rd of the SamanJ, and knew that M hact made n Com~ct with Ak.ham and hiA aon, and lllllt tbe war httd ltJted for one year through hi$ e11du~ntmenlJ and magfcal power, ho i:wore th:u if be evc:r Clpturtd the fort, b~ wouJa &ei~e him atld llay him.. and order druma to btl: ()l)vtted witJJ his sk.in, and have hia body: torn to e~ec.e.. Th.U oath Wu reported to the SamDni, who luuJ.bcil" and sa(d. ''Chacb will not have t.lle pow(r tO kill me.· When a{tet a time, lhe J.ltOJ)le of We for~ lftcr much fighting tll\d ~t tlaugfner, P,\' C up the contest, and aolieittil pro· tQction. by the intervention of noblt.S :u.ld cbie&, a treaty was mado between both p:u'def.. IUJd the Con wu JUm:n. dercd. Cba'll ent~red it, and rold them chat if they liked they m ight au aw;a'/_: there: was no one to lnterere with dJon, and if they wbhed to reouin they mi¥ht. The aon a.nd the: dtpendanu o£ Akb:.o1 .\teing tum kaudly disposed tow~nh them, eh0$t to remain. Chacll Jll)'Cd for a time i.o rb;.t city, u.ud made: himtelf acqu~nted wic.h tht!ir di.,. position.

Choch tdu 1h1 wiJ~ of Alr.h~tm to Aimstlf~ and giws the dttugJttt:T IJf Jus nephew lu A.khnm't ton S4rbamf

Cbach $Cl'lt 11. man to the mother oi S:~('~ud and re:qubtcd. her band. The &on brouglu btr. Cb.ac:l\ lti''C bh:iralya, the da.ughttr of hi' nephew to th( son~ and dtd· cd hU:o ill "PJ'arc:I of mJLny c:olou.rs. He MOpped there for tt yeaJ;'. and appointed officerJ on his pa_rt to co.UCct lite reve:nuc1. lfc .. •ubjugattd the other aut-rounding cbids. At las~ he e";'tuJrea where the encb•nter. SamanJ wa.t. that he wJgfu &te hurt. He wu told that be was a .grtat de.,•ote,• aud tliat he )'IOUidq* found with the devote~ :t11d th't he wat one or the phUOJOpen of Hind. H'e wlls the 'keeper of t.ht temple: of K.an.vi{l;)r,ll1 ;~nd among;st the othe:r. de· VC) t«t he wtU ll\_C grc;atesC. and hacl readied to pe:rfi!Ctio~.

"'lK~:ViMr W be-tA to/'iu.J 4

He was &o ddUd in magic and enchantmenu, th:u he had rnt~dt 1'1 world obedit•H 3nd submluive to him, fie had provided him$cl[ with aU the, requisites by meam or hit u.lilmaw. and for some time he had become friendly to S.a.rband becauiC: he had OOen lrie.ndly with hb father. Th~ugh his power a.n.d protection the army- o( Dr.thman:.. bad had pl'OU'Ilctcd the wu (Or so lonr ~U:ue.

Ohath visits tht Sam«ni, 4rld nrqlt}N's obout /tis circumJtonces

Chach ordered MJ body gurn·d• t111d 10ldi.en to mon1l_t their horse,..,, p.ud wc:ot toWllnb the lf:n·1ple3 of 13t~dh itnll lUn·vlhar n with the intention oC kUling tl1e Sltn1ani. He caHI!d his mned men ana Jnttru,ted them that wben d·ul'iog: the interview be .should stand up and look towards tllC'm, they $h<H•Id <l11lw cheir sword$ l111d k.~er the S:tu11Uli.'l head from bit body. When he re<tcped the temple, he uw the Sam.anJ tltdng on a chair, enC1;1{td in wonhfp. a•ld having 6011)1! (by in h.U hand u Wlth which he wat making jdob, he: had 40melhing Uk.e n &UIIIlj) ~'lth whld• the.fi~rc of lbe Duddha. wu made on the clay, n.nd when it 'was finished he: plactd h on one aidc.u Chuh atood by him. but receh•etr no nuemion rmrn him. Alter :a &bon rime, wben he had finished his idob, he riti&ed hU head 4'1nd ta.ld,. "Ja che aon of the monk SilaiJ come i " Cbach rt.plit!d, ''Yea, 0 de\o·otee." The Saman aaid, "For what

•tDu4dlt w Kc,..Pitlor A. 81fdil c~ l(jNI(Jf n.) '1111& M¢1111 1.# b1 u1htl ilufinn'mf~t~.~4t11 Nt~W, #tfJ .Kt"IIMr'• ollll Kirtilfmr. Tie «ti'IIIAiiw ulftjtmdittll m the lui ll inl:f!nij~l,, II om"' ••r " ll.ttl~ 6dow. rT.tt.tu "'"'"'"'' Nl01 lu. G.l s.·, II. Ellio, COli• tikd ,,u_ wrlttiu lA .t~llittg of th• nm• *M•r-H tit':r t1tO.y b• ht-. ~~n'ml Mtnl'l "J lllf .ntJIII!I lll.nb1Vhlftt111 I#' t;(tl/ttSII'II ~~ 6uUd.~ilbt. Tlur.t t"-!1 H ~ d~i t/I;,J lll.t loti c«!rd o/ lilt' r.1111- 1 ;.ftlld,ntNitMII Yihar. Na~_ W" ;,. s~uAn't Na¥a. sig~~oifill "NI'III.. ' ud Kan !"d7 l.ol lit~ fii,.Ji Kaub, /~m du• SWiril Ktiila~ d l ~rd ,l.lhkll u /f'"'d i• the tiii'Jnq KM.hirtr 1111& K!Mhl1ri. Tliu1 I'CIIIHs wotJd t/lt-rtforr lipifi "NI'ff! mM~omry,' ~d "Block llf-011'4.1· ·

'"lj· .. ~biud.., Pfe "I "'""'r U lint ollfiUM /OO'JJ:.' .. Tllt1 f~t;tll' tJ/ ~f4JII1i'ng llw tloYif11Wu ot Rilddk lr Ifill ird~

tllt , Gn.4r\ll CII\IIMt.OI9hONI i~ltlltt f;tt.vrcl ok/ l~t4ioM 11.1 t«.li os TI'UIIJ /lfodiall IMit 8MrMUI l~rm.t.J

l 51

purpotc have you come ?'' Ch~cll answered that he wished co see him, and thut.Iort he had come. The dt:\'O!ec bid hitn to &it down, Cha.dt u.c. The devotee Jprtad a r'inc cloth, :~.nd made him Ut on 'iL R:e asked. "0 Cha.ch I what do yuu want~·· Cbac.h ~et>lied, "1 wUh you 'k'<luld becorM my friend and return to B.rllhma.nabad~ that 1 might turn your thougbu to secular punulu., and entrust you with g:rt:nt. offi~. You may H\'e with Sflrblwd. and give llim advice and auinanoe. ' The llevotcc taJd, "1 ba\~ nothing, to do with your cou.ntry. and h.a\'t no wi.sh tO t~ in public bu.slrloC$s. 1 do not JIJ:.t'l wol'dly OO•\• cerna. Chadt 1uked him, "Why did )'OU side wi.tlt ll1c f.eople ol tlte £on or Drahman.abad ?" He replied. 'When A.ktiam Lohtnl. dled1 and his 101\ was grit\'Cd, Jadmoniab· cd him to cea.e lamentinr {or tile: deparnarc ol hia lather, and praytd tlle 1\lrnighty God tO au~e peace :uul /ri~ndAhiJ) Oetwun the contending pardt$. lt i• better for me: to ~~erve :St•ddba, and U:ek &;h•ation W Jbe ni!'.Xt world, tha..n aJJ the offices and grtatntNs of this. But a.s Lhou art t.he ling o£ this country, uc th)" supreme command r will go with OJY lamily to c.be nci~ehbourhood ()( the [Oit, although 1 /ear Uuu the people of the r •. m will do d~pltc to che culdvation or nuddba.. You Q.rt lO·day a rortUI~:ue and a.. S!Ut man." ChJteh said. '"'Ute worsbil> of Duddhn i.s most rigbteou.t, and ever co h old fc in honour b most proper. lhH. lf you are fa wane or anything, tell tl)C:, for J shall con.sider it a privlJege and a duty to provide fOf' it/' The devotee anawered, "l do riot wam anythin; or lhl$ warld Irom )'Oll. Mf' God incline you co the a11Ril'$ o£ ths: .JIC)Cl.'' Ohnd~ ~d. " 11110 wbh that my 8:llvation. may', .be lh.e rc;Jult. Diicc,t me ao th.at I may $C(' wh,er~1 uUatance is rCqUfred; oanf\ I will help you." He excb..im.ed, ~'A.s )'01.1 uem to bt ~dd4rot, ,. of performing ch1dcahle ,a\~d vinuous d~ tlu:tC h: ' in old temple (iaUed) Budli .P,d Nau.vlha.r (at) Sawandu! Ill wb.ii:b h.U &ulrered.mu'dl irijury Crom the ha.na of ti.me-'it --.:ecm,lres rc-puir'. You shouJd spend $0me mo'ney in ..-eneWili.g m foUndation, and 1 .t~b:lll .b1! thu' ~cJited by 'YOu.'' ph'ach said. "-By' all aoc:ans: J ~ank. )'Oti, f~di.A • !.

"{A. ""' IJid.J,A "' OO<'<!'Ji. /Jwi/41'9 l .. b..Jd... ...;?,, .;1 ·~ 8 . .tcl)l 1Jr#dt!T. lf.:'lil~iAttt S~llri ta~ll 1111.t1

~i89

52

Chach rtlunu to Brallmonobad

CJJ:lCh rode b:u:k £rom that pbce. The minUter asked him . .. 0 king, ll't!Ave &eer'l a wonder." ' 'Wiul.t is it ?'' u.ld Chich. He remarked, "When you sCuttd . you had rc,;olo;td th at I abouJd, order the aoldien to kill the de\Vtee; but. when you went btlore him rou •bowed every whh to P.lc:usc him, 11nd acetptcd n11 hu pnytra." Ch.tch Pld. 'Very true: lsaw somedUug whiclJ, w;u nc> magic m· c:hlltm1

for wllen l looked :u him, something came bclore my ... hion, :tnd as I aa.t bdore t.l.m,. I beheld " dreadful and horrible ph:uuon, .Ual,ldinf: 1t his head. lu eyes blazed Ji.kc fire, a\1U were tuH or a_nger, and h.s li~ wero long :Lnd thid:. and its tccUt f'C'St'lllblod l'ike$. He hnd a 11pear in his hand, which shone JiJ.c dia.moml-1. and it AJlJ~ared "s. i( be wll.s going to urikt .ome one ll.•ith it. When I saw him 1 wiU nmr.h t~.lraid. and could not utter 11 wor<l to him which. you miKl1t hea•·· J wi&hed lO a:n•e my own life, so. J obsen•«L lihu ~haUy and dep.'lrttd."

Ghndt s«?s al BralunAMba:d, 4nd detnmints tht amount of lhl'l r'41'iMnu~

Chath uop~d in the ron or Bru.hmauabad Lilt ~I m.inisu~rial affairs ~ aeulcd., t-axtt were Axed, ~uld tile 1ubjecu re41UUJ'ed. Re hllmai.attd the j :m and the Lobonas, and punislt.til 1heir chiefs. He took a hostage from these dlJcfs, and kept h.im. in the fort of Brahmana· bad. He obUged them to •ee lO the (oUowiJIJ; teot» t ~rh11L U1ey ~hould never w~ a.ny IWOrdl but sham om:_,: That they should r).tvtl" wtar under.garmenu o£ shawl. ve.h!Ct, or tUk. but they ~ht wear lh~ outer·garmenta of ailk, provided they were of a red or .b1ad (I)Tou:r :

I "l'l\3l they .Would put no saddles on their hor$CSo, tu'l.d shoUld keep their bead$ ~mel (t!e:l uru:overed : Thit whCn th:Cy went' out they 1hould take their dogs. with ther:n! 'J1Hat they tbould carry flrc'llood {o,r the \;itcbtJ\ o( the diie( ol llmhm-anabad. · They Wert to Cutnbh JU.i.des 101d spk•. and were: w he faitllful when c.rnploYea in, su.ch offices. They were to Jh,e ia :unity with Sar&.nd. ion of ~ Akh1m • . and U any eaemy <amc t·o. bwade the .,CJ::rritq,ey,

· Or flgiH "with Suband, they vere to comiiJc:r it incumbent

on tb.c:m to a»ht him., 1mU 1teadily adbe~ to hi~ au~. He r.hus flnUhed hb hlboun, and estllblhbed his rule. 1[ anr per.son &h.owed rcbeJUon or hottlllty, he cook a he«u,ge aJ~d ex:..cud penalt:its undJ be £hould amtnd hi! conducL

Cha~lr marehu fo J{innan (tnd. tUjinu llu: boumlmy of i\faJmm

When Chad\ bad sttcled these nu.tten.. he made up his, mind to dc~rmine the boondary o( Kinnan, which W8J adjJI«IIl lO the t~i<IIU of the chit£ or Rind. At thil time two ynl.l'f had el11.psed sin«: tbc: H.ijm oi c.be Pro. phet of God.-ma.y peace be to him I After the death of k.i.sr:t bin Hurm~ bin .tar&, and the dlstupdon o! hit dominionJ, the m0\IH1gement of the a.fl'-ah-s of t.ht k.ingdom dtVQlved upon a woman. Whc:n Chacb wu informed o£ th.U., be dctumlned to ~ tO JUrman with a cousidnable loYce. At an auspicioUJ time, which wu Oxcd by the: UU'Oo I?SCC$• be l)llln:ited toward$ J\rmabel, and "''hen he arrived ,ahere the chlef of the plnce C'ii.DlC tO re<:~:ive h im, Re was .t Buddhin pr!cn. and had d(jcatded from the rcprf!\Cnta· dvea of R.aa Sihant.s, kjng of Hind, whom the ltai had r.aised up with great kittdnitS$ ~u\d Cavour. Fl'om change: of dme he bad become refractory, "nd had •·e.,.uhed !roin his allegia.n«. He carne Lonl1 to meet Clutch, when a lrtaty w:u m.a.de, and oordialic.y an~ frlendshlp was esta· bJiJl'1Cd betw~ them. Chach procteded (rom thence to Mil.knn • .Everfd)ief that wa.t met offered hi$ 4Ubmiiston. When he had c:rOucd lhc province of Makran and the: billa. be entered another dlnrict. There wu an old (on hete ~led K.::marpur.JG He ordered it J:o be rebuUt; ~d accorillilg "' the Flit)dt.l o utorl) o. t'lt.wbat of r,ve rnu$tml Jrutrumenut was orde~d lO be pla~d c.~ C:\'tnlug ~nd morning in the Core. He Q)Jitcted aU the people of the ~m·rouniling vill.ag"t.&, and completed the buildJng. Me marched from lhis place toward~ Kirmap 1 Dl'ld halttd on the banks of a river which runs betwn:n lhtt c:oontrY 1u1d ·Makran. There be fiXed the eancrn bound11ry. that U. chC 00\lndary betwten Mathn an'd K'lrman1 and planted

' "lA. Kmvrrj1ir . .8. ki.Mr;Mr. K~r; IU Ntrl• ;.ltlillatd il uothcr vo!um(.) l

numtJ'Oll# date m:eJ there upon the b:uab of the strc:am. ttn.d he Jet Up J.. mark, .sayilg, ''lb.i:s WilJ the: boundary 0£ Hind in the ume of Ch:~cb bin SUatj bin Das~ba~."' n Now th~t hound"l)' lun cowc: inm our poueuion.

Ch«eh procted.t to Arm4l;,ln Jtnd (hu!s tlu; re\Mmte

From th.:tt place he: returned to Armabcl., :t.nd ha\'lng pa.ued chmogh the country of Tunn. he came ouc in the (J~rt. No body arose to fght with him. He nrrivlld in tlu: eouncry ol KAndhabe!, tllat i~ Kand;~ho.r; •O and having tr:tver&ed that de~ert lllw. be advanced to We Con. n,e jl«\ple took rdugc Jn it. When be Jrrivcd J.t U.e bank$ or tlu: Slni}O he: phci1ed hll tenu there. Tha pt()ple of tl1c pt:u:e be:lng much pressed agreed to pay him llll ant1UJL1 ui6ute o( one hundred tho~a.t;tnd d irtttus, 11.11d one hundred hill hoc&es. A ~re.'l.ty ,.,., made, and Chach rt· turned co his aapitaJ. Alor1 aud f(.1.1llined there c.:UJ be d fed JLnd wcm to h'Cll. fie re~td. forty ycart.

CI1Andat, .ron of Sfln.i.j &Ut:c.tuLr lO t}'ff Go~numt O/ A lor

After lhc: <kalh of Cb.ach. his b:rotha Chanda.r,n .on o! SU.ail, sa.t upon the the lllrone. of A lor. He patronized the relfgio1t of tlle n:\aib ~\•ddhi.siJ:) t~od monb ~tnd proowlrtro lhcir <.Jocu-ines, He brought many people toge. ther with the JWord. and m:tde them return to hit religion. Ht: rccd\·cd aever11 lt:ttt:N from the Chiefs of Hind.

]Qllrne'J o} Jdall4, Ch;cf of Siwistan

When Matb, thi.ef of SitiiJ:'tan, went to tl't king of Kant~uj. the country ol Hiadusta.n WllJ in a ftourishinr

"J10

$olHu"' itt B.) • Ah rutyil D. Al"M4bt'l A.J • ·rhf.t u~lmtati.tr,. u 111M ,. JJ$. a.J • sr.t B. s.,n A.J , , ""(Mif Mo'11'- talu no I'UII'e~ o( C'tlondlllj Inti lite lJ!11f~.J

Kirmu m1s lluJI h• 6'/k~uJnJ ai Kalm·nubm uM oUtlfi'!! llir lllr11,.,. tf/111' Y'llf'1· Au4r-liUij] .. 111~ f•rm~. (.'Jwull tqr'ff;iWI.smr.il DIMrir end Dltor-st,.~ tmd . o 4t~~J~Itttr D<~i ROlOi._ flo~, THit/alttKirant ovrttt i.t1 wnling lh• NIWI' .. Dhcf"-tllt,"' Ifill hill MS$t.• ~~ Ill., Ch<ul1~,..,.,.. ltttw '"Dk~r;riy-, .. 1 1 '

condition. Kan.auj wu under th.e rule of Sihanu, .son of Ra111l.t.t i\fftiUI wt,-nt to hi(o and representt.d thu~: "Ch.at.h, ton of Silu.ij, is dt:td, and his brothcr 01andar, u monk (nr/Jib}. hu Juccecded him. He iJ a devotee (natilt), and his whole day b O«Upicd In the i tudy or his faitb with other rdigious ~n& in the temple. Tt U ~:uy to WTtJ.t the kingdom lrod'l. hiu~. 1£ jou '"~ bb te•·rit.Oriet l'trld place them under my cba~, will pay a tribu<~. and send 1t co your treuury."

Th4 nnnattr of Silianu

Siharu taid ·to Matta, "Chacb was n. gre-.e.t. .lti r~, t~)ld . bad ~n extwivc t~rrhory under his sway. A• he b dead.

J wi.ll bring hito t)OUCUions under my own rule, if I take them. '1'1tey wiJl {orm a gre.u nddition to my ldngdom, and I will appoint you over One of I heir divUion,_" Si.ha· ras then sent JUs brother BarhJJ • .tOn or Ka.saiJ. The rou' o( the daughter ol the great Chacb,. who ruled over K.a.sh· mil· :m.d ,Ram.~l, a~ :a,r,eect to join him, and they prooec· ded with ll1w annJcs ull they re:u:hed the b;~nb or tbt: Ha.d. •• where they encamped. The agcnu and ofllco of Chandar. who wtre. atiU in the Cort of Deo, fled. The in· v"dtrt l(IOk_ llu.~ pl:ace, :1nd advanGtd on their journty tHI they n.rrivtd at .81Wd Kabuyt. whe1to tbey b~lted for one month. 1nd ~fotrn(d the worship of .Budb. They $Cnt a m~~cr w1lh .a lttter to Cba.ndar to induce him to come. w;l)eJus submiuion. and .-ue tor protection. '

· Chandor re{Uits, 1trengthcn1 hitnJelf in the furl, and prtJirtfts to fight. · ·· .,

Sihoru scndJ 411 cmbony to Dahir, sop of 'Ghadr. • I '•

.. tTAh',. cr'l•,.}; rtOiff.l.r tg,-mJ~Mil•g c&illt titu1 iM /11, GlfUal~tfi· Clfl lablt3 ••J th1 }\ltft4flj dytWUf.rJ (TMnul' p,.;,.,,~ JJ. ZS&.) Ct>u1f'lll Ct~~bnJ,. l1 ol ~~(lt/~1 .. ,/toi~roJ ls 'lf'tlbpfriJI ~" .fCI1!U

u t/11 DAim ,S~ttW•'.if.ttt4 by 1111 CM•m 4.r -7'i·~IIO. K.i,.g of Cmlrnl /ltd-.. M1 ~.'.11. ~ -~"d- ilwlt t.\.1! l1t111 Hll.l1it.t Siltur.J uJJJ Bln',a $tr4 wdglu IIU'Uv 111 eillf/01fflkd tl;!llt•• '"""""' in Pn-rill"' l#lw.t ... Tills, lt~tt<rotr, is wry l;yP.~t!lltit/11. It t's Mt tr.li.t#lj tJ,.(JI r/K lrl!*_u t1j 4Um,- fiiAtT a nd fiCWn'' ~ l.laolt t,M gft'41 K41'1'1i!j /..t rJf,. .i lf• le.Md, PtNWil'l at ltW .-y l• rt.,run~IM .u jnlftiN/ tM:u •/ I( osltJJclr mid R411$GI. )

•• f"llo.t~" 1" B.l

I U.n'QIUANJ OV 1J11tD

CJuwda:t stu em tl.e throne of Cllac.h

Chand:u- tucc~Xckd to dte govc.mowU1 and hi$ $Ubjects cnjor.d com!ort. and the oountry wns govaned tin:oly ilur.intt h 1 rei:gn, which lasc.t'J [or SC\'tn ytll.rl. He died in thci enahth )'t!ll..l', ami DahW' tAt on the throne oJ Alor. Raj, lOll of Cbandar, atabllllted h intaell at nrahman.;:.b;·~d. bur did not ma.fnutl.n hi.a goteroment for more tlta11 one year. Arter that, Dhardy:a, 6<111 (J/ Clutch, took poucuion. or nra.hm.anabad and tu$ sblc::r ]J.ai ... \'111 Crfendly and obedient co him. .Ohaniya a~kcd the <b.ultbter o£ Akh~.:n iJ1 mllrrl•gc. He remained :at nrahmanalnCl l'lv~ yean, :tnd issued h1l: ordm to the neighbouring chief,. who acknowledged his authority. Dha11iva rct.idcd Cor ·50me time :at Lhe tort oi RtW1lr,•~~' of which' Chacb had lald the rounda· tion, but did not live tO sec completed. When Dhauiy:t had finbhed the worb, and coUecttd i•thllbit<ln(ls for tf1o the town Crom lhe place!i in tbe neighbourhood. and when i.t ,y:.a ·well pOtlul:ated, be caU«l h Rawar, and returned to 'H.mhmanabad, 1tnd lirmly cttablbhed himself In the Government.

lhrl (Main) is .nmt lo tflor for the purpos~ of hting gfvtn in marriage ro the Icing of BJJI~

When Dharsiya Wlb rellet(ing one d~y that his sintr had arrh·td at a marriageable a.ge. me1,en,ien UTived from Subln~ tt king or Buia. in dlC country or Ramal~ to demand her in marriage. Dha11iy:. although hen wM rhe elder bTother, gave hel' aJlrincely dowry, and &etlt hc:r with 5C'\·c:o h1.111drtd hone an five hundred loot to Dahjr, re· commending him by lcncr to marry her co the king of Bhatia.u wtio had atipul.ued th.at he &hould re-ceive 11 tort ~ her marriage poro.on. The lfiC$5erigerJ Wt iH to Alor, and ronai:Ded there one: mouth. (Ht:re follfJw an a«ount of Dahir marrying hiiJiJt~ btCGu.te lr w41 prognosffcot~d

t.Juu h~r h.u.nbarui r.oulJ. b& Jdng oj R(nd o.11d Sln.d, 11.11rl t!tc r,OnWl:i lilflrlJC4$tl Lilt~ brolht:rs m cnnuqu&ntw.)

RaJ Da.b.it receives lnformadon. Rai D:lhJr goet; to an astrologer to ucertaln the fate

o£ the Jjner. ~J'he pn:dictioru o( tlae a.strol.r;,

Dahl~onwl.tation of :O.u~himnu, the mininu, wilh Rai

Ingenuity of Dudhinlan, the minhtct. D~tbir Atnd$ ::. letter tO Dhaniya. DbarSiya receivCJ the Jetter. DJ.hJr tends a.nother letter to Dbani)'l. Dhaniya marches to Alor to Kitt Dlblr. Endeavours of Dhaniya ro uke ))ahir pri&oncr. Dllhir asb advice !rom his mir)ister. Dbn.n£ra entas the £on o! Alor on 11.n dc:phant. Dahlt U inCormed o( the death o£ Dhlni.)--a. Tile burning of Dhlr•iya'' body.

J»hir gotl IO Bt(l/unatt.abad.

Dabir remaJncd one yur in Brahmanabad, in order to reduce the ne.ighbourlng chid... He Amt for the son or Dh~·s.iy:a, a.od o:eat.:d h im '"kindly. He tliCI'l wem t(l Siwi6· ta.n., and lbence to du: fort .Rawar.•ll oi o,vbidt his father Cbo.ch had laid the foundations$ but tbe worU were noc completed when ho died. J.Je remained .dtut .for 'olne til))t, and ordered that the fort ~honld be fiJ)i$ll.ed. He remaii1td tllm:: during da~ (our bot months, ror it is 11.

pl~a;ant place and hu an a&roeable clfmate, 1Dd he wed to rem:a.in dwing tbe !our cold and dark mooths at Drab· manaba.d. He ~d bia thne i_n tb.it .waJlfi.C' {or ejg_bt ye!art, durin1 whith dme he be(amC ()Onfinned. and gmc:· rally J:'!XQgtltt:c:d d.h his dominion• ln Sind and liind. -The! c:hJe£1 or lbma.l became aware or hia wta.lth both in tT~· autt: and d.epbants.·

58

The c.Mt:fs ~1 Ram(ll come to fight fl.lith R4i Doliir

TI•e chiefs adv:mocd with a l.at;c :and powerful arm)' of horse and loot a11d war-e.leph,mt•. "'fl1cy came. by w.ar ~~ Dudhiya, to thr. town (rOsla) of Ra.war, and conquered ll, nnd pauec:l on from thence co Alor. . . . . .. . . Mtthttrmn<rd 'AIIafi..., (an I.IJ'#b mtt'«nary,) got.s agahut tilt

chr'eft of RAmal

Mulwntnad 'All:l!i, an A:rub of the .Bani Anmat, who had lt.illed 'Abdu·r Ralmtan so1t o£ Alh'ab, Cor having run ;Jwily £rom battle. ca.me to join DahJr with five hundred Arllbs.

• • • T~c 'Allt6 made a night aua.c:k on, the .R:un~t O'OOf)l$

With ht!i five huncJ,•ed J\rnbs 1md wos.mors o£ HUid. and !ell upon them on all four sides with a treat $bout. and killed and <:apturcd 80,000 W!lrr!ort ana IUty eleph.anu, besides honea and a.mu innumerable fell inro cht.it h:tnds.

• • • Dahir then lold hi~ ~OCKI ;tMI jm.Jicio•Jl mioistt:r to n,k

a f;h·oUr. ' the minister replied: '1 hAve no son who will carry down my name to ponerhy. ·r :r«J.utst, therefore. that orden may be givtn to h.avt! my name uamptd on tM &ilva coin o f t.be real.n, &O th;tt my n:lme bei:ng ( Ill one lace, $1nd the kin(• orl lht other, it will not dtcn be £or. gotten in Rind and Sind," Oa.h.ir ordered that the minit· ter's wiah Would be co.mplitd with. '

Chronology : EliJlaty of Ft'J'd Four Kllali{u

"rhc history of the four fint Kbalifas Mu'awia biu Abu Sufian. Stnnan bln Salma bin Cburu·l Hindi, Ras.hid bin 'Uma:ru·l Khir.ri. Sannan bin Sa.lma. ruoven the •Ct.wernment. Munt ir bin Har<ud bin Basha.r. llak· kam bin Mun:r.ir. 'Abdu·l Malik bin M>~l'Wiln. .. '1'110 'Albfil, e:tc. 1\fuja':~. bln Sabr bin Yuid bi.n Huuik.a. WaJid bin 'Abdu·l Malik bin Mann.n. Account ot the

• (Till.Jll iltll.f~lli1ttfJ of 8. JIS. A. afrtwJ.t bu _.'AilaAI".]

59

pl't$tOI$ ~nt to tbe KhaiHa (rom Sarandi~. Hajjaj 'ends. ;1 nt~nga to Ot~hir, the lnfidet H:ajja obr.ain$ ptn11ia· don to leave tlu: Capital. .Budai! \U en martyrdom. 'lm.aduod din .Muharnrn1d K.adm bin Abi 'AitiJ Saltffi~ F{ajjaj writMie.uen to the Capita.l and Syria. Hajjaj read' the KlnJLba oo friday. ~~rtme o( Muhammad Ka&i:m. The 21T.nf 2UTivcs at Shlra:t. MuluurunaU l(atiol lnrivet at M.akran. Uarun proceed~ wlch Muhmnm.ad Kasjm. The mmy marc:hes from Armabel. The orders of R:ajjaj reach M~•b•nunll.d ~:uim. The Arllh army maket'l preparadoru,.. nnd Hajja,j'• orders UXTi~. T he RJ:g·St"ft of the rot~pJe of Deb4\J b knocked down by a mansonel Budbiman como to Mubamnu.d Kadm, 1nd recciva a prornbc: of protcct.ioo. A fi.Ctl1 pordon of the booty in .slaves :md c:oh\5 is set aside. 1'he ~JllUI'e of l)eb:al is rtporter1 to R;ti Dahir. Tbe letter of R.a.t Dahir. ..Cbe reply of Muhammad J(nsim to Rai Dahir.

Mu)utmmad Ktul,n fwoutNJs lo Ninm n/l« lh~ ton• quest of D11bol

Hi, torinl5 b);vt rcbted, upo1\ the authority of .Banaua bi1\ H:~m:a13 J<al:lbi, Lh.1t llfte.r the conquat o£Debal, ,.,bcrc great pll.lr,der wa.s m.lr:tn~ Muhammad Kashn ordet•t.d the m.angondt co be placed on boats. 01ttd went tow:an.b the fort ot Nirun. The bo:us went up the nn:am which they (lltU Sindh Sag:n;u but he him.selt took the road of Siaam,. and when lu: arriv-ed thtil'e, he l'euivtd Hajjaj'• an,nYu tb the announQtmc:nt G( lhr: victory. ,

Tlu: nn.tn·.o~ of Hajfolj l t> Mu.hAmm4d Xulm .. tfn ac&ount D( tht inhabr't41HJ i>f Niru.n o~tdinitig a:

!H!sst~' {ffim H•tM BU.to~a!W. rolice tb.at Abu La.U Ttmiml says, on the

aulfJority ol.l';:a•a,~,ba b~ll •AJc.a.bn Salamt who 1..coompanied MubJJII.Dlad K.asim. tbrn a(ter lfic; Car;wre of Deba.J, Muh; mmad Radm procccded co the: foi't 0£ Nirun, the i.obabiUtnu C)( which had provided themtelves with an ordtT o£ ~~uritr·from H:Rjjn.j nt the tin'!~ that the ~Y of the AnO• bad been defeated, s.bd Bt•tla•l h:ad betn killed, and they

• ($" i11 1J., '4-ts.' 1).. luu "'WII'Itilkf IUg4ltG."J

60 U.l.fl'OalA:N$ I))J &lND

ha.d agreed to pay a tribute. He anivt;!cl :.l Nit•un, which is cwcnt)'·5vt par.u1.ngt (rom Oeh:ll, in six da)'l. On the seventh da:y he enc:u_nped _on a meadow near Nirun_. whldJ h called &lhar,"' on the land oC Baru:l and the wau:ra or the Siltun"" Ml,bra.n had not yet' ruched it. Tile II.On)' wu )>arched with thint, and Muha.movul p~)'td to heaven for rain, and it reH, ttond fillod till lbc tti'en.ms and Jakes nc3.r the d ty.

• • • • • Multamm~u1KCJim sends confiJU"Jinl m&<s.tlnccrr Lo Ni'ftU'I

The Sa.matti, t},e GovcmQT of N;nm, CQnltl ro pay Ills I rupccu lo Muhammad Kculrn~ and brings fmtscnt 1

• • • •• • Muhamtnad Kuhn buill .Ill Ni.nm a mosque o n tho.

site o£ the teJJ.'It)Jc of Uudh, aml ordered prayers co be proelu.imcd ju the MuhnmaJadan falhion, and appointed an lmw. A{ccr remaining there .omc daya. he prepnred tQ go to Siwiatan, which u aituattd 011 an eminence to tbq WC!!'l or lhe Mlhrnn. He deterrniucd to conquer the 1\•hole country, a.nd aru:r the C2pt:urc or SiwUta.nl (0 Tt:c:r~»S lhe tivtr, and proceed against 'DahiT. C'.OO gnun thitC Ws rt· aolution '~'~""Y be- fUlfilled I •

Th(l expedr't;on to Sin#Jt"n

After Muhamuud Ka.sim had £Cttled :.fTn.irt 1U N inm, he equipped h is army, J'llld ' ' nder tbe 'l'idance of tbe Samnni cook it townrdf Slwi.sta.a. He amvcd by ~JrU.iiU' !Jtaga :tt a place called Ba.braj,&• chiny pan.~-ang~ lrom Nli'un. There also w.u a S:amani, who w·u d:tid of the rtst or the inhabit~nlS. Jn the fOI't the II(JJ.hew o( Dnhir wiU go ... crr"'Orl hil rr:wK' wu Bajbnt, the son of Chandar, All the Sa.m:mls uJCmblcd and Jcnt a mess~ to Dajbn1 saying, we tre ntulk de\'oteet. Our rtUgion il one o£ peace

• [BitloAor' i ll 8.) • fSihunJ:"'" IN '""' •l.l\ t§ f~ (J tilt Jt ltf'U JIOJ"' 6/ 1he

Ju~rtu. I i1 IUtd lllr.: <md tdttU'Iif.trt u t1 cOIIIJII~ "~ I~ tlvu . T"• ~t'ly MriAihtmttN/1111 u'f'ittft /t~·y.nltlv ~~~~ t /1$ lt:rrn• •• tlw lttdl1.1t tA1 ,..,., btU!g ~~ llu• dtot rivtt fl/ 'in(i1"-l

"ISo I" A., &til NS. B. lttu Moj,_ "":nj,) I

61

and quiet,. ~nd f~hting and slaying is prohlbited, n.s well :u. all tindl or aliedcling oC blood. You are saun: in a toRy pbce, while we arc open c.o the invuions or the enemy. ;utd Hable ((J he Alain and plundered u your tub-

!·ecu. We know tbut Ml•h.anu:ru,d 'X1U.iJt1 holds a Cum:m rom Hajjaj. tO gn.nt protection to every one who den\a1HI$ it.. We uu.u, tlitre:Cort, that you will consider it fit and rciUOUI~b1e thnl "'e make terms w_it.b him, Cor the Arabs are faitb(lll. .amJ k'eep tl,ei:r ngretJuenu. Bajhra rdU&td to liJten to them. l\fuhammad KMim scr.&t 11pies. to ascer· min wheth.tr tl\t d titen$ V.'¢1'C uno.nimous or i.nimit.:~l. They report«\ thr.t somo am\td men were ouuicle the foJt, aod prcpa«d to fight. Muh:uumad Kui.m encam~ oppoJite the p te leading to the sandy d~r1, because tht.re w a& l)Q !Ont~rcuni.ty tO :auack. him there. a' the inundation l1ad risen on 11COOtlnl o£ the rain•, and the rlver Sindhu Rawa};4 ftowcd to tbe uotc.h o£ the &elected ground.

B11ttk fotlgllt at Siwi.Jton

Mub:unro:.d Kasim o:rde:red the mll.n~neb to be pr t-J)IU'Cd, and the .figbt wo.. COfl\menced. The Samani£ prtvcnc.ed their dllel rrom fighting, ~ut.l told him ttut the Muhammadan army was not 10 be overcome by him, Mild he would not be able co oppoae it. He would be merely placing hi• Hfe IUUI property In danger. When be ~·ould not li.lu:n to the advice of llis t objects, the Sam:mis sent lhi.s mwage u, Mubamm~~od Ka.sim :-"All the sub~ fa.rmen, and tradumcn, mercba.nu, a.nd the Jowc:-r cfanet hate &jh,.., and do not yit~;ld hjm aUegianct,,· 1HC!• doa not possest any .(orcc wit.b \Vh.ieh be ean oppose you, or give b:mli.'' ~The Muhammadan anny wete uupircd wi tlt grea.l coiitage on reccivl~ the mus:a~ :and fOught day a.nd night Ofl tbe $ide or Muhammad ltlshn. About a week after, dtc besiegro ttoppcd f!S~tl.rigJ:imd 'when Balhra knew that the for• was about to [:aU, he Cllmc out &om th.e nMiltr.m gate1 at•thC! tirtlt wheo ll:ie wo:ld wu veiled in darlt!lt$$. crM,~d the th·er, and fled. He continutd. hb Right lill he rc-aoh,ed, lite bCH:UHl:u-.,. (lr( Budl:\iya. r!l those

~[A. sqy.1 Jlfjf SiMb tN Rlttt'4l ~ .1hd. B. ff(l sirtd/1 liar uwu.vl.J

62

day.t the ruJar or th~ Dudhiya territory w;e.s Kd.1•, son of Kotal, a S:an.uni. His &tron.gllold wu SiSIIm. on the banks ()( llle Ktunbb.. ·The people of lSudhiya and the cllie& o( .t.ltc liu.rrounding pJtctt: c::ame to retdve lb.jhra, and allowed him to encamp under the fon.

S•'wistm' is takffl lmd /Jc.jftra flia , 'VJ'~n najhra went away, and th e Sarr~.o1 t)ill tJtad,e .sul)o mU6-•0n, MuharumiLd K.as1m entered the !on Df Stwutan ancl P\'C quaner. He appointed bb runctionaria: tO db· <.hafltC the civil dutiu ot the tctrltory, and brought t.bo. neig"hbouTing places under his rule. He toOk the gold and .'liivt:t whtre\'et he (()llnd it, lllld IIIJ)propriate() ;!.)[ the iil· ver, jcweb. and ca•h. llut be did not take anything !rom the Ssmanb, who had tnlldc ternu whh him. He gave the ~y their due, ..nd b&vlng deduac.d a fifth part of tho whole, dcljvertd il to 1.he treAsurer of Hajj-nj, an(l wroce a report o f tb~: victory ro f:bjj01j. He "l'Jrohucd R.awats tl1ere. He tho sent ihe plunder and tlte sl.i:ves to him. and he hJmsel! Jtopped at Siwl.lun. T"WO or thret days a!tt.t· he: h:td ~p3r.tt~ the li!th p·atl, and distributed to tbe army their slain. be prottedcd to d~.C fo.rt of Sham, nnd the people or l5uclhlya and tJ•e chid . or Siwbtan rose up to light. Muhammad Karim martbed with aU hil Ioree, t11'· <tJ11 cbe! garr-ison, whlcl1 was t'lar.ed undew: che IJfficer kit in Siwi•tan, and W.ightcd tlC'& pluce caUtd NUhan,M on the banb o( tb.e Kuinbh. The inhabitanu of the vldn1ty were aU infidc:b, who :wc.mbled. t~etber aJ &OOn :a&: they &aw thf! Muhammadan army, and c:Tetermi,ltd 1.0 tnak.e a night attack on it, aud disperse lt. '

The inrtrtJ.itw of lht chil/1 with KtJ!ca The c:hicb or Bud.h went co KJ.b Kotal. The nnu of Budhlya are deacended hom Au. They had originally come lrom the banks or the G-anges., rrom a pl:u~e eallecl Avn.dbl).f.'1 They CO•lSulttd with ]Jjm, ltttd satd that they h1d ~1ermincd to make a nighr anack on the army .

.,. ('Wi4JIOJ111 U. JIS. D. ' ' ti l»um'Wy i hiilhU. .,. tile Ghllfi'P nt~•1 llt alln.Vd t'o. LA. ~~ i;,.

o!ft/a,uJiwr .flO }(MI. Bft.u till otidl>dltt~r ~YfPid. Tlu S~ o,. ,, I'IJ· boW:I IJ11 ;r9¥r4HUI, Glfl tht ' lillnt /JtJKdltar ~·D•r•odo/t!v; i# JtHiibl, Df8thih.ar. CPnwl C .. ll11i!!f'111llll ¥lf~V~IU tlu&l ''DntldW.Ur6 ·nr

\

, Th< r</>11 of KU.•

Jtab o&~d-""U l"'' ..,. ooannplisb ~~ ... n and _good: bu1 lbt bahlils and mcmb ha\-"C tol4 me. acc:ontii:Jg to thti• ..u~al boo4 WI lhia counuy will be oooqu· cml by the Mu.b.atnmad.a.n an-r.y.'" He pbc:ed • chftl, whotc: name: .., P~n, at their hnd. and made Jirt& to tht aoldkn.. "'!hac were one thousand bnve: 6sbhnr mm undtr the command or thlJ chid. They wuc aU arm«l wftl1 awordi. &htcld.t, jndiru, apea.ra, :md dJAAtra. When 1hc army ot the day t1td fur fear o£ 1he bf•~lc lta:lom ot the nfghl, they mn.rcltc:d with the intention or .nnkfng their night attack, At they appr~nclted the army or the Anb,, they mlf.MI(I!he 10ad, and wer-e wa.nderlng about J)ft'plcxed all che ni,t•t Crom eveni•>¥ UU dn)•brt~k. 'Ther were divided into [Our bodiet, the one mou advanced d•d oot keep up A annmunJcation wh.b that wblcb wu ln the tttr, nor dod lh•lefl w~ comt In JJgh1 ollhe ~b• but lher ktpt ro,·in1 about in che ~ When ~ liftM up_ t.btir hnd• Wq round thc:rruch'a round thC fon o( Sl.am. ... Wben the dutnca of ni&IU was expelled by the n,b, ol tbo kiDJ ol the &Wt, the)' mlntd the lor~ and !Did cbe •hole to Xab Kota.t. .sayi.nr llut this thtir uccadt~rOUJ. p.lan had not PfP''\"d auccmt"ul. Kaka Mid. " You k.now luJJ wd1 tlut I am ramou.s for my detamlnadon and counge. I hJ.VC achlevtd m1ny ttltcrpr:!Je:t at your htad, but in the boob or lhe B_udh$ tt i'l p.rtdic.ttd, 11p011 amotos:iclll calc:ulat1ou~. that Hioduntm ~1111 be rttk.cn by the ~uha1nmttln.tu·, and 1 ai!IO bclieve that thh wiJI come to pw."

K4Jca Kotal gotl lo Multommad Kuim U!iiJI JJomma, 1on otllaflll2~ And' ntbmiu to him

Xab whh hh foUowcn aM friendt went to chc army or W AnbL. \\fhtn tw: had gone :a little d.4unce, DttaJU,

~ -- ,...,., lw 1M ;J.u -~ It V .. 4t c-,q, ~ ..., tAt ~ •I rAt 8fll ~)ft.u. Tril..t Cftwll _, rAt 1.-JI'r -t llU ~4- of IM ,_,.,, ..J tAt #fw!A .,. tltu.l /rM l..VA-.....c"'*"".-'-flflli7Har .... ~ .. ,., turt Su .U. T~ Pri~ TaWt ~1 '

• fP~J llt tllfO#t JICttl' tttllt4 'St~ .. L#lt NOICdikr J1•1 ..ot ,;., 14tt" 6• tit• •K....Jrt TAt tHfd Iii¥'~' .. ., ..,,.,,., • ._ .kt l/1 GJIIiJI#IW K..t •- .... .c.b ... J

61

ton of Hanut~ whom }.fJhammad Katim had tent CD rOQ'IInMiu-e the- mtmy, met him and cook bJm to M\&ha.mmad l.a•ina. Whm be ot:r:aiDtd the honow of ~ before Mulwnau.d Kasim. .his ~ n~ hb atitbuio~ aod ~vc hiw tome~.C!D"'md. ~cold him aU about cbc: Jab c:o::nin« WJASC him with the fntcntfon of m.UJns a nl&l':'t auatk. Jnd of thdr U'uc:bc:rO\IJ .KMm.es. U~ abO uld that W Almi,hty God ml.llbl lhem in their w-ay, .tO that ther were wlJidedug aabout che whole nigbt in darkndt l ttU dwgrin; and cllat the: aJtrologen and ae:dlble pcnona or till oounay haCi round out by their CJIIcU!JtlonJ or the u.ara that thi$ counrry wouhl bC tall:eo by the Muhinumul:an. onuy. ~e had "lrtlliJy seen lhh n1iracfto, ttnd he W'U JUre tbu h W1J t.ht WIIJ Of Cod. a.ad that no device or fraud wouJd enable Lhecn to wh.b&Ul1d the: Mu.hammad.ana. "'.Be flfm undu all draaoaunctt,'' &aid ht, " and ttl your m.i.rrl at eue. Vou w;H 0\'UCOmC lhtm. 1 make my tubmiJllion to you. aM. 1 wlU be your <OUruc:llor. and uWt you 0 me o:cent of my P.OW'U· J wW be 1"'!' suJ<!t In 0>~ ••d wbcMO& ,.,.... c:~mltt. Wh~n Wuhamnua KatUn had hti.rd ,_u bt' bad to aay, he pni)td the- &m'' Cod. and in l'-\'in.1 thanb placed hb lic:ad upon the e:-tnh. He comlortccl KW and. hiJ dtpcncbau and followa1, and promi#d hlm proteo l tion. lre then asked hlnr. "0 chie( nr Jfifl.(l, whac lS your mode of bc14.owlur J•o»otr.t ?... l<.1tb to•id, .. c,auling •

1 aeat. am.l lnvadnr wilh a. prmcnt of 1llk, 1.nd tying a turb:ln round the head. It b the cunom of our anccnon~ r and o! the JnL S(un.tnis.'• When Kah had l1h'Uied him with the (h~ ... n the dlie:(s anti heAd men of tlu~ aur- j .-oundhJK pJICI::J wiled to submh lO tum. He t.lbJ>dlcd the fur ot lhc Arab army from tbc: mlnc!J of thOJe who offcced .tU.eaUnce:, and btoui:bt thole to wbmiu.lon wbo were ini· m;oilly dlopooed. 'Abdu·l ~fall\, "'" ol ~-d D.... ! mud.• was appointed hU IU:utcnanc 10 punish all CJ\C'mi~ J .and rnolu:n. KUa plundoed a peopk who wc:rc wnltby. and toot &Duc.b booty in ~ Cloc!u. cau~ alavu. a.ncl 1'1'8in. to that Ctl'fl& Bah wu plentiful In 11M: camp. ~f\l.bammad kuUD, ha...Wc o:rfched ffOm thou pia«', ClJue co the ton ol Sinm. Tb.(r( he fourtu for two days, and

• (TAU INffl# It lf•OifNI l" A. """.,..;;,. 1lrtl,attfliiiM'- lA 8.1

c&J DifltM hitO .;jctory . . ThC inlid~b fled, and Baibt.i bin Ghanaar. unt.fe or DahJt,oo itld iDJny or the ofllctn ifiil nobJti Who Wett tl.hdb' hia Commind; lou tht.ir preOous livts. Of t.M: rosl MlriJe nio a'Way far ~01)(\ the ttrrltory ol .Budhly:., a_nd &amt to the fort of Bah~tlur. bc:t~m SaJuj :t.nd Ka.ndhibtl. and (rom that pJaoe ioll· cited a written !)iotnite. of prot«tioll. ThOSe chicl'• ftre &rt6mit!l of Dahir, :md S(ltnc or rhem baU b~n $laiobtttce lbey revolted from him, and $all ambllla.sadon, and a.rf'ecd. to pay a U'ibute of one thousand diraliu wdgbt o( silver~ ancf also Jent hosup to Siwlua.n.

Orders qrt rtcciwd trorn Httjj'aj, scm of Ytuuf, to crou lht Alill'ron, emf A IMulc ;, fought wWr Ddflir

Wherl ~tuha.mm.td Kulm had lixed the .several tribultS Of tbok d'tieh, he ane lhe.m (resh wri HM agrte.ncilU for lhc-Jr a ti.s.f:u::tum. Re np\)OintW ther~ Kamid. t(m o£ Wjda'INI Nnjdi ilnd 'Abdu· Kail, or the f-amOy o[ Jarud. and J.J they were confidential penons hr. e.ntrunto them IU the buuntu of tha.t J?lAa"-

Wben he lud ~uled •J•e: off:tilr& or Si~m. h e received orde:ti from fbjj"j co pr~r to some other place; to retu rt1 to NirurJ, take mell1UrtJ tO trOSI Llu! lttUua.n, J n(l fight With D11bfr. He wu dtreacd to ouk Almigluy God for iUWtancc in obtaini:~ mcuss and ((Ul l'}\•est: Md a!tc:r having obtained 1he object• al h is ex~tion, he wu co ~trengthen all the roru and plaea throughout the eountry, aod Leave none in an uri provided atate. Wh t.n Muhomm:ild Kuim rbd the· Carman, and undet1t0()(1 jc,s COrJtente:, he came to Nirun ttnd trnn.smltced hi.s despatches .

• 4.ni..,al of rh~t Arm; of fht At'ds at Niron. Ahtr travelling over many 1~1. h e: l{alttd at a fort which n-.ndt on the hlJJ of Ni.run. Tn dre vicinity of it chete b a rtUrVOir, r.hC water of whiCh iJ pUrer than the eyes o£ lo\•hi. '""li Ure meoulaws or ft arc more dtlighLful tfum 01e prdens 0( !ram. He l.Ughted there, anff wTI)lC

a km:r to Hajjaj. son of Yu1uL Multnmnutd· Kasim'l lttit:r lO Uaj{aj, 40rl Of Yu.sllf~

i14ting pmticubw'i 1u the n.am,c of the molt fnetd!ul God. 1.0 lbe most exalted court of the ltoblest of l.be world, the crown t;t

5

66

reUa:lon, :md protector ol 'Ajam. a.nd Hind, Hajjaj, &On o r ~usu(-lrom the humble urvam Muhamnllld Kaai1n petiug. After rompli.uu~.''I:J. he rc:p.n:kvti th:&t c.l•i:~ fritnd, .with all his officers. equip~ J('rvana, :md dlvWons of c.be Mw.uJm:an army, r. q\lfte well, afbitt .uc gOing on well, l)nd :1 oontinuance ot h.a.ppineu is attained. ne it k:nown to your brigh.t. wisdcm d •M, aJ(cr tr!U'el"$.intf d~~ and making dangerou3 matthes.. J anived in the: territory of Sind, on Lbc banb of the Slbun, wbith 1J called 1\oilhra.o. Th:~t part o£ t.he territory l'ob.ich is around Dudhlya, and b opJ)0$1te the fort .of :Sagh;ur (Nirun), on th~ Mihran, ii t!tk<:n. Thil Cort Is i.n tbc country ul A1or, whlch bc.'longcd to Dahlr bl. Sonc of dtc people w-ho n:sincd hnve bet.n mkcn pt•Uoner&,. .1nd the reu thtoUAh tear have· Otd 11way. M 1h.e imJ)f:tt~Live order& or Amir Hajj~j were received,. directing- me to ntum. we h3,'e tetqp).~d c.o tlle tort on the hill or Ni.run. w!lich b very ncar to the cupiuU. lL is hoped chat with the Dh-ine: utlst11tce. tbc tO)'ll favour, 'll.nd the good fotrmu: o( the exalted prince. the nron-gen roru o[ tli.c infidels will be cooq11tred. the Oti~ taken, and our b"euurie& replcnbhed. ~.the forts ot Siwht<:~n :md S~ h:.we been already taken. The nc:phew o[ Dabh·, his· wan:ion, and prind))al oftictri. have tietr\ detpatchecl. 2nd the infidels convertC'Cl to Ul:u:n Oi" deuro)•td. lnattad or idol templea. motques and otlter pJ<~ces of wo1'$hi1;, have beer\ bqil&., pulpits have bec:n meted. cbe Khulba is read, the cull to p.ntyers is nised, &o that devotioN are pcr(ormed a.t the no.u:d boun. Tlee takhh· and praise tb the AI· 11)ighty God are offel'(d cvtry mornius: ond evening. .. . . . .. . .

The reply of lia./·jaj it 1'«tt\ltd by ,Muh~mmad K;uim. Muhammad Ka& m heN'S that Dalur ltlu had proc«d·

ed to Nirm\ Muhammad Kasiw does honour to t.b.e Nirun Sam1mi. Muhammad Ko.shn fightJ Ott rlle OOnkJ or Lhe Mi.h.ran. Moh bin ni&ay:\ enter' Into tt:rut!; with Muhamm:t.d

K:asim. 8cmmr.a bin H4nmlo. ,.1 srrrl to Multo bin Bil.#yo, QJtd · $eius him and lli1 (ltlendmtll

.. fA. s"ys "CIIIr!tdiP" 6i" Jh.Air." 1)., ~fa~ ••in ot tN 1111d6 111 D(lhlf'.'")

67

Thl!n 1\ano~na bin Kamala "'CD.' with hk tribe a1ld an inta· pm.,. •• 11u: plooe flldlatcd. .oo ,.;""' Mou bln a;,.ya.u CCII(c.ba- wftb. JW bmtlr and twoaty wcU·known Tabn.• When l1&naAa bro~bt him before 'Mubamm,.,t Kaai.m:, ho val tr~ttd wilh ~ and ~ct. ~nd the COUIItr)' of &ut wu made tWa to him. and a grant was wntkn to that cftccc. a.ncl a hUDdrcd lhou.~nd dit~JnJ wtrc (iw:n <0 blm aJ a reward. A.~·· umbrdla aurmount_. by a pt<lcoc:t, a c:hAir, 111nd a robe of honour were beuowtd upon him. AU hi.s ·.r.bJ, were favoured whh Tbbn 111nd h dt.l.J.«l hol'ltt. .HUtorb.na r~late lh.a.t the lirn' umbrella of Ranagi~ Ol' chld&hfp, which h e gav~. was thi.t to Mok•. At t.foki'4 r~Utll, he g:ave the htud ~md all the town" fieltb. and dtpen.dencie- within the borden or D~lt. to him ud bU dCK~Cndamu : ancl h.avlag tntt:red lnto • Grra LTC:lt7 wjLb bJm. d.irc~LCcl hfm lO mllttt boats.

Mllhti,.,.., K.srm J.tndJ o Syrian Amhun.,. tid M•u.lit,.. 1114tm• to D4Atr.

Tit~ ~.mhaodon rad n.Air

When tMy ame co Dahi.r, Ma.utana Waml. of T>tbal, did not bow hit he:ltl, or male any •(,p• ol revtwtnce. 0~1-r rtqnit.cd hia~, and ute<l him why he (~ai«J,In the uwal retpectf"l salutation~ and e.~1qui.rfd iC any one had thrown obstadtt in bh way. The M•ullna o r De:ba.l repUtd, " Whet, r wu yonr tsubJecr it wAs risllt of me to o6terve the rule. uf o~ien(C: but now rhac l "JD con~ \'IU"ttd, find IUn 1ubject tO lhe li"' or hhun, It canuot be t:Wpected that I abould bow my head to an l.nfidel." l>ihir ta.ld, "It you were oOt an amNila.dor. t would punbh ,.ou with de:u.h.·• The ~taubru teplltd. ''tf )'Oil kliJ me ar wiU be oo Jfftt Joo to W Arabi: but they will .... .,. mr <ko.lh, and <X>c1 lhc p<rutlty &.>111 )'OIL"

" (Cll<f of • In' Mnd,J- .... S.UM, V' ........ n,ls Ifill t&J~ i. OrV.. M NatJIIflr,)

- (/ - - lf tllil " - ,. Tluolo.-1, .. ,. """- • -l wd ,_ tilt Wut I• • .a,_, -.. A ltlnlt .O.W, -.~t,n-, J DW~ 1~ ltJ, All" Ill AW. ,_.; ~ ll w.t .,,_,.,.,,, •1 • /HI ui.Jtn ... ,..,_ 16 • .. ,....... r. "'""" ,w,, ;, 11 tutd .,.. a.J-t~ .,;'" pl:-tf1f«t a.d uWu (-.& 16 t•rr11~111J4 t~wtl1 ~'~ iilalcvr.) •

68

The Syrian d8clarei the objut or h i" (Ois!i.on. D:lhir OO!Uu1u with Slsotbr,M c.hc minister. 'Allan oWen advice to Da.hir.

t The a.inbauadon return tb ~{uh.amma.d K.aJlln wHb the answer o( Dahir R.ai..

M1thu.mnwd kalim rtceive.<J a.n OTdtr from Hajjaj. Muhammad Knim · informs hU ItienW of Hajjlj'l

order&. • Rai Dnhir arrh•es at tJ,e b:mb o( the Mfhmn. A S~ritn i.J .dahl. Mus ab gou to Siwbtan. )aisif'.L, son or D~lr, arrivt.s at the tort or Bait. 'fbi 'Dahir rhe infidel &ends 11 mewge lO Mubamlrtnd

Sar•lti6. · Uyar rctutnt to Raijaj from Muhammad K:uim. 1·lajjaj Jenda twc tlloi.J~;a.ndt hones tO Muhunmad

lC.:1$irn. Mul•anim:)d K:uim re:~ds the order$ of Hrtjlnj. Hajjaj tends tome vinegar to Muhlltn.lllad kUint. The ordert,o( Raliaj reach Muhammad Kuhn on the

wttter n bnnk or [ht 'f{iJU-an • .Rai J)ahlr confers with c.be S.'\mt~ni; his wini~ur, on

Muhammad Kashn's preparnt.•ont Cot am:siui ll•c J'i\'tr. Muhammad Kuun prcparci to aou to the en.Jteru

baJJk witlt hi$ :.rO)y. Muhammad Kll¥im bad determ_intd to crou. and was

apprehensive lest Jla.i Dllbir might come 111 the l:t:~nb o£ the Mi.hun with hi• army, and oppose tbc tnw.sit.. He ordered S:ulnitt)an bin Tih:an KuralJhl lO advance boldly witl1 tw U"OOp5 agaifiJL the ron. in order lhat Fufi,tO ~n o[ fu.h{r. $hould not bt: able to join hi.J rothu. Sulaiman 1_u:xordingly went >A•h.b 600 honemt'l1. He ordered nbo tll e

.. D~ ~~ •Ad)•a ~~ to l"·uch J.be ro.ct "i1h !00 men. by 'fhi<!> A~m m;gh< b< CXJ!'C!Clj lO adyon«, In order lO ocrrn- Capdn• ., .00 be Ordered the SamanL who w.u cbitf o( N lnaa, to k«p OpeD the- TOJ.d for lht tu RJ)Iy of food ~n4 toddct cq Lbt camp. M~ab bin •At.u iabman wl.t ordctcd 10 c:omrna.nd d;e adqncc K'IJrd. and keep the rooadJ cleu, He pbet:d N:amamal'f bin ffanu.ta. K.ala~ In 1he centre with a thousand men : •nd qrdertd Zatwan bin 'Utwan al Dibi with 1600 mM 10 aut.nd C)l1

Mob Dl.t.l)'J. chieJ of Bi.s:lp, dlie£ or U~o~h: II!Ud llu: Rht.ri 1~hl\~urt und the j ltt.J of Chp.tni. who had m4t1e Jubminlon 1md entered t.h.c AAb service, wc:re lOid co rtJn~n at SaKtra and the bland of Jl,aiL . . . .

70 HIS'J'OkiANS•'OF SU<O

to dig an Vltrc::nchu•eot round ll~ cu.mp, aud tO depotit the f"'grge there. M ubununad K.ujm tht'n ad-vancf!d !rom tlte !On of lhJt towards Rawa.r; tUJ he :.rrived a.l a place called Jc:war" (.Taipur). Betwetu llb'l\r and JCwa.r (Jaipur) there wa.s 11 lnke,MI on wbicb D11hir had naConcd a toelect bckty o£ troops to l'CO'Jn.noltrc:.

Dabir makes a request of Muhammad 'AIIafi.t• Th~ answer ol 'AO.afi, and ltis dismi$~1 by Dahlr. Muhanun:..d T(a$i.m r.-.mts 'Alla6 a We pauage. Oahir con!en with AJiali. Lcnm pan between Muhammnd Kuhn and Hajjaj. Da.Mr sends: J:.ili{:.. to reoonnollre. J.lnt tight w11h t te acourscd Oablr.

Tre.aly of n&il tt~ith Muluwmutrl /(lltirn.

RasiJ, :deer &bowing mark.ti of respect and offering promUe1 or lidelity, ""id, ''No on~ c;m oppose the wiiJ of ill~ J\lwighty God. As you h:we bound me by -your obll· gations, I sball alta th4 be :u )'OUr .ervice, and wilt ne'-er contravene your "''li&hes. I •hall o}?ey whak!\'~ may be your ordtri." After a .shore. lime Rasil Jon hh position, aJHl the managt:roent of the country devolved upon Moka. Raril a.nd Mok.a agreed in Ol?lnion1 ' :and advired MulL'Un· m:&d K.'lSim to,march. lie accordingly' ~tout frow th:tt pba: and ~ached a village which is ci.IJJOO Narani .. Dabir WliS at f(.ajijllt,n 1.11ey SllW that between them. and D1lhir'• camp that was 2. Jarp;e bke. which wu ' 'ery dJffi. euh to (l"((SS. R.asif said, ,.May the most jun 1na reli· ~iou~; noble live 1o,1g. It is u~ry 1o (:rOM thi.s l:akL" ltwil obtained a oou. 1md sent three men ucross at :1. time. till the whole army croiK'd over. :.nd toOk post on a bay. ~ ltuiJ &ald. "U ~ will advance one aage more, )'OU wm :V'I'i\·e ~t JeV~.~ar Qaipurl, on the bttnb a( the Wadhawah.1:t This h .. vmnge JWtab (' {or your enc:ampmeJH :u)tl is llle

"\CaMatOu'"'" ill A. CGJWI.vl!ts i~ B.) • S¢ l~t botll MSS.] , , • /11 MS. A. tJr4 i1 wriul'l4 jruo,. i~t rM forlt inrtm•ct, «~~d '" tilt

3rrarwl r1fit1W C/Jitt~r. H. Au.f /n.l'4r' ' " ~lh tNu. Su /'4111 169.} 0 ~Kht~lllJ ,~* If l1 .f"'b.ltlfl-'l:t (,Jltll 4IM ''•b·gi t,"J • Tltil MOMt i& .teroys urlttrlt "'AilaPl" i .. AI$. A.l " B • .. Ka "'o.l.• J "" .. .o.tAM~"' )),J

,

!

11mc d:ittt.n« frOm the camp ar Dahir u h il Ctom bt:re. Tba-e you m.ay attack him bolh in (rotH and tar, and a\K'.U.UlUUy cnw- iruo his position 1M oca•vr tt. .. Muh.,.m\W l.adm .apprond of &be advice, and rackd jcwar O•il'"') ond lh< WadhaW>h.

An'h'CI of Mwhammod Ktuim '' }f'ftiM (/•ip~~t) JnteJli~ce wu brOught to Rn.i O..hir ch:u Muhlmm~~.d K'•alm with the Arab army h1.d m.ched Jewu Uai.· j)Ur), :md when hlt mlnJncr Sbllbr, beard or it. he satd. 'Ala• I we <Ue lOlL That place It u lled JaJpur,H or the: aown o1 'lictOty, itud tt.S · the s.t.rmy h:ts rt.~Chcd that place, it will be suca:,!ul and victorie>u1," J)nhir .Rai cook ofl'ence at Lhcae words. The llrc of indlrm.Uon blw:d out in hi• mind. and he a.a.id with angtt·, "H e hu arri\'ed at Hindt.rl.• (Or it is a place .. •htre hi. bonu &haY lie.'' Dahfr ldt the pla«, and with precipit•tion went inco the !crt o( R.awar. He placed his dq)cnda.ntt .u\d balt*Ce in the Co. c. add b.ioudl wan out co a plaot wh.k:b .., • .-~I'll'• ditt:ance. from the An.bc. D.ahtr lhaa u ld to 1.11 at~Jocer. "'I mu~ Rz:ht to-eby: tdl rM in what pU't ol chc: haven~ tbC' planet Venus it. and ctku1.tte wh.ich or the cwo armlu lh.aU be aucccuful. and wb•' wfll be the t KUlc ...

~t:-tliction nflllt! AJtrolOf •tt

Alter lhc t.Otn)mta.tion, the n.urologtr rcrlfcd,.-"A6-cording to tht' cMiculllltion, 1hc victory ~til l bt 1.0 dw! Arab umy. bcc:au.e Venus it behind hlm llnd Jn lro1•l of you.'1 RaJ l)&htl' waa a.ngry on hearing tid&. 'the a.strotQctr lhtn a~ld ... Be not angered, but Order a.n lm• or Vcnu.t co be prqwed ol s-?ld:'' 1t wat Jl\llldt, 111nd W:feutd to hb ud.dle-ttr~. in aider that Venw micht be behind him., and: be ble viciorioul. Muhammad K.uina drew nNrtr, and the intcv.al br:twun both um1u wu oal)'

hall a -·•· •r·.r;-aJ •tt u ~r, I~W,.; (6.1 lnv IH ~ '"'"" CAWw &t ~1

TIU ,.~ :....... i4 ....n .. , /rAJw', • fHJdbl,rf (ro- ba6d!, ct Htwr MS. B. ,...,_, • .W f• , Lk

P11 J:#lobl,.,) ,

""lll~'J-111 ·~ ¥1<•

Fi~t or the seeond <Jay. D .. lr &ghu the third qay with tlje Arab army.

~t of tho loun~ <lJ>)'·

Jo'i t of the fitlh day. e amy of the [lf!llY ol I!I•Jil·

Muhammad Kulm Sa.l:.Ui reada tbc: Khut~ Muh:u)lJUad K:ujm exhor1 hit &OJ4~tra. TJu: Arnb anny cbllfJC!S l11c Jnfidt:l$, Shuia' HabJhl bC'comct a martyr. Mu&.amma.d Ka.dm clu.rge& in the D,fMt: or God.

"J'/rn ¥«UTSCd J)abJ'r it $.IQ.in ff.j.Storians have related th.at D~hir W;U. 1lain at the fori Q{ R~twai- a.l tu1•~• . on TbUJ'S(by, the lOth of R:llnJ<'l: ttU), tp the yc:af ?l ()une, 712 A,u.). Abu·l H.llSa.n rt l :it~ UP?n t~ :authott9' Abu·l Lab HindJ, "'ho beard it from "•6 ' f.ath~r. that wlic.n the anp.y of Islam made. che anact-, ~nt.l ~Ott o( the inlld"el• ~ere sltain, ~ niii~¢ arose. ufgp 'h~ l!=n. and QMir thouglJ~ h t;t~.me froJJl his owu fo(«:J. jle ~'fled o~t. 1' j:omc l)m,er : I •.m here." 'fl)e WO!ll~l> ih~n raistd their vqicac' ::ntd Aid,· (•o ~ng. ~e· arc four n·omfn, !"l•o:.h~v~ f~ile., jOto th~ hands ~f tJl-~ /'•i:th,~ ilnd IfF ~~u,yp. P.l'hlr S.L~, "J h)'P llS )'C:I, wflo ~J)hll'td tou ?" • So sayUut. he urged liis elephant ~tnst the Murulma.n army. "'Muhamm3d Kasisu told the. na.phthll throwerS that the opportunity was theirs, and ... powerful man. in obedience to dlls direc:doo. $b(l t his n2phtfia arrow inio Dahif's hqwda, and set it on fin:. Dabi.r orderec.l his elephant drivtr 10 tum back, ror tbt: elephant WIU tllir.sty, aml the howda waa on fire. The e.l~nt heeded not h.is dri\'er, but dtubtd low tl\e wnlt'r, and in spitt! of all the cffotu of the man. rrfuxd to rum back. D3bjr ~md 1.1\e drh·t'l· wtre carried Into che rolling waves. S<.nut o( tlu! fnli~e_IA ~~ent into the water with them. and ~ stood upOn lhc: banks. b~•t .,vheu the A~b boNemen ctm.8 u~ tliey fled. After the ekphant bad dr1.1nk. w~ter, he w:an \ed co return to the fore. The Muham1nadan archns phe(t lhdr wta~n~. ant\ a rajn of arrows feU around. A tli.ilfl.Jl bowmlln aiqted an o:rrow, whlch stru~ Dahir in the brc:ut

' '

(bf< dil). •n4 he ldl dol!• iD th• hq-·cb •po• hb lacc. 1'fle: eiCoha•u then c:a.me out of the W1tcr and charged. - O( ill< fn&cld> who TenWp<d >me lftmplc<l under (~ •o><l lhc olhcn _., d~ Dahlr 110' d hb ~~"'• and coq(fonte4 an Aftb ; bur lbh Wave rcllow llrV<t ""I' with • nt«\1 on !he ..., "'""" o1 hu head. tpd ~c,J t to hi" ned:. The Muhammadalu •nd int".Uet.. c"kW4 and m.alqcaiucd a deadl1 fight, unt£ theY rtll.cbcd t~e lpn of Jhwar. When the lll':lhJnlillll ~hO had !tOne Jnro the wn.Uir found the pta« of D'-hir•• fdl dtsa'ICd. ~'1 arpc q1.1 ~ • nd hiO the bo.dr of D"htr under 1J1u b~l\~· TJ-\111 white t:lepJ\IUI IUrned tow.ufh the army Ot ~IJC iu(•dt:IJ., Jlfld no U'JOC was lclt.

l'ru~un1ation W\\td by M4)larpm~d t<atiil\.o How Udl tl1e w1re: of QJ.hir b'l~ !,!).en, Muh-m~d Kuim ••rites an account of the dt:•tb of

Oahlr to H'aHaj. The 1....r 01 Dahlr II !<"' to 'lt'llk. H•JJ•l ""' b~ do-sJ>.ter In marri• to Muham~

Ru!m. lbjJaj ruth the JUuube in tho M"'jld J..U' of ltuiL HaJ)~J ttrwls u J.nnttt to MultarnruAd JC".21sim'• account

g[ has V1CUM'")'• :r••c r~hnn·e. of oai.r 'b.i wbo ,..trc on·fcd aw"''

CiptiYet,

j11isiya ltltlrl rht fori of R.11tHr ~~~ ,,..,pnrts co {lghr 'T'he Muorfans conct~r ita 1he nanadon that when J)ahir wai lr:IUe:d, his son· and RAni nni T1' (who was bahlr's $1.6Ler, but whom be had made hi1 wi(e..) went &run the tort 01 1t11wnr wi1h hii armr, nbtions, and nobJO. and took refuge: tn ~~ J ai.si)'a. wh~> wat proud ol hb c:ou~ ~.,., .1nd <Ucr!·ity, ~ to fi&Jtt. Muhamm~d A Uifi wu aho with bliD.. When tbt ocwt ol the death of .Dthir an:ivcd. and that the ""hito tkpbarn was h.tmmu'llo JWira ""' of Dahir .. ;a tlut he would 10 to op,POM &1M R«Ay, aACI acnU a 61ow eq a,-e hi• bOnout ana nail~. fOI' h would be no loa u he weft co be ib.ill Siabr. the nunn.tc:r, ot.ned Wt the r~tva ol the prince 1\'lli not good. the kin11u.d been kiiii'Ci, ch• amy dclutecl

• t.tiS. A. ttill ,.~, NftMI

'

74 HJSTORJANS OF SIND

and dispersed, and their hearts were averse to battle through fear of the enemy's sword. How could he go to fight with the Arabs? His dominions still existed, ana the strongest forts were garrisoned with brave .warriors and subjects. It was, therefore, advisable that they should go to the fort of Brahmanabad, which was the inheritance of his father and ancestors. It was the chief residence of Dahir. The treasuries and stores were full, and tbe inbabitana of the place were friends and well wishers of the family of Chach, and would all assist in fighting against the enemy. Then the 'Allafi was also asked what he con· sidcred proper. He replied that he concurred in this opinion. So Jaisiya assented, and witl1 all their dependants and trusty_ servants, they went to Brahmanabad. Bai (Main), the wife of Dahir, together with some of the gene· rals, prepared for battle. Slie reviewed the army in the fort, and fifteen thousand warriors were counted. They had all resolved to die. Next morning, when it was learnt ·mat Dahir bad beep killed between the Mihran and tlle stream called Wadhawah,11 all the chiefs (Rawata) and officers who were attached to tlle Rani entered the fort. Muhammad Kasim, on receiving tlle intelligence, marched in that direction, and encamped under the walls. The garrisen began to beat drums and sound clarions, and threw down from the ramparts and bastions stones from mangonels and balistas as well as arrOlVS and javelins.

The fort is taken and Bai (Main), the sister of Dahir, burns herself

Muhammad Kasim 'disposed his army, and ordered tlle miners to dig and undermine the walls. He divided his army into two divisions; one was to fight during i.he day witl1 mangonels, arrows, and javelins, and the other .to .throw naphtha, fardaj (?), and stones during the night. Thus the bastions were thrown down. Bai (Main), the sister of Dahir, assembled all her women, and said, "J aisiya is separated from us, and Muhammad Kasim is come. God forbtcl that we should owe liberty to these outcast cow· eaters I Our honour would be lost I Our respite is at an end, 1o and . there is nowhere any !tope of escape ; let

• [Dadlurwah" B.] ,. [Tltis pMsagt is tokiK /rom 13. MS. A. is <minltlligib/t,]

CHACH·NA1MA 75

us collect wood, cotton, and oil, for I think that we should burn ourselves and go to meet our husbands. II a~;~y wish to save herself she may." So they went into a house, set it. on fire, and burnt themselves. Mu11ammad took the fort and stayed there for two or three days. He put six thousand lighting men, who were in the fort, to the sword, and shot some with arrows. The other dependants and servants were taken prisoners, with their wives and children.

Detail of the slaves, t;nsl!, and stuffs, which were taken

Jt is said that when the fort was captured, all the treasures, property, and arms, excert those which were taken away by }<Usiya, fell into the hands of the victors, and they were all brought before Mt1hammad Kasim. When the number o£ the prisoners was Clllculated, it was found to amount to thirty thousand persons, amongst whom thirty were the daughters of chiefs, and one of them was Rai Dahir's sister's ?al!ghter, whose name w~ .Jaisiya.so They were sent to HaJjaJ. The head of Dah•r and the fifth part of the prisoners were forwarded in charge of K'ab, son of Maharak. When the head of Dahir, the women, and the property all reached Hajjaj, he prostrated himself before God, offered thanksgivings and praises, for, he said, he had in reality obtained aJJ the wealth and treasures and dominions of the world.

·Hajjaf sends the head of Dahir, and some of his standards, to the Capital

Hajjaj then forwarded the head, the umbrellas, and we3ltb, and the prisoners to Walid tbe Khalifa. When the Kb.alifa of the time had read the letter, he praised Almighty God. He sold some of tho'se da-ughters of the chiefs, and some he granted as rewards. When he saw the daughter of Rai Danir's sister, he was much struck with her beauty and charms, and began to bite his finger with astonishment. 'Abdu-llah bin 'Abbas desired to take her, but the Khalifa said, "0 my nephew I I exceedingly admire this girl, and am so enamoured of her, that 1 wish to keep her for myself. N'Cvertheless, it is better that you shoulil

"[M.S. B. has ''Ho.m<>."J

!~~~.her ~o pe tjll! wother of yqw· ciliJ!Iren." .llY 4~.s p~rm~WQ~. tperefofe, J).bdu-)l~h IOO)t lm. ~PI= l!¥1!4 ' ~<mg ).lplC with him1 bfit 110 clpld wa.s ~m lrom ljeF. 4-fterwarw, '!nOther letter wa& recei:ved abR!lt the pptlij'p qf the lo;t qf Rawar. I~ is said ijtat lifter thl! coqqlje'~ '\"~~ e!fected, and the affa1rs of the co4ntry '¥ere Sl!ttll!p anq . the r.eport of the conquest had reacjled Haji'li• he sent a reP.IY to the following effect. "0 my cousin; I received yow.- Ji(e· inspiring Jetter. 1 wa.s much pleased a.nd overjoyed 'when it reached me. The events "\Vere recounted in an e~cellent and beautiful style, and 1 learm that the ways and rules y~u follow are conformable to the Law. Except that you g!ve protection to all, great and small alike, and make no ~ifferJ:pce between enemy anc;J friend. God sar,s.-Give no guarter tO Infidels, but cut their throats." 'Then know th'!t this is the command of the great God. You should not lje too ready to grant protection, because it )Vill piPlong your work. After this, give no 9.uaner tO any en.emy except to those who are of rank. TJllS is a 'Vorthy resolve, 3-n~ wapt ot dignity will not be impute$! to you.•1 Peace Pi= with yoqi"-Wrilten at N'~~"·, •·•f· 73.

}l!jsiy~ senqs letters from Brah111P'!IJbqd to A.lor,B2 J1ati~a, · 11n4 qfll~ Plflf~S

Some historians from amongst t~e religio)ls Br~hmaqs have natTated respecting the death o£ Dahir and a'dven· tlj:r,es Qf· Muhammad ~asim, ~)1:\t when the accur.sed Rai Dahir went to lieJI, Jaisiya took rpfuf?e ill the fort of Brahffii'nal?~~. 11nd Rawi'r was !aken, J~Jma ma~e preparatiot~s for war and sent letters in all directions; VJZ.: One to hJS ~!'otp.er Fufi,sa son of Dahir, who was in the fort of the .capi· t<~l qf A~or; the other to his nep~ew Chach, son of pharsiya, i!l the for.t of :Qatiya; an4 the third to hi~ cousin, phawal, son of Chandar, who was in the direction qf ~tf~iya anq Kaikanan. !fe informed them of D~ir's

\

77

death ana I:Onsblea them. He himself was ln Brahmariabad with his warriors ready to fight.

Battle of Bahrur and Dho.lila

Muhammad Kasim now determined to march to Brahmanabad. Between Dawar and that city there were two fortresses called Bahrur and Dhalila which c;ontained about sixteen thousand fighting men. When Muhammad Kasim reached Bahrur he besieged it for two months. After the Y{ar pad been protracted so long, Muhammad Kasim ordered that part of his army should. fight by day and part by night. They threw naphtha and plied their mangonels so tl1at all the warriors of tl1e adverse party were sla1n, and the walls of the fort thrown down. Many slaves and great plunder were takep. They put the fifth par~ of it into t~e public treasury. When the news of the capture of Rawar and Bahrur reached Dhali!a, the inhabitants knew that Muhammad Kasim possessed great perseverance, and that tltey should be on .their guard against him. Tht; merchants lied to H ind, and the men of war prepared to defend their country. At last, Muhammad KaSlm came to Dhalila, and encamped there for two months, more or less. When the besieged were much distressed, and tltey knew that from no quarter could they receive reinforcements, they put on the garments of deatlt, and anointed themselves with per· fumes. They sent out their families into the fort which faces the bridge, and they aossed over the stream of the Naljak,S< without the Musulmans being aware of it. ·

The pighl of the chief of DhaliltJ When ltbe aay dawned tltrough the vtil of .darkness Muhartliitlffi Kasim lMtnt that tlley had Bed, $0 lit sent 'SOme men ·of his anny after them, who overtOok part of tllem as they weie passing over the rivet 'and put them to the. edge of the sword. Those who had aossed previously fled to Hiodustan Uir6u~k i:h~ co\lntry of Rarnal antl the sandy desert fo lhe coun~ (bilild) of Sir, tlle chief of which couhttv- was named Deonij. He was the son of tlle uncle of Dahii Rai. • '

.. I"Monjhaf' ;,. B.)

78 H!STO~IANS OF SINO

Dlullila conquered, and a fifth part of its booty sent to the capital of the· Khalifa .

When Muhammad Kasim had fought the battle of Dbali!a an_d conquered, the fifth part of the plunder was depostted m the treasu.ry to be sent to the capital, and he sent a retx?rt of the conquest of Babrur ana Dbalila to Hajjaj, With all the particulars.

An-ivai of Sisakar, the minister, to seek protection Muhammad Kasim sent letters to the chiefs of the different parts of Hind, and invited them to malte submission, and embrace lslam. When Sisaltar, minister of Dahir, heard of this, he sent some confidential servants, and sued for protection. He brought the Muhammadan women who were in his possession, and said that they were those women who cried out for help to Hajjaj.

Sisakar appointed Minister Muhammad Kasim showed him much respect, and sent his chief officers to receive him. He paid him great honour, and treated him with much kindness, and conferred upon him the office of Wazir. Sisakar now became the counsellor of the Muhammadans. Muhammad Kasim told 1tim all his secrets, always took his advice, and consulted him on all the civil affairs of the government, his political measures, and the means of prolonging his successs. He \lsed to say to Muhammad Kasim that the regulations and ordinances which the just Amir had introduced would confirm his authority in all the countries of Hind. They would enable him to punish and overcome all !tis enemies; for he comforts alf the subjects and malguzaxs, ta.kes the revenue according to tl1e old laws and regulations, never burdens any one with new and additional exactions, and instructs all his functionaries and officers.

The government of Dhalila conferred on Nuba, son of of Dharan son of Dhali/.a." ,

It is said by some people that when Dhalia was conquered, Muhammad ltasim called Nuba, son of Dharan,

• [This ltul 114nll i.t fiOI ;,. MS. A.)

.J

j. I

! .

C;tlACH·NA1MA , 79

and having made a compact with him, invested him with honours, and conferred on him the entire governorship of the fort, and its dependencies from the eastern to the western boundades. l;roffi that place to Brahmanabad there was distance of one parasang. Jaisiya, son of Dahir, received intelligence that the Muhammadan· anny· was coming.

The Arab army arrives at the banks of the lake of ]alwali, and an ambassador is sent to invite the peaple to embrace

Islam

Muhammad Kasim marched from Dhalia, and en· camped on the banks of the stream of the Jalwa1i80 to the east of Brahmanabad. He sent some confidential messengers to Bral~manbad to invite its people tO submis· sion and to the Muhammadan faith, to preach to them Islam, to demand the Jizya, or poll·tax, and also to inform them that if they would not submit, they must prepare to fight. J aisya, son of Dahir, before the arrival of the messengers, had gone to Chanir.87 He had chosen sixteen men from among the chiefs of that City, and had plaoed !our of these men as wardens at each of the four gates of the city, with a part of his army. One of these gates was called Jawetari, and faur men were stationed at it. One of them was Bharand, the othe.r Satiya, the third Maliya,'* and the fourth Salha.

Muhammad Kasim ·arrives there itt the beginning OJ t~e mon,th of Rajab ,1 :

'When Muhammad Kasim reached there, he ordered entrebchments to be dug. The battle commenoed on Saturday,. the first of Rajab. The infidels came out every day, and engaged and beat their drums. There were about forty thousand fighting men. From the dawn of day till sunset t.be battle was fought with great fury. on both sides. When the king of the stars disappeared they also returned.

"{The "Pa/aili»?J · · · • ,. "Jonit'' ;,, B.] H• o#tors ubiquit~»~t, OJ!4 his proceedings

do not o~~•or to bt r•lautl ;,. ehronologicdl ordtr. This place '"o)l bt oJso r~od Chaw, ond it suf'As to b• tht '"'"" as tllr Cha111sor which folkmlr tlsrwlltrl.]

• ("Man11ra" in B.)

80 HISTbltiANs OF !iND

The Muhammailans entered their entrenthments, ana tM infidels went Into their fort. Six months p:WM in this maimer. K.aslm despaired of taking the fort, and became very pensive. On Suilday, in the end of the Zi-1 Hijja, A.H. 93 (October, 712 A.o.), Jaisiya, who had Bed to the country of Ramal, which is called Batlya, came back fro'fn that place, infested the roads, and distressed the Muhammadan army.

A messenger sent to Molw Muhammad Kasim despatched one of his confidential servants to Moka Disaya, and informed him that he was perpetually harassed by Ja.isiya, who prevented the supply of fodder, and put him to great trouble. He enquired the remedy. Moka said that as Jaisiya was very near, there was no alternative but that he should be made to depart. So he sent from his own force a large body of trusty men to drive him off.

]aisiya goes to ]aipur .u Banana, son of Hanlala Kalabi, 'Atiya Sa'lbi, Saram son of Abu Saram Hamadani, and 'Abdu-l Malik Madanni, with their horsemen, and Moka Bisaya at their head, , and also Jazirn; son of 'Umar Waladihi'were sent with an army and supflies of provisions. Jaisiya was informed of the march o the Arab army. He therefore left his place with all his prllperty and family, and went by way of the sandy desert to the places called l ankan, 'Award; and Kaya, in the territory of Jaipur. 1'l1e 'Allafi deserted him·. He thence proceeded to the territory of Takiya, and went away and determined to do homage to the king of Kashmir, which is towards Rosta on the boundary of Royam. This· .territory is all waste and desert. From that place l1e wrote to the Rai, wl1ose capital lay amiwt the hills. He stated that of his own free will, and with a sincere heart, he had come to wait upon him. ·

]aisiya son of Dahir goes to the Rana The letter was read before the Rai of Kashmir, who

• (Both MSS. htr• how "Jo/l"'lr." A fnA~ lints fUrthn on A. hos "Chitor," but B. i••# to "Jotl"'lr." S11 >WI• llstwilfft.}

l CHACI·NA'MA 81

issued orders that, from among the dependencies of Kashmir, a place called ShakalhaOo should be assigned to Jaisiya.

Tlut Rai of Kashmir gives presents to ]aisiya son of Dllhir

The day on which they met, the Rai of Kashmir gave fifty horses with saddles, and t~vo hundred valuable suitt 6£ apparel to his officers. Hamim, son of Sama the Syrian, was sent to the fief of Shakalha. When he went a second time to see the Rai of Kashmir, he was again received with great respect and honour, and an umbrella, a chair, and other presents were given to him. These are honours which are bestowed upon great kings. With great respect and" ostentation he was re-conducted to his tenure in the plains. After staying there some time he expired in Shakalha, and was succeeded by Hamim, son of Sarna, whose descendants remain there to this day. He founded masjicb there, and obtained great honour and regard. He was much res_pected by the king of Kashm.ir. When Jaisiyaot went to Jaipur, and stayed there, he wrote letters · to Fufi, son of Dabir, at Alor. He informed him of the cause of his leaving the country, and advised him to hold out in that part. Fuli, son Dahir, received much encouragement on reading the letter, and on learning that he had gone away to Jaipur.

When Muhammad Kasim had fought for six month& at Brahmanabad, and war was protracted for a Jon~ time, and the news of Taisiya was received from Chanesar;«i• four of. the chief merchants of the city consulted together at tho gate of the fort, which is called Jawetari.os They said th,e Arabs have conquered the whole territory, ·Dahir has been kiUed, Jaisiya is king, and the fort has been besiege!( for a space of aix months ; we have neither power nor wealth to enable us to fight with the enemy, nor can we make peace with him. If he stay a few days more, he will at

.. [ Gm. c~HHinghom l~iHits 1/141 lh~ ..... , possibly bt N K tdltr· K.U.ar(" in tlu Soli r<l"f/1 whkh al this tinu btkmgtd to Koshmir.]

" ll is dlf!jcwlt to .ro)l wlw is "''""' ;,. 1/u irtetding ;asstJgtl. laisiy<> is m4Hhon•4 by . namt in tlu htoding of 1/u chapter, b"t hir: , ... ,... clou not oc= again' tiHiil 1/ri.r plact. Th~ passagt btginJ>[pas jai.riyoh basilad-i chilur (jotrur) ro/1 wa m<>qa•• kord.

'f[Ciu:JntsDI' A. jOMsar B.] . • ["larlllll'j" B.] 6

82 HISTORIANS OF SIND

l.ast be victorious, and we have no ground on which to ask. protection from him. We are not able to stand any more before that army; we should, therefore, now join together, and sallying out attack Kasim, or be slain in the attempt; for if peace be made, all those found in arms will be slam, ~ut aD tlte rest of the .People, the merchan!4, the handiaaftsmen, and the culttvators, will find protection. And ti.f they could get any assurance, it was !Jetter, they said, fo make terms and surrender \he fort to him. He would take them under ,his protection, and they would find him their supporter if they would follow rules of allegiance. To this opinion they all agreed. They sem their messengers, and craved for themselves and their families exemp· tion from death and captivity. .

P,.otection granted to them on their faithful promises of allegiance . ·

Muhammad Kasim granted them protectiott on their faithful proomes, but put the soldiers to death, and took all their followers and dependants prisoners. All the captives, up to about thirty years of age, who were able to work, he made slaves, and put a price upon them.H Muhammad Kasim called all the chic! officers of Hajjaj together, and related the message to them, saying that ambassadors had come from Dralimanabad, and it should be heard what they had to say, and a proper answer should be carefully prepared and given to them.

Opinio_n of Moka Bisaya Moka Bisaya said, "0 noble man I this fort is the chief of all the cities of Hind. It is the seat of the sovereign. If this be taken, the whole o£ Sind will come into your possession. The strongest forts will fall, and the dread of our power will increase. The people will sever themselves from the descendants of Dahir, some will run away, and others submit to your rule."

Muhammad Kasim's communication to Hajjaj Muhammad Kasim informed Hajjaj of all the cir-

" [ wa i1ar lnlrdth ki 011 sapiyyal to qorb si sal dar qaid wo aghktl llashand W<> mal bar bar ishan mai11 kardand.] '

'

1 CRACH·NA1MA 83

cum.stances, and furnished those people with his written orders. He fixed dte time wid! them, and they said that on the day named he should come to the JawetariOG gate,

, Irom which they would sally out to fight; but when they should come near him, and the Arab armr should attack them, they would fly away in the midst o the battle, go into the fort, and leave the gate open. After an answer was received from Hajjaj, to the effect that Kasim should give them protection, and faithful!)' execute dle compact> made with them, the people of the fort fought for a short time, and when the Arabs attacked them, and· engaged, they fled and entered ilie fort, leaving the gate open." The Arabs thus got possession of it, and the whole army followed .and mounted the walls. The Mnhamma'dans then loudly shouted "Allah Akbar," and the people of the fort, seeing the Musulmans victorious, opened tlie eastern gate, and Bed with precipitation. The Muhammadans lllus gained the victory, but Muhammad Kasim ordered them to kill none but those who showed fi&ht. They

1 seized all who had arms, and brought them pnsoners before Muhammad Kasim, with all their arms and property, dependants, and families. .Everyone who bowed aown hlS head and sued for protection was released, and allowed to orcupy his own house.

Resistance made by ]aisiya or and the wife of Do.hir It is said, on the authority of the old men o£ .Brahmanabad, that ,when the fort of Bralunanabad was taken, Ladi, the wife o£ Dahir Rni, who since Dahir's death had stayed in the fort with his son,9• rose up a:nd said, ''How can I leave this strong fort and my family. lv is necessary that: we · should stop nere, overcome the encmy1 and pre-

. serv~ our homes and dwellings. II dle army of the Arabs should be successful, I must pursue some other course. She then brought out all her w'eal th and treasures, and distributing them ·among the warriors of the ariny, she thus encouraged her brave soldiers while the fight was

• ["lor.tari:' B.l ' ': [T!Iis il not cftar,•but ,it ;af>Ptt1Ys;tlwt lilt <itizms b•lrayed. th#

gai'11Jon. • " [Sic in bath MSS.] . " [ ba hisar rai "sa" bf IJU Ra~t')

84 HlSTOIUA.NS OF SlND

carried on at ooe o£ the gates. She had determined that if the fort should be lost, she would burn herself alive with all her relations and children. Suddenly the fort was taken, and the nobes came to the gate of Dahir's palace and brought out his dependants. Ladi was taken prisoner.

LAdi, the wife of Dahir is taken, with his two maiden daughters

When the plunder and the prisoners of war were brought before Kasim, and enquiries were made about every captive, it was found that Ladi, the wife of Dahir, was in the fort with two daughters o£ his by his other wives. Veils were put on their faces, and they were deli· vcred to a servant to keep them a.P.art. One./ifth of all the prisoners were chosen and set as1de; they were counted as amounting to twenty thousand in number, and the rest were given to the soldiers.

Protection is given to the artificers Protection was given to the artificers, the merchants, anrl the common people, and those who had been seized from those classes were all liberated.. But he (Kasim) sat on the seat of cruelty, ahd put all those who had fought to the sword. It is said that about six thousand fighting men were slain, but, according to some, sixteen Uion~and were killed, and the rest were pardoned.

Th~ t•elations of Dahir are betrayed by the B•·ahmans

It is related tl1at when none of the relations of Dahir were {ound among the prisoners, the inhabitants of tlle city were questioned respecting them, but no one gave any i.nformation or hint about tllem. But the next day nearly one thousand Brahmans, with shaven beads and beards, were brought before Kas!m·

Tile .Brahmans come to Muhammad Kasim

When Muhammad Kasirn saw them, he asked to what army they belon~ed, and why they had come in that man· ner. They replied, "0 faithful noble I our king was a Brahman. You have killed him, and have tal<en his country ; but some of us have faithfully adhered to his

l

r CHACH·NA'MA 85

cause, and have laid down our lives 'for him; and the rest, mourning for him, have dressed themselves in yellow clothes, and have shaved their heads and beards. As now the Almighty Cod has given this county into your possession, we have come submissively to you JUst Lord, to know what may be your orders for us." Muhammad Kasim began to think, and said, "By my soul and head, they are good, faithiul people. l give them protection, but on this condition, tbat they bring hither the dependents of Dahir, wherever they may be." Thereupon they brought out Ladi. Muhammad Kasim fixed, a tax upon all the subjects, according to the laws of the l'rophct. Those who embra~d the Muhammadan faith were exempted from slavery, the tribute, and the poll-tax ;•o and from those who did not change their creed a tax was exacted according co three grades. The first grade was of great men. anct each of these was to pay &ilver, equal to Cony-eight dirams in weight, the second grade twenty-four dirams, and the lowest grade twelve dirams. It was ordered that all who should become Musulmans at once should be exempted from the payment, but those who were desirous of adliering to their old persuasion must pay the tribute and poll-tax. Some showed an inclinantion to abide by their <reed, and some having resolved upon paying tribute, held by the faith of their forefathers,100 but their landJ and property were not taken from them .

• Brah171anabad is given in!o the charge of the rpretects . , , of the country ,, i•

Muhammad Ka3im then allotted to each of t.he ·pr~fects an amount_ of revenue' suited to -JUs ability and cla1ms. He stationed a force at each of the four gates of the fort, and gave the charge o£ them (to the prefects). He aJso gave them as tokem of his satislaction saddled horses, and ornaments for their hands and fe~t. according to the custom of the kings of Hind. And he assigned to each of them a seat in tbe great public assemblies.

" ["&ndagi wa mal wa gaud," tn' "guand," cu A. ~ it.J. '!' [Dtui a• itha11 btJI' ~a""!!, maudal """'udamJ we< btUi ll•l bar

gu.id 11ihadallll ""' bar klsh miraftand. Til< Wf)rd mu'd~naa\ (s tou111l only in B.) '

86

DiMon of •Ju fht:OpU. inJo llrrte d•s~<e,__.ni;,N~ me7t:Unu • .,.., •x"cultwrislt

AU P:tOple. the IDtTdunu. lrd.n.&, ~nd acriculturiw wert di~•(Jed teparatdy tAco Wlr ~ive ~ and ltn t.how.nd men. h!g&. 1.Dd low, WCTe counc.cd. .Mu.ha.mmtd Ku hn W.o ordered twdwe dinm'• ~be ot tiiYCr co be aufsned to taeh man, bcuule all their property had been plund.md. He ap~Jn~ ptopl ~t from 1m•<~••s the vfllaatn #1ld the chief c:atizeN to collecc the Gxed ta,~~;tj {rorn lhe cidtt and villages, th.u there mi&hl be a feeling of tll'tnath 110tl prot«tion. When tbe 8 rtilwtn.tlJ u w uu, , th~ rtpruenctd tbtJr ease. a11d the nobJa and prlnclpll inh.abhanu of t.he cily p ve cviden« •• co t.bo tuptriority of t11e .8ra.hm•ru. Muhammad Kaafm malntllined tltclr dicnhy, and paned order. conkminc thdr pte<minence. Tfi.ey were proceaed aga.Uhc Of,po&itJon .. nd violence. Each ol them Wat enr.,-usted with. an oMoe. !or Jta.dm wu oonnd<nt thAt lbcy would DOl be Inclined ul dWII>i>e~<y. Uk< Jlai at.ch. k a1Jo ~ppoinud ~ch Oint 10 a duty. He ocdacd all !he llnhnta:no ., be btooob• belor< him. and -~-- lh<m cb>t they bad bdd am• olica. fn the lime of .Dahir, and that~ mutl bt \\--ell t<qWiinttd \lrf'ilh tbc dr( and lhc •uburbl. ,, lt lhey l neW l"nt exct.lknt chan.cter worlhy ()I his con&idetation and Jdndncts they should hrlns him to noti«. that favoun a.nd uwarcl.l might be. bestOw«! on him. AJ he bo.d entire Mnfidtnt:e in thtJr honntr and vlnue_. be had entruat~d rhen\ whh thetc offices, and al thO lllff'"tll ll'l OJ the C:Onrllry would be plllccd Wldcr their d l;rrve. ..f hf!$0 offied WCTe cranted to them a.nd their des«rtdiiiHS. and would OC\'C1' be ruum~ or lnmlerred.

Th1 Bf'GhmiUU 10 uritlt cre.t ::O,fid<nt' '"'0 tile llillagtl Then the Brah.manJ and the gO\Wnmt.tn o5c:t:n went inoo !he d4ul<u. and wei. "Oh ihidt •.nd ... cJt.. o! lbc ~pit. JOU know (or c:trttio thou Da.hir it t1a1n.. a.nd that ibc power ot in6dcb is at an CDCL In aU paru of SiDd t and lUnd 1bc rule ol !he Anbo b &rmly uai>IW>td, and ~II the pcopt. of lh4 country. grut and un.all. h:ave becom.c-:u; tctu.:att. both in to"''" an() country. n1c pt-at SuhiUl has a!1own fav.>ur to ut bumbl~ ind(vidulltr. and ft. mun know that he bu tent ut co J9U. to hold ()Ut ~UL indue&-

87

wtiH,_ II w. do DOt ~ the Anbl we lbaU nchha- b."e property nor- O'IUnl ol Uvmg. Du.t we hlw made oar JU~ mtmon fn hope that the ~.1\'0ur ~ k:lndnu. or oa:r mutcn may bi: ioCZ'tiOCd co UJ. At praeru we are not drh-cn ttoai ou:r homes: but 'if )'OU cannCM ~dme t.hil tribute which U 6xcd. on J"U, nor •ubm.h. ~ c.hc bc:avy burden, then lee ua_ retire at a ruiuble opportunJty to JOmC ocbcr plate of Hiltd Of Sind. with All your lanu1iu and cbiJdren, where )'OU mllJ find )if!Ur liw. seeurc. LiCe il che 8ft11tat or R1l bles~tiugt. But if we c;m eaeapo lrom. thl• drndCul whirpool. "nd (:an RI.VC our Hvn (iow the ~wet ol thil limy, our property and thildrcn wUJ be tale.

T<ritt~J .,11 ~-~a upotJ th1 inMbiumu of lite ctc1 Then aU the lnhablwu.J oC the chy altt'.nded JJld ·~ to v-r lhe taxts. They uccruincd the amouot ffi>m Mult.mm...l Kaoiul. Aud on rap«\ of lh<o ll<>l>nwa wbom he had ~ted reormut' ma~ over them. he uld, "Dal boll<l<ly be...._, 1M people and 1M Sulton, and if dUcribu<ioo is "'~"""' ...u. lt with cqaJ•.r· and b tbe tC~CIUI('; ~di:~ lO lb.¢ •l»1lty lO ~Y· fk tQ ClODcard. IJDGnf fOUI'dvo. and oppott not eaCh otbtt, tO that the country may not be d.iJuWt<L''

MWmmad KasiM al.monUh41 th• ptoplt Mul'uunmad K.ulm admonished every mJn acpuatdy, and ~ld, "lle happy Jn every respecc.. and have no :uucltty; for you will not be 1)1~1necl fo.r :~nfr.hhlg. l (l() not take tnf a~mcnt or bond from you. Wbafcvet tum if ft.xed and we have tcttlcd you mtn pay. Mortovcr, aiJ't and Jeoiency •hall be lhown }OU. And wh.atever cnay be ')'Otrr • rtquet'tl, d1ey ahoutd 1Je ~led lO me ao lhat tl1ey tnay be heard. • ptOpcr r<ply lx: Ji'-= and tb< wiahet o! oadt run be' Atb6ccl. ..

AfWnuMcf KMim gif..'4.1 4J't ttd# in /tnJOur oflhl 1>#0/HI of Bno/o...,..bod

1'llt DraluuM did not rt<du the alnu wblcb wuc 1) vtn to them accordJn;: to :he old cuu.om, by the f'll«" Cttantt. 1be lnfktds, ana tlnkun.. who took dcHtht tn wonhlppJn,; lhc t:dolJ. Th< attcndanu o[ Lhc templct we:re lllt:ewlJe In di.t.treu. 'Fa Cur or the umy, the alnu

as and brtad were not regularly given lo tbcm. and therefore they -.•ert reduced co povttty. They came to the 1.ate of h.U palau. aM lllttd. up dlC•r haocb In pn,.u. 'I bq &aid,-~~~~ tivelo~ ob j .. t lord I Wt p<Ople obu.ln our Uvtli and r:naintou.ncc bJ l:teJ)ifll the: temple of 1Sudh. You ~owed muq upon che mttChanu and 1he infidel" con(umed tN:m ln their lWOpcrty. and nw!t lbte:n tbnm.it (talented IUb}KcJ). Hcnc:c ~ )'OUJ' 1bvet. rdyi.n& upon JOUl bounty, bOp< pcnn!JSioo my be Jl,.. lor t11aa to wonhlp tlldr godl. 1Uld r<l>lh the ..,.pic of Budh." Muha.mmid Kasim replied. '"tbe &e:tt of KQ'Yanment (, Alor, :md aU thetc other ,P.l:act~~ 11re depmikndes ot it." Tbe }lindw: sajd, ''Th.e e(fifkc (tmtpfe) ot thU city it under t~ .Bcahttwu. Tbq an: - ~ and obysicDnt. Uld our nupt.W and funeral otrtmOO.ics are 1donned by them. We 'have ~d to Pl)' the u .x.e. iu tbc apeaation th1u evtry oo~ would be Je.lt to foUow his own ptnua.\ionj 'l'bU our ccm'flc oC Budh is ruined. and we cannot WQnhlp: our idol-. I our jute )ord will ~ w. we wiU re~fr '• ...s -u.;r - ...,.. o ... ar.ru.w.. wW u.... reed, .. .th. tJM!,aftl of lion~ &o.m .u. ..

Muh•unn14tl K.M{m writt~ lo lltJifaj, dttd receiwJ on ontwtr

'Wu.h.a.u:uud &.ulm wrote to Kajjaj. aad Uc.tr tomr da)'1 n:cdftd. a rt.ply co the foUowlOK" e!'ec.t. The ll:nu of my dear nepht:w Muhammad Kadiu ha1 l~n received. And the f1tru undc:ncood. rt "'Ppel\n that che c.blet inlulbltiUIU of .Drahman-abad hid pctitionc:d to b4 .J~ to rtpair the tempk of Bu.clh uwi pun~ thci.r rcl'lion. M tbcy have made mhm~n. and ha~ agreed c.o ~)' ULXo to the K.hiHa. notltb'& more can be prope,.Jy required (rom them. "n1ey b.avc be:e..n c.al..en undl!r our prol.tttion, and wt cannot in any way t ttttch out ou.r ha.Dcb upon Lhbr li"Vtt i£pttty. _ Ptrmiulon ,. u g;.m th<Jn to won!Up <hdr Nobody mU>t be forfUddtn or (Jte\~Hcd froCl Col owi~ bil own rdi,ton. "rher. 1t1ay li\le in thelr hou&u. ... wh-atever manner .tbay lilc.uu • J

. , .. j; ,.._ -- tlwl ........ --~

• !

!

89

Arriwl 0/ Hoff.]'< "'II= Whtn the Ofda:a o( Hajjaj X"acbed Mubamm..S l.ulo). he ~~>d t.rt the oty,""" bOd&<><>< a marc~~. u . dlrea..t th• nobkt. 1bc principal inha.l)lu.nu, and the Bnlunans to buUd dldr ccmpk. cta.l&c with the f\fubamna~daos. Uvc wicbouc any fur, and wive lO ~tter thenud•a. He abo enjolnCd them: tO nWnu in tbc indJgtnt Dn.hm.tru with ku1~na. and ronsidcndon. obarve the rite..1 aod c~tD(I) J or tJlelr O,J\coton, a.nd give obl:t.dOtls and alms c.)

the: .Br•lun•n,J. aC<lOrding to former pnccict, Tbey we:re 10 aJJot three dlnl'l:l& ou.c or tve:~r. lmndrr;d dirmt caphal, and 10 s J\'t lbC!.U\ aJ I\IUd) O{ dti_s IJ JbOUJd be nCttW.r)' - the remdrltler '"'' to be pa!d Into the c .. euury and a~mcd for: h would be w~ in the k~t'i••r oC COvcmtntnt,1ot Tbey wtre alto to tetde a.liOWI.Il«< upon We ofticm and Lhe noble.. Tb("f all fullf J.BI"Ccd lO thtse roodicio.-'1 btforc "I'Imim bin Zdd.u·l hili ~d Huktn biiJ 'Anna IWbl h wu O<d.al...c tlaJ the a..h....,. ,._ld. li1t bcu>n. W. a 0>1>- bu.n in tb<ir h>nd• 10 co tht doortj)f""t.h,e htiwet. a._Mf tlllkf" WUI~ fl'\"''lln or om.r thi.nc that micht be: ol!cml tO thm. .. tlut thoy mi&ht no< remain unprovfdcd Cor. "'1lU pnctict ba, pt a pccuUar n.a.mc &mens Lbe inlidds.

Mllltommod XIJim gronu tit~ •eql4tJt of th~ f14o-pl; of Brohmtmtbad

~luhammad Kulm g'ranl.td tJ~-t. r<quest whJch the pt()o plo ol JlrahnuH\abud tlad made 10 ~ 1nd pt!rmlned tbem t0~re1ain .~helr position like the Jews, lhe Cfutiatilln~."' tnd ftn W01'1ftrppc111 ol 'Ink .tnd Sharo. He !Jttn dbmlae<l then. and gavt w their be=-d mto t.be appc.llac.Jon o( Ran&."'

MC4htmuM4 K4.Um t:alU Jir Su&tn., tltt Mit~Utn Re thm calkd tbc: tninisttr Silabr lllld Mob Dlaay._ and ut«d tbtrft wb.u "Wa'J. th( poridon of the Jata o£

.. ,_ .. ~ .... "'~ ~ 6lf • ., Mal ., ~ tlwd -tiiJ......., ..V ... ~ ~~ W -JIA.........,.. .. fill .. fl4ob .. ~ ...... -- J.j-. MlilluW.J •lo-j""' ~ ~ jdfid tM 14TIIJ " ~..1 -. waju,J ... us. Jl,f

90

Lob.ana,.. In the time of O.ach and Dahlr, and bow were they deale wi.lh l Siabr, the minUter, rtplKd in the prt'knce of Mota ~:tZ: c.\at i.o the r~ip ol JlaJ Cbacb.. the Lohana-. Yi&. and ~m11;, wuc not aJ.Iowed ro war aoCt doc.ha. ot c:ovtt their bndJ whb 't'dvtt ; but ~ wed to wear • blad:. blantcc benuth. liWI lhl"'W a ih~l o( COline doth 0Tt:r tteir &bould~ "they bpt their he-adt and feet n:alted. \YhMver they P.ut on IO(t clothe~ ollcy ...,.. finc<l. They ""'' "' ••lie ~1<ir doss whh th<m when they went out o( doo,.., to 1hnt lhey mlrht by LbU meana bo recogniutl No Wid wa• ptrmhte.d LO tide on a borte. \Vhere\'e:r guides were requlicd by the king~ they had 10 perform the: Cluty, a:~d Jt was Lhtir bu~htess to 4upDly etcOrt and cond!Jct parties £rom one 11•ihe lo another. lt Any of their chitta or ranas rode "pon a hone, be. had no u.ddJe or bdd.le. bt.n thrc"W a b!a.nkcc on lu bade, and then mounkd. ll an injury bde.l a .,eenon on the ~d. thae uibt:J Md to anno."Ct tor it; ~nd at a.ny pe:r10n o{ •hdr ttibe CCiftltnltttd a lhelc. it was ibr duty of thtir had men to bum him and h;, m.ulr am dilldmo. Tho .......... w.d M t,.¥1!1 ,t,.y and nip_t tttdft' thelr pld.l.ac.. '11.-ent d. DO diillnctlon """"' them .r r:e"' >ncl -II They UT< tM c!Upooid0t1 ol """"' ond ill...,.. rebelled "«'~"" their .O\'trticl'- Thq pluridcr on tbc roacb, and within the tenitory or Jkbill all joln l\itb them in thtlr highw~.r rob. berla. It b their duty to stnd fire-wood {or che katchen o£ tho ldngs, and to serve •hem •• mcni•ls aod guuds." On he:uina- •.Iillo Muhammad Karim tnld, "What diJ~tUning !>eOJJ1e they on:. They IN jwt Ute che uvasu ofl>tn~Ia and the mountalnt.': • Mti.h:unm.ad Ka~lm maintained the aame rule& rcg•rding th(•n. As 1he Comn\•ndtr of the llithful, 'U•na.r, I!Qn of X.hh~b. had ordered mpccting the people o£ Sf11Un.10 did Muhammad Kulm a.lao mate a rule ' i.bat cYtrJ' xuen abould be enterta.i.ntd (Ott one cby and ni&ho. boo if be fell lid thm lor thru thyc >Jid aigb!L

MuM.-uM4 baiM uruU s ld.t.et to R•it-1 #tnt Yt&lv[ Wbtn Mu..I:Lammacl K.a.dm had stultd abe afbi-n oi

CHACH-NA1~tA 91

Bratunanabad and the Lohana territory, and had fixed the tribute of the Jats, he sent a report of all these particulars to Hajjaj. It was written at a place on the river JalwaJi,lOo above Brahmanabad. The account of taking the territory of Sind was communicated and stated in full detail.

Reply of Hajjaj Hajjaj wrote in reply, "My nephew Muhammad K:uim, you deserve praise and commendation for your military conduct, and for the pains you have taken in protecting the _PeOple, ameliorating their condition, and managing the affmrs of the Government. The fixing of the revenue upon each village, and the encouragement you have given to all classes of people to observe the laws, and their agreenaents, haye brought much vigour to the Government, and have tended to the good administration pf the country. Now you should not stay any longer in this city. The pillars of the countries of Hind and Sind are Alor and Multan. They are the capitals and royal residences. There must be great riches and treasures of kings hidden in these two pfaces. 1£ you stop anywhere, you should choose the most delightful place, so that your authority may be confirmed in the whole country of Hind and Sind. If any one refuses to submit to Muhammadan power slay him. May you be victorious under the decree of the Almighty God, so that you may subdue the country of Hind to the boundary of China. Amir Kutaiba, son of Mus-1'imli·l Kuraishi ls sent ; you should make over all the hos· ,tages' to ·h~. and an army is also placed under hi~. Y'ou sh9ul<t act <n such a manner, 0 son of yqur· uncle, and son ot the- mother of Jaisiya,toT that c.lie name of Kasim may beoome celebtated through you, ana your e'nemies be humbled an? confolinded. May it please ~-"

T-he arrival of the lette·r of HaJfaf When the le'tt~r 'of Hajjaj reacb.cct Muhammad Kasim, he read it. It was also written in it, "You, 0 Muhammad, consult me in your letters, for it is prudent. The.

*lA. htJS JaJux'"~ s .. JU~<>.] * [Alluding ~a!HJbly Ia h4r btUtg tklli1ud for Hajjaj. A /ttll

;agu be/ore toe filld Ladi tow taken by M 14hammad Kasin1,

cxcetslvc cill~o~.oct it an obu.Lele Bu' thow tJ:ndn$ that row cncmia may du1tt: to be rubmu.ivt: comfan lbcm. ..

Aptointrtff"l Of /Oilr of the dti~J 'I'IC'I1 0/ tli11 t:ilylJJ offictrl for the mc~m.tnl oj the ~h?

Muhammad K.u.im chen ~Ucd WJdJ•, .on or lbmidu·n Najd~ for the m~nag~:ment or tho chy of Drahm"'n:tbad. lbu i,s. lJa{n·wah,lM 1a•td appoinwl o\·crxtra and u.s.si.stanu. llt enrruucd rour ptnoru (rom ~n, die tntrcWwu of lM CUJ wltb all rOIItcn C:OiWltrni:~ f.Q?perty. He Jtrictly onJered \hat they abould inform bi.m tuJiy " ni.J pardculaa•ly ot aU DUlUtr" and that noJ.bhJg should be decided witbo~at coraultiJli him. Ht placal Nuba,. .tCN1 o( D&n$. in the (ort o{ R.awar, and dr~t:led him to hold the place fan. and keep the boaa rtldy. 1C a.•ly bo•t comlng up or down c.he 1trcam W11 l~ded with men Of IU't1U o( war, he WU to take <h<m and bring lb<m 10 the fDrt ol 1\awv. He j>loced ~ boatJ on LbC \IPfiC" part or the river under the Cbqe q( the ton of l.ir.aau~ •Abdi, l •ld ap~lnted H"r1dU. ton ot Sol•lmanu.l AW.i, to the di•tricq wbh,h bc.WJ\It-CI to the u:rrltooy ol li.ln)."' Hamal a. ""' o£ Akh.l. - JWb(. wu m:aclc fOVtl'"n<W of Dahlill, aod they "~·e. all ordered 10 inquire ento and in\'Clt.igate &be a.IJ.ain ol llte NITOUncf. IJ?S places. and report lO llina tberc:on every month. H"~ abo di.n:acd tb.«n kl u.siu uch ocher 50 tb&t thty tl'liahc be J«W"td (J'Or'Q attacb or the memy't {c.-Cltf, and frOm he oJ)pOI.icion ot rcbe.Uiou• '"bjecu, and t11ey were to punJab· dittu~:beJ o! tlte J)t':!tC'. He ttalloned two tl10UUI\d Coot JOldim -with KaiJ bin 'Abdu-l Malilt bin x.....i.su-4 Danwri and Kh.:alid Ansari In Siwlwla. and tent Ma,.\Ld T1.nU.m.L son o( Shlt1ba JadidJ, Fi:rand 'Add, S:.bir La&h· ka.rl, and 'Abdu.J Mo.lif ,j(lll of 'Abdulhlh, Al Khua'(, ~bhraen tOn of ';U.b, and AJub SOD of ·Abdu.r R.ahman. 10 Debal •ncl Nlrun. Ill otdcr to mah>wn posom1on ol thptaoes.. AmonJtU the romJ»niona of IIi• exploiu thtre wat a cut~n ruuned M~lik, who was a M.a\ll•: blm ht lktlpointcd

• ( Tiil ., tlw #JorlHa, tl 11$. A.. n.t ...., U .., ,_. .. B. Tl!w u.I IM!'II!# ..., ~ '" B.abnwwa. Sn _ft(l~ll. a;,-..r. K.,.,., "'M lrt Tlt•Nf Pr."wt'l'· 11~4 If ' · /l() i R~n~t!ld't l''lJ((!Helll/1 IJ. 41, IIJ 1

CS• ;. MS. A. MS. B. llfU .. ICtnj.• s. an~t..l

CHACH·NA1UA 93

ruler of Karwail. 'Aiwan Bakkari and Kais, son of S'aliba, with three hundred men, also remained in that place, and there they had their wives and families. Thus the whole territory of the Jats was kept under subjection.

Muhammad Kasim proceeds to Sawandi Somma It is related that when Muhammad Kasim had attended to the affairs of the district of Brahmanabad, and of the eastern and western parts of the territory, he marched from that place on Thursday, the third of Moharram A.H. 94 (9 Oct., 712 A.o-)- He stopped at a village called Man· haJ,ho in the vlcimty of Sawandi.U1 There was a bcauti· ful lake and a delightful meadow there, which were called Danda and Karbalia. He pitched his tents on the banks of the Danda. The inhabitants of the country were Samanis. The chiefs and merchants all came and made submission to Muhammad Kasim, and he gave tl)em pro· tection, according to the orders of Hajjaj. He said that that they might live in !.heir country with comfort and cont~nt, and pay the revenue at the proper season. He fixed revenue upon them and appointed a person from each tribe as the bead of his tribe. One was a Samani, whose name was Bawadu, and the other, Budehi Damman Dhawal. The agriculturists in this part of the country were Jats, and they made their submission and were grant· ed protection. When all these circumstances were com· municated to Hajjaj, he sent an emphatic answer, orderipg tljat those who showed fight should be destroyed, or that their sons and daughters should be taken as hostages and Jc,ept. Those who chose to submit, and in whose throats the \vater of. sincerity Bowed, were to be treated with nae'l'cy, and their property secured to them. The' artizans and merchants were not to be heavily taxed. Whosoever took great pains in his work or cultivation was to be encouraged and supported. From those who espous.. ed the dignity of Islam, only a tenth !?art of their wealth and the produce of the land was to be required ; but those who folfowed their own reiigion were to pay £rom the produce o£ !.heir manual industry, or from the land, the

,. [Mcthcl ;,. MS. B. 1

" St# ante.

•

wual na:mJ, aocordinc to the ctublithe\1 cunom of 1be (OUntry, and bring It to tlle COV"Crmncnt (:Oll~qn. Muhanam:uJ K.11.1lm then mArthc:d from thu plua: and an-ivul at .Bahrawu-. Tbcrc be al.lcd Subiman, 1011 of hthan and Aba t~t.uatu-1 Kat.h.a'ri and made them nrear~ the OmnipQtent. He ga\·e them ,trict ordcn, and .em them with n body of mtn hl"lCmging to Haidllr, w n or 'Ama u 51nd Bani Tamim l()w~trdJ the lCrritorl O( the ~ plc ot 81bnj.u• T1aq cook up c.b.eir resii:lcno: c.htre; aM 'Umar. SOD ol ~u-1 Akbari HaMfi wn appointed. tbclr chid. and a ol fa.mom warrton were ,,laced onder him.

Tlil Sttmm.:u comt to r1ui&~e ltim Muharrunad X..tbn then mo\·ed IDWU'<b the uibet ot the Samroa. \IVheD be t;a_tne ~r, they a.dv21noed to rccd\'t Uim, rh\glng btU«, a.nd beating druma and dJndng. Mulul.mm:td l(r,,im Pid. "What noi&e lt this r· "{tie l)el)> ple CDid him lh1t h wu with 1hem a cuJcomuy ~wny • lh•• whcD a DCw kine eomo ~them they' ~;c:.i« aM ·rccdYC hLu wicll boLla and manmrnt. Thm K.Iurlm, .10n or 'Umar

1 ca.mc to Muhll.l'tlma.i Kal.i.m and uid "'Jl

b .,roper (or u• to :~dol't aud pra.ite the Altnlgh~y Coo. becau.at He h.u m:.dt lhne pooplt Jubml"iv~ OUJd obcd.lcn.t to ua, 1nd our iojUJ1(doru and inhibitions are obe~ in thit coun~. IUWf.m wu •n intdhi'C"t aDd in&t:nio~ maJ\ {ah.hlul and Mnes:L Muhammaa Kuhn lau&bed at hit wordJ, and •Aid, .. You tlnll be made 1heir chid.'' and he ordf!rtd thtm to dance and play befol'e him. Kharlm r~:wardcd them whh t~l'Uy d'na" o! Alrka.D pd. and $1itl.-Jt is a rep pri-.i~ that ~!ul ~tion~ $boukl be made by •N:m on the arriYal or their ptincx, •nd tr.ltitude tbu$ be ~1own to the AJmlghty-nmy •hb blc.slng DC Wllg' pre.w:rvcc-1 1o rh~.ml

.. rtw, /I(I.Uifft.Jwt ~rJwl _. ...._ .. ....-. ,., t41J ,--.~. (Tiw ,-. .. '"' ~u~- •Ia .c s•,.... w. ,..._ ,.. Ak P.t~-.f J(aJMrl _.Jo JC..,., _, Wl'-M - Ulf• ro~·~MIIM A& tl Klt*,l M.ftlll /lllf u,. ho~ ltlffiiMI W io'.t tffO illtmt ro «4 .._ }14W~J ot ,._. u H~J'jidN 6l1t Alllnt wa. D4l'fi t~t11n'" rl4d •• ~ ,J,U.l .AI tnJu,j ~M~. MS. D. o.U.t lA; NUN~ ......... I

' ..

CHACH·NA'MA 95

Muhammad Ka.sim marches towards Lohana and Sihta

The historians say, upon the authority of 'Ali bin Muhammad bin Abdu-r Rahman bin 'Abdu-llah us Saliti, that when Muhammad Kasim had settled the affain of Lohana, he came to Sihta. The chiefs and ~sants advanced bareheaded and bare-footed to receive him, and sued for mercy. He granted them all protection, fixed the revenue they were to pay, and took hostages. He asked them to guide him through the various stases to AJor. Their guides were sent forward to Alor, whtch was the capital of Hind and the greatest city in all Sind. The inhabitants were chiefly merchants, artisans, and · agriculturists. The governor of its fort was Fufi, son of Rai Dahlr, and before liim nobody dared say that Dahle was slain. H e main· tained that Rai Dahir was yet alive, and bad gone to bring an army from Hind, that with its support ana assistance he might fight with the Arabs. Muhammad Kasim encamped for OJ)e mQnth before the fort, at the distance of one mile. He built there a mosque, in which he read the Khutba every Friday.

Battle with the people of Alor

War was then waged with the people of Alor, who believed that Dah ir was bringing men to their aid. They cried aloud from the ramparts to the besiegers, "You must abandon all hope of life, for Dahir, with a formidable army of numberless elephilnts, horse and foot, is advancing in your rear, and we shall sally out from the fort and defeat your a:rmy. Abandon yow· wealth and baggage, take care of ybur hves, and run away, that you ruay not be· killed. !fear this advice."

Muhammad Kasim purchases Ladi, the wife of Dahir, from a womdn ua

• When Muhammad Kasim saw their resolution and per· severance in lnaintai.ning hostilities, and found that they persisted in denying that Dahlr was slain, he put Ladi, the wile of Dahlr, wnom he had purchased from a woman

1" [Such art lilt words of lh• lui. Sec supra.)

915

lllld made bU wile. on che: ~J..ad; wnd o" whi<b the wi(c or Dahlr wed to ri&, and .c:nt her witb tr'W(r pcnom to 1M I«L Sh< <ri<d ou~ "0 pcopk of th< b<, l h.n< """" tuU.n of ho:pona:n« to cdl ~: cot~W; nur that I may •peat. •• A bOdy of chc ~pal mv\ uc:r.n&d t.ht: ram· paru. Ladi then uncovered htt lace, •ad Riel "1 am. Lldi, lhe wife of Oahir. Our kin~" ~.lUcci. and hh bu d b•• been tC:nt to '1ralt: the ~ . and umbrtUJ. have a lto been (orwtrded to the cap1lll o the Khali!t. Do not you detltoy )'0\lrtelvu. God U.)1 (in lhe K.llrflfl) 'Seek. noc. dcttruGtlon by your own hands; ' She then sftrieked outJ wept bitterly, 111nd &~~ng n [uut".ntt lOll&'· 1:'hoy replied fro.:u die (ort,ui "You are Cahc: you have ofned tht:&e ChoruUIJ tnd Cow-c:aten, a.od have bcCOint one of them. Our k.lng Ia aHve, and is coming wlth • mi&hty army and war elep"'ha''" to r,.pd the en.emr. Thou b•n pollute<! thytcll with these Arabi, and pmcr their r-m:nmcnt to our klnp." Thill and Rill .;>«t cllcl ~.bey ab... ber. Whm M'ulwl>=cl R.W"' bani thll, h• <Oiled l.adi ba<t. and .aieL .,:'attune has turned away her b« fn:nft W lam~y ol Still~"

A 1ormcu triu lo ~in ''" ~cit of CMAlr ll U rc.lated by the hbtorlaru ch.ac. in tbt (on or Alor thta'e ww a toOrc.ereu. whid1 in Hindi ;, (A) led Josini. Full.. .Ou ut J)dt.ir: and the noWes o! tJu: city, went to her and_ .aid , ' '1t h expected that you wi.ll tell u• by your Kicnoc where Oahlr f.L" She replied that Jhe \\'Ould give them inro, rluuion, arcer making e.wper-irntl'llJ, it they would allow hCT one day lor- lhe purpoot. She 1hen went to her howc1 and tCter tbm watches of the day the brought a br.,ncn ol the pc-ppu and the nutmq: trtt rrom Sa.rind.lp (CeJlon~ with their b!ossonu and tiaria all g!«n and 1Jerfea 1n her hand. md sakl. '"I bavt tnvcned ihe whole wwld rrom Kat to kA(. but b~we round no uace o( him a.nywbc:rc In Hiad or Sind. not ha'f'C' 1 beud anflhinc o( bLn. Now ttttle your pla.tU. for if be W'CI"C ali¥e be could nOt rnnain hidden md c:oncO.led ltom .nc.. To 1'Crlfy my worcb, 1 havot btc.u.ctn that~ bu.nc.hu (rOm Saraac:lip

uo ("·"'-" ,. 116 ~ .- go(I.U. TAU i1 .,. iMOfltl f1 1A11 fr~1t ,.n,,. ~it i• M$. A. T1t.1 ol~, M$. 9. ••il• UJ.

' that you may have no delusions. I am sure! that your king is not alive on the face of the earth."

Capitulaticm of the ftYtt of A lM When this became known, the people of the city, great .and small, said they had heard of tlie honesty, prudence, justice

1 equity, and generosity of Muhammad Kasim, and

his frutl1ful observance of his words and promises, and they had witnessed the same. They would send him a message by sorile trustworthy person, pray·for mercy! ~nd surrender' the fort. When Fufi was assured of Dah1r's death, and of the wavering of the people, he came out of the· fort with all hlf relations and dependants, at the time when tlie' king of the stars had passed behind the black curtain of'rtig:bt, and went towards Chitor· Gaipur):llG His brotlier Jmi'ya and other sons of Dahir were there, and had talcerl up' their residence at a village called Nuzul.SandaJ.u• There was a man of the tribe of 'Allafi in Alor, who had made friendship with Fufi; he wrote information of Fufi's retirement and flight, and havin~ fastened the paper to an arrow shot it (into the camp, Jnforming the Arabs) that Fllfi, aon of Dahir, had abdicated the chiefship of Alor, and had departed. Muhatnmad Kasim then sent his brave warriors to' fight, and they ascended the ramparts of the (ort a'nd made the assault.

The citizens crtwe protection AI[ . tlie mercl1ants, artizans, ans} tradesmen, sent a 'message saying, "We have cast off our allegiance to tll-; Bralimans. We have lost Rai Dahir, our Chief, and his son Fufi has deserted us. We were not satisfied until today; but as it wu d'estined by Cod that all' this shot1ld happen, nq creat\.tre can . oppose His will and power, nor can anything, & •done against hiq1 by Coree or fraud. The domimon of .thif world is no one's property. When 'the army of Godls destiny comes forth from behind the vei l of secrecy,.it depriyes sqm~ kings of tb,eir thrqnes and crowns,

"'fH Jatrur," in B.] · • "' Wa Jai siyo ilugiya (WI> .....ogj:)IG) <mba Dal<ir '""" u•ja

budond wo moucoi o.tl ki .m ro 114.11tl-salldol (wa o/iy<Jh hodocl) goy oncl "''io saki" shttdth buclilnd.]

7

..

and dri,•a olben to desp::ti:r :~nd fi¥11•. ~ c:hanrc or dr· cumuanca and Lhe OCCUJTel'kle of olamiUo. No dtptn-41..~ c:~~n k phlcrd u-pon either oJd ~tuy or ocw auchoncy, which arc &cd-':8' ~ We now come .ubm.lnfwly co you c:onlid:inc in you.. ju equity. we put ountl~ti under JOUr fOle. We tumndcr 1.hc: ron. to ihe of5ctn o£ t_hc:- jun Am•r. Grant ua prottttion and reo. move l.ht fear of your army !tom our mfnda. Thn andenc domtnion and txttnl ivt t.uritory wen: (nt.rutkd. co UJ by RAI Oahb-, and u long u he w:u uli,·e we obterved our JJI($'f1Du tO hJm. Dut ll.t he ls t lain, and hb aon F\afi baa run llwl\r, h b now better !or Ul co obey you." ~ruh:am· mad Kt~shn repli~. "1 JCnt you no meuag~. nor amb:••1tdor: of your own accord you 1ue Cor Pf:l~ 11nd md:c promiJa and Cf\Rif(tlDtftL&, U you :ne r.ruly tnclfned to obey me:, llOJ) r.shl,l"'fe, and with aino:rity and confidence come down.; i£ not, 1 wiU bar oo excuses a!w:r thJJ. nor tUb any pt~ m.lJea. J will no«. spare ,ou.. nor can you be .u ~ 6vm my army."'

The c.rrilon ntfnt'tt~to TN-n they .,._ down &am the n.mp>rts IJld >gr«d will! ctcb otbet Wt on tbae: ttnna the1 would open tN «att and nand at it till ~fulu.nun2d, K~im thould come. Thty uJd th2t if he wo1:rJd :~~a 11tmrdinr to bh prombe, and would treat thon gc:naou,Jy, lhcr wou.ld tubmit tt> btm 11.nd '"''e hjm, witll.o"t a.ny excutt. Then they took chc key• oC the fort in the.ir bandt nnd at()Od before lhe g:~~u:. and t11e officen or R:ajjaj, who had been tclectcd, cnrne flwwnrd: llu: garrison opened cbe gt~ and m11de 'heir wbmissio''·

' Mulr4tnm44 Kluirn ~nur~ tlr• Jmt M uhamroad K.as:im chen ttl tc:red c.b.e guc. AU the c:ititJM• had ClOUK' to the teJDpJc or !ol....nt.ar.m a.nd were p<OJtntJn,f thtmKI.., all<! wOnhlppina the Idol lolulummad KulM a.ted. wba.t ~it~ ... t!Uit •U the IJ$1 men and tbe nobta ~ beelinl btfore it, a.nd mdu~& p:oslnticu"' HC' wu told that tt wu a temple c:aJ.Icc[ Nau-

111 rn.- tirl( _..f#o,,w l#/I;JW 6fht. (••!lUll ~~~t~,/- iJwn w.t • '""'" •I IN .tii!!!V ._ Ill B~ .t'-1 ,.,.,._) _

I

•

v!lw-. Muhammad &>lim ordered lhe cloor ollhe _,pie &o be opened, and ~ u.w m image mounttd on a hont:. Re wt:t~t 1n with tili ~ and found t.l111 U wu m.ck of hard ~ and tl~ pldm bncdc'u. onwnc:ntcd wh.A rubfa and other prcdous nona, were on fu b.lncla. Mulwnm.ld K.ulm JU'Cc.cbtd. out hU band 2nd cook o4 one ol ~ brutleta. He then calttd the k«per of the ltrnple or .8udh. N"u vih11r, t~.nd •aid, ··u that your tdol?" He replied, "Yotl' but it h~.d two br ... c:tlc:u, and now it bu only one:· MttliUUUU\tl KIUim said. "DOC'I not your sod know who bu SCOt hb braceltt~" Th~ k.t.(!per hung Ctown hit head. Kfuhamm11d X.a.&h:n laughed, 11nd a~avc b:ack. the bracel~t to t1im, and they replaced it on the hand of tht idol.

Mull•mmod Karim of'dm lll~ soldi•r~ to b1 A.ill~tl''' Muhammad JUJU. ordered that if c~ rniHtlf)' bowed Lbt.it hco..lda in wbmU&iott they abould not be tilltd Lad.i ""' "lhe poopl< o1 lhh =ur .,. d>k!y -tmco. bu• JOIIIC are merchants. 1'lle citY it inhabh:«< a.a.d iu la.nd cuhlvatcd. by l.bc:D, and tbc: amount ot the taxa will be ruliud from their eQlni.ng:s md tilla,t If t.bc cribu~ U fi.-e<l on ('ll<h penon... Muham.rud "Xufm Ald. "'lU.ni J..adi h.at ordcrtd ~ .. and bt gave protection to all.

A /Jet"Sun com~s forff'J(ltd And ttGWI mtrC'j

h U •tl,llfctl by the biJtorUuu, that lrom amongu. tbt prople who were given up to the executJont•' tO be put tO death, 11. penon Q.triCI forward nnd J.'li<~. ''l h.nvc a won· dtrfuJ thfns to 'how." The executioner tljd, "Let me a.ee it.j' Re ..n•c:!, "N~ J will not tbow it to )"'U, but co th~ oomrn;nli!tr." 'ftm was t'CpOfttd to Muharnm:ad Ka•lm. and be ordered him to be hnn~Lbt before him. \Vlxn he .....,, he ulctd hlm what woocltr he luod to .bow. The miJl a..ld h waa a &hlft§ whic..h nobody had rtt ~«no. Mulwamad R.Um .ukl, Bring i,.'" Tbc Brahman rtpl.ied, "''t you rnnc b\J We:, anci thn of all ud n~ olmy rolatio~ lt.atily, and dJ.il4ren."' ~fu.h.amm;ad K...U.. Jaid,

tOO HISTORIANS OP SIND

"I grant it." He then asked him for a written and• express promise under his gracious signature. Muhammad Kasim thought that he would produce some precious gem or ornament. When a strict promise was made, and the written order was in his hand, he pulled his beard and whiskers, and spread out the hairs; then he placed his toes at. the back of his head and began to dance, repeating this saying, "Nobody has seen this wonder of mine: Tlle hairs of my beard serve me for curls." Muhammad- Kasim was surprised at this. The people who were present said, "What wonder is this for which he wishes to be/.ardoned? He has deceived us.'' Muhammad Kasim replie , "A word I ~s a word, and a promise is a promise.' 'To belie oneself is not the act of a great man.' 'Know that he who retracts is a treacherous man.' 'See bow a (true) man observes his Ilromise.' 'If a person fullil his words, he is more exalted 'i:lian you can conceive.' We must not kill him, but we will send him to prison, and report the case to Hajjaj for his decision.'' Accordingly the execution of that man and of twenty·two of his relations and dependants was pOstponed, and a report of the case was written to Hajjaj, wno asked· theo learned men of Kufa and Basra· to pronounce dieir• opinions: A report was 'also sent. to•'NbdU-I ' Mil!ik', the K'h'altfa ·of the time: The answer which came fi·om the Khatib.. and the learned men was, that such a case had already occurred among the friends of the Prophet-may peace be to him! God says, "He is a true man who fulftls his promise· in God's name.'' When the answer to this effect came, the man was liberated. witli all his depen. dants and relations.

]aisiya goes to Kuraj It , is related by the great and principal men, that wHen. Jllisiya with seven hundred men, foot and horse, reach'ed) the- fo;t of· K:uraj ,m the chief of that place came forth tl>~ receive him. He showed him much attention, and. ins~ pired his. hopes by great promises. He told him that ~e would ,assist him against th~ Muhammadans. . In~as ~5' tomary with Darohar120 Ra• to take one days hohday m

""·[Su• Su,l>rCJ.) ,. [Tile "Duhol" of "Biladt<ri, Jl. 124.]

tlOl

evt:Df ;1ix ·month!, ddn)( wi'ne .with women, hc1r song~. and au dancing. No •lnmger wu J.<bnhced co be roue of d)e compauy. lt happened chat on the day JaiJiylt arti~d Dar'Ohar Rai wu Celebrating this (atival. Be: sent 1. per· 10n co Jai.tiya to u.y th.:tt on tbat. day he was in prh'lcy. and no Atrang~ could come to h(s chamber; but as he! (filiiya)

)MI.) • ,w:ry deu.r guest. aud was ~arded .by ·biut.& ftit JOn, he might auen<l Jallva bent down Ma he<~,d, wnd drawing Unet on the canh d.id noL look :u the women. Darobar told bim We they might be ~rdl!tl as his Qtti.dya's) mother and .Wtera; be might Hit up bi• bead .and 'loo'k. Jaiaiya <tl•id, ,;1 um origi.u ally ._ monk, and J do .not ... look ll.t. nny Woman wbo lJ a ttnnger. Darohar tben excused him rrom looting. and praised tii" ff:lf·re~tralnt and modony. l t U n.amttM, th :;u when flu: women came round

•him, there was amOUJl' them tht lister o( Oarotu.r, whose ru·tme was Janki. tluu fs. beaud{ul, and s.he W~J·I(n-t:ly. She was a woman o£ roya.l det.cent. nnd po$$t$$td o£ gro.t charms. She was elegant in suture ••~ tJ,e Jltniper. tree, geoerou.s In di&~dOn1 ll(:f' Wfll'dS were Jikc I .Jtring' O( peaill,. bCJ' eyes b.:mdlc>me, •md her cheeks Uk.c tuHpa or rubLe~. When ibe aaw him, love tor J aU.i)•a took h.old o£ her heart. Sbe look(d at hlrn e\'ery mowenl, and miLd<:: lo\'e to him bv htt geatures. Whe•t Jnbiysa went away, Jank.if the aiateior l)tl.I'Ohilr, arose and went tO htr howe. She had a litter prepsred.. in which Jh.c seated he•~l£, Rnd ordering her miLtd•JetVa.nU to aJ}J it, ahe prooeed:C'd to JaUiya's dwd.l· i06'·. There &he al•&Jned mJm the litter ,an~ went .i?· ~a~'lfi•b.:td gone to sleep. but when the 'mell or "Wll\0, ~wruCh • ~iOcC!edtd..fiom Jank.~ ·~nt.tr.uod hi$ hn1in;•he •awo'lte • ..mt :U.w ftnM -tilting bcstde hUn. He rose uP. 'i.nd 'aaia, 'I.Prin'ctil what has brouJtht you hcre1 \"hat lifme is thiJS ·fur )'Otl 1.0 come here?" '!ihe repUed, '\Foolish fellow, there ia no neoeMhy to n.sk. me about this. Would •:t, ya·•ulg ttntl be~:utUu.J woman come In the -very darJc: of the nig1u •to vls1t a prince llko you? Would •he T0tt$e him ·from aw«t tlurnber. ana ·wiih •to atee-p wid1 •him, but [or one pur_pose, part:iet:ilafly .._ btauty Uk.e me, wno !h.a.. JtCluoed 11. W.otld wtrh ber bla.ndbhmenu and coquetry, :rod tmtW:: princes mad with -d.ulrt? ' \'ou ,muu know weU ana [ully llnY-'Ob--je¢~, Cor how can il "r('::I~.in tonctaled (-rOm ~u? T-a& .advantage C)( tll.U :mccet:S 'till morning." ~aiafya o;ala,

102 HlSTOIUANS OP SIND

"Princess I cannot consort with any other woman than my own lawful and wedded wife; nor ought such a thing to

. be done by. me, because I am a Brahman, a monk, and a continent person, and this act is not worthy of great, learned, and pious men. Beware lest you defile me with so great a crime." Although she importuned him much. he would not accede to her wishes, and struck the hand of denial on the tablet of her breast.

]o.nki is disappointed lry ]aisiya When Janlti was disappointed, the said, "Jaisiya, you have deprived me of tbe delights and raptures I antictpa· ted. Now have I determined to destroy you, and to make

· mysel£ the food of fire." Sbe then retired to her house, and covered herself with her clothes. Having closed the .door, she tossed about on her bed till day-break, and was uttering these couplets:-"Your love and your charms have burnt mr, heart." "The light of your beautY. has illumined my soul. ' ''Give me justice or I will weep. ' "I will burn myself, you, and the city together." The next day, a). though the king of the stars had raised his head from the bastions of the 1leavens and tore up the coverlid of dark· ness, Janki was still asleep. The fumes of wine and the effects of separation mingled together, and she remained l.yt "ng till late, with her head covered with her bedclothes. .King Darohar would take no breakfast, and drink no wine, till his sister Janki showed her [ace. He always paid her much honour and respect. So he rose and went to his sister's apartments, and found her overwhelmed with care ·and melancholy. He said, "0, sister! 0/rlncess, what haa wme over thee, that thy tulip·coloure face is changed and turned pale?" Janlti rephed, "Prince, what stronger

"reason can there be than thts?-Tbat fool o£ Sind surely saw me in the gay assembly. Last night he came to my house, and called me to him. He wanted to stain the skirt of my continence and purity, which has never been polluted wtth the dirt of vice, and to contaminate my piOU$ mind and pure person with the foulness o£ his debauChery, and so bring my virgin modesty to shame, The king must exact justice for me from him, so that no rockless fellow

.may hereafter attelfipt such perfidy and violence." The

. fire of anger blazed out in Darohar, but he told his aister

' I I I J

I • ~

I

,. 1-

CJlAQI·NKMA lOll

that Jaisiya was their guest, and moreover a monk and a Brahinan, who was connected with them. He had come to .ask assistance; and was accompanied by one thousand warriors. He could not be killed. He was not to be destroyed by force; "but," said he, "1 will contrive aome plot to slay hun. Arise and take your morning meal. As no crime has been committed no open threat.s can be made."

Darohar contemplates treacherous measures against ]aisiya Darohar came to his palacet called two armed blacks, -one of whom was named Kaoir BhadrP~ and the other Bhaiu, and thw addressed them, "I will invite J aisiya tc> <lay" after breakfast, and entertain him; after dinner, I will ,dnnk wine in a private apartment, and play chess with bini. You must both be ready witli your arms. When I .say shah mat (check-mate), do you draw your swords and kill him." A man .of Sind, who had been one of the servants of Dahir and was on terms of friendship with an attendant o£ Darohar, became acquainted with tliis scheme, -and informed Jaisiya of it. When at the time of dinner, an officer of Darohar came to call Jaisiya, be said to his thakurs who were in command of his sold1ers, "Oh Gursia122 .and Sursia, I am going to dine with King Darohar. So you prepare your arms and go in with me. When I am playing Chess with Darohar do you stand close behind him, ~nd be careful that no eye may fall on me, or any treach.erous act be done or contrived.

]aisiya comes with his two armed men Aceofd.ing by they went to the court, and as Darohar had omitted to order that no other person except Jaisiya should be allowed to come in, both the attendants went in ana stood behind Darohar without his observing them. When lhey had finished the game of chess Darobar raised 'his l!ead, in order to make ibe signal ,to his men, but he .saw that two armed men were standing ready near him. He was disappointed, and !aid, "It is not checkmate, that 'Sheep must not be slain." Jaisiya knew that this was the signil, so he arose and went to his house and ordered his >.horses to be prepared, He bathed, put on his arms, got

"'("SoliDI" ill B.l l!:l ["Tur:iyo/' A1 S. B.J

HISTORIANS OP SIND

his troops ready, and order.ed them to mourn. Darohar sent an. officer to see what Ja~iya was doing. He returned,

.and satd, "May God's blessmg be upon that manl His. nature is adorned with th.e ornamcniS of temperance. He is of noble extraction, and his works are not evil. He always strives to preserve hls purity and holiness in the fear of God." It is n:upted tliat when Jaisiya had bathed. taken food, and put 011 his arms, he loaded the baggage on. c;~mels, and passmg under the palace of Darohar, left him

_.wit!1out paring him a visit and saying farewell; but he sent to inform 1im of his departure, and marched away with all his relations and dependants. He travelled till /le ~a,cMd the land of K.assa,m on the borders of Jalandhar. ::rhc Chief o£ it was named Balhara, and the women of thc,cquntry called him Astan Shah.m ,He remained there

,till the succession of the K.hilafat developed upon 'Umar ·~bdu-1 Aziz, wben 'Amru, son of Musallam b)l the orders. o£ the government, went to. that country and subjugated it..

An nccount of the courage of ]aisiya, and the reason wizy-he was so called

It was related by 60me Braltmans of Alor that Jaisiya. ,sgn p( Dahl!·, was unequalled in bravery and wisdom. Tile Hory of his birth tuns,· that one day Dahir Ra.i went hunting with all the animals and all the equipments of tbe chase. When the dogs .and leopards and lynxes were set free to chase the deer, and the falcons and hawks were flying 1n the air, a roaring lion (slier) carne forth~ and terror an,d alarm broke out among the/!!ople and tne .hunter;s .. Dahir alighted from his horse, an ·w.~m on foot to oppose

·the lion, which also prepared for fi~ht. Dallir wrapped a sh~t round hls hand which he put mto th&beast's mo~tll,

;then raised his sword, and cut off two of his legs. .He ·tl:len drew out his hand and thrust his sword into tbe belly and ripped up the animal so that it fell down. Those men who had Red for fear came home, and told the Raui -.that Daltir Ra.i was fighting with a lion. The wife _sJf

""~~~ i1• MS. A. "Kasar" in •B. Stt Bilod11ri, .nl{>l'll.) '"' JUS. A. Jays, .wo an ,11f4lik ra Bilh4r ,110110 b1l{l 411 Nisa Ka.r~rr

asian s ah go/land. MS. B. sa:ys, ""'an malik ra Bilhara uqv• A.ta 'i(J(Ita/1 ( ·?-) Sh~

ooftandi.J • '

il

10$

,P;il;ijr, w11s big with child when she heard this news, and frow the ·gr~l\t Jove she bore her husband she fell and swoone.d.away. Before D;Lhir had returned, the soul of his wife ~d departed from her body through fright. Dahir came ;~nd found her dead, but the child was mo\!ing in tbe womb • . sp he ordered her to be rut open, and the child was taken out Jl.live, 11nd given over to the charge of a nurse. The ~;l)ild was there(ore called Jaisiya, that is, "al-mu;affar bi-l .Mad," or in Persian, slzer-Jiroz, "lion-oonqueror.''12G

4pPointment of R~~J~~ah, son of Asad, who was ffle issue of ,the dtlughter of AJina.lt, son of Kais

;I'he dl;~rs of this bride, and the embellishers of this gi;~p have thus he.ard from 'Ali bin Muhammap biv. ~ma bin .Muharib and 'Abdu-r Rahman son of 'Abda~i~J<s $aliti, that when Muhammad Kasim had subjugated the proud people of Alor

1 the seat of government, and all

the people nad submiuea to him and obeyed his rule, he appointed ,t.tawah, son of Asad, who on his mother's side was one of the grandsons of Ahnak, son of Kais, to the chiefship of Alor and entru.sted the matters connected with the Jaw and religion to Sadru-1 Imam al Ajall al 'Alim Burhanu-1 Millat wau-d Din Sai{u-s Sunnat wa Najmu-sh Sh;u:i'at, that is, to Musa bin Ya'kub bin Tai bin Muham· 1pad bin Shaiban bin 'Usman Sakifi. He ordered them to comfort t.11e subjects, and leave not the words "Inculcate ~eod works and prohibit bad ones," to become a dead letter. f.te .gav.e them both advice as to tlleit· treatment of tl.\e l),eP,p).e. J}Pd leaving them entire \>ower, be then 1marche!I ft:om: chal place 1\lld journeyed ti I he a'rdved at the !ort ~f ~abibl(,llG on the south bank of the Dias. It .was an.old fQrt, )lnd the, chief o( it was Kaksa. X4k.sa is vanq~ishec.l a,nd 'cotnes to Muhammad Kasimm K.aksa, son of Chandar, son of Silaij, was · oousin of

"'!.Tb• r~l .H/Ime thtrt{Dt't would sctm lo bt /ai Sing. "'[A(S. A. hos "bato" B. hiU "yo bibafo".] "'[Thit Modiotg it nol given in MS. B. Tile /1111 rtading of

AfS. A. it "Subjugation o£ Kaksa and the coming or Silaii to M . .Kasim." Th• gmtclagy which fallows is token from MS. B. The other MS. begi..s "Silaij, """'" a/ Dohir," wloich it on ~ot blunlkr. the heading and lht • tt~rt /uwiJog twobably btm jumbl#d togtther.]

106 HISTORIANS OF SlND

Dahir, son of Chach, and was present in the battle which Dahir fought; but having Bed lie had come to this fort in wretched plight, and haa taken up his abode in it. When the Muhammadan army arrived, a contribution and hostages were scm, and the chiefs and noblers went forth and made submission. Muhammad Kasim showed them kindness, and granted them suitable rich khil'ats, and asked them whetfier Kaksa belonged to the family (ahl) of Alor, "for they are all wise, learned, trustworthy, and honest. They are famous for their integrity and honesty." He ad-1led, "Protection is given him, so that he may come with hearty confidence and hopes of future fovour: for he shall be made counsellor in all affairs, and I will entrust him with the duties of the Wazarat." The minister Kaksa was a learned man and a philosopher of Hind. When he came to transact business, Muhammad Kasim used to make him sit before c.he throne and then consulted him, and Kaksa tOok precedence in the army before all the nobles and commanders. He collected the revenue of the country, and c.he treasure was plaoed under his seal. He assisted Muhammad Kasim in all his undertakings, and was called by c.he title of Mubaralc. Mushir, "prosperous counsellor."

Conquest of Sikka Multanm by Muhammad Kasim

When he had settled affairs with Kaksa, he left the fort, crossed the Bias, and reached the stronghold of Askalanda,uo

1.

the people of which, being informed of the arrival of the ('1. Arab army, came out to fight. Rawa,tao son of 'Amiratu-t Ta6l and Kaksa headed the advanced army and commenced batt e. Very obstinate engagements ensued so that on boc.h sides streams of blood Bowed. The Arabs at the time of their prayers repeated "Glorious God" witJ1 a loud voice

1 and renewed the attack. The idolaters were defeated, ana threw themselves into the fort. They began to shoot ar-rows and Ring stones from the mangonels on the walls. The battle continued for seven days, and the nephew of the chief of Mullan, who was in the fort of that city, made

,. [It is htr. intJOriabiJi call~d siklloh-i-tnulltm ;,. bolh MSS. Tht Alsaka of Biluduri, Supra.]

,. [A.salartda A. Ala Kartdoh B.] ,. [Rartda i11 B.}

107

.Juch attacks that the army began to be distressed for provuions; but at last the chief of Askalandaut came out in the night time, and threw himself into the fort of Sikka, which 15 a large fort on the south bank of the Ravi. When their chief haa gone away, all the people, the artizans, and merchants sent a message to say that they were subjects, and now that their chief had Oed, theY. sob cited protection from Muhammad Kasim. He granted this request of the merchants, art.itans, and agriculturists; but he went into the fort, killed four thousand fighting men with his bloody sword, and sent their families mto slavery, He a~;>pointed as governor of the fort 'Atba, son of Salma Tam1mi, and himself with the army proceeded towards Sikka Multan. It was a fort on the south bank of the Ravi, and Bajhra · Taki, grandson of Bajhra (daughter's son), was in 1t.m When ne received the intelligence he commenced opera· tions. Every day, when the army of the Arabs advanced towards the fort, the enemy came out and fought, and for seventeen days they maintained a fierce conflict. From among the most diStinguished officers (of Muhammad Kasim) twenty·fivc were killed, and two hundred and fifteen other warriors of Islam were slain. Bajhra passed over the Ravi and went into Mullan. · In consequence of the death of his friends, Muhammad Kasim had sworn to destroy the fort, so he ordered his men to pillage'" the whole city. He then aossed over towards M"ultan, at the ferry below

~ the city,t3< and Bajhra came out to take the field.

Muhammad Kasim fights with the ferry·men

That day the battle raged from morning till sun-set, and when the world, like a day labourer, covered itself with the blanket or darkness, and the king of the heavenly hoit covered himseU with the veil of concealment, all retired to their tents. The next day, when the morning dawned from the horizon, and the earth was illumined; fighting again commenced, and many men were slain on both sides; but the victory ,emained still undecided. For a space ot

•1Askala11/kl A. Aod Kanlklh B.) • Bajhra '''"" MUWD K•h Bajhro loki lklr ·"" hisor bwd.) ,. (Khorob K<>rdDnd.J .. [Guzari M11/to" yon; &ir MtJ/4,..) ·

lOS HISTORIANS OF ,SIND

two .months mangonels and ghazrakslaG were used, .and stones and arrows were thrown from the walls of the furL At last provisions became exceedingly scarce in the camp, and the price even of an ass's head was raised 10 five hundred dirams. When the chief Gursiya, son of Chandar nephew of Dahir, saw that the Anbs were noway disheart~ cned, but on the ~ontrar:y were confident, and that he had no prospect of relief, he went to wait on the king oi Kashmir. The next day, when the Arabs reached die £ott, and

-the fight commenced, no place was found suitable for •.dig_ging a mine until a person came out o£ the fort, and suea :for mercy. Muhammad .Kasim gave him protection, and ,1\e .pointed out a place towards the north on the banks of a nvcr;uo A mine was dug, and in two or three days the w.all$ fell down, and ·the fqrt was taken. Six thousand

,waFdOrs .were put to death, and all t11eir relations and .depend~nts were taken as slaves. Protection was given to the merchants, artizans, and tl1e agticulturists. Muhammad Kasim said the booty ought to be sent to the treasury of the Khalifa; but as the soldiers have taken so much pains, have.suJfered.so·many hardships, have hazarded their lives, and have been so lpng _a time employed in digging we :.mine and ca.trying on tlie .war, ,and as the fort is now r.ak..en, it is proper that the booty should be divided, ,and lheir dues g•ven to the soldiers.

Division of Plunder

Then all the great and /rincipal inhabitants of the city assembled together, an silver to ·the weight of sixty thousand dirams was distributed, and every horseman got ·a share of four hundred dirams weight. After this, Muhammad Kasim said that some plan should be devised for · realizin_g the money to be sent to the Khaliia. He was pondenng upon this, and was discoursing on the subject, when su<fdenly a Brahman came and said; "Heathenism is now at an end, the temples are 'thrown dow!J, the worl,d has received the light of Isla.m, and mosques are built in-

* [Translottd ua brta.stplote," "tuorlikt instrumnat," ;,. RiclwrdSOrJ's .Oiclion~. The Hofl Kul#tttn soys -it olso btars lht meani"g tJ/ Ol/.ttU'i'UI Wta~on.tJ o.s "Jav6lin.s/' Ndoggl1"s."

(" ob jui". This can lrordly ·tllto" 1/tc tlll)in ritJtr.}

CHA'CH·NA'MA 109·

stead of idol temples. I have heard £rom the elders of Multan that in ancient limes there was a chief in this city whose name was Jibawin,m and who was a desceodant of we Rai of Kashmir. He was a Brahman and a monk, he strictly followed his religion, and always occupied his time in worshipping idols. When his treasure exceeded all limit and computation, he made a reservoir on the ea.uern: side of Multan, which was a hundred yards square. In the middle of it he built a temple fifty yards·square, and he made there a chamber in which he concealed forty copper jars each of• which was filled with African gold dust. A treasure o£ three hundred and thirty mans of gold was burled were: Over it there is a· temple in which there is an idol made of red. gold, and trees arc planted round the .reservoir." It is related by histotians, on the authority of 'Ali bin Muhammad who had heard it from Abu Mu· hammad Hindui tlut Muhammad Kasim arose and with his counsellors, guards and attendants, went tO c.he temple. He saw there an idol made of gold, and its -two eyes were bright red rubies.

Reflection of Muhammad Kasim Muhammad Kasim c.hought it mi~ht perhaps be a mao, so he drew his sword to strike ll; but the Brahman said, "0 iust commander; this is the image which was made by Jibawm,t" king of Mullan, who concealed the treasure here and departed. Muhammad Kasim order ed the idol tO be taken up. Two hundred and thirty mans of gold were obtained, and fohy jars filled with gold •dust. . They were ·weighed ·and the· sum of tliirteen tliousanti '11nd' two· Hundred mans weight of gold was taken out. This•gold: · and the image were brought to the treasury together with the gems and' peuls and treasure which were obtained £rom we plunder of the city of Multan.

lt is said by Abu-1 Hasan Hamadani, who had heard it from.KhariJn son of 'Omar, that the same day on which the temple was dug up and the treasure taken out, a letter came {rom Hajjaj Yusuf to this effect:-"My nephew, I had agreed and pledged mysel£1• at the time you marched with'

'"' ["jtll" in MS. A. al<d "jobwin" i>t MS. B. Tltt- tiCo"tl ltlltr may bt ., 11M1kiug the tliltM ltMUr-•or Ja.nuitl.1

. ,. [''/;buin" in MS1 A. "!a/btu'' i" MS. B-.]

110

th.e: army, to rt:}llly the whole ~rerue inruntd by the put>. lie trCU.ll.lf")' iu 6lling Otlt the expedit.ion, to tlae Kblllifl) Walid bin 'A.bdu·l ~falfk bin Marwa.n, and it is incumbent on mt to do ao. Now the a«llUDCI of tho money due b;a.ve beeo ex.amined ::~nd check~ and it ia !ou.nd th.at &i.xty d:tOll3alld dlniUJ in pore •itver JUlvc bteu expmded {Ctr ~l!hl.ml'fl.ld Kt.sim, ao<l up to thiJ cl.au: there bu been reteived in caa~ £OOdJ. and scui& alt~c.her one hundred. "'ld twenty tllousi.nd diranu weighLut Wherever thet'e -j" t n ancient pb:«: Qr (aniOU$ town (lr city, m.0$4lUC$ and/u]. piu shouJd be erected there: and the lthutba thoul be ru~ and tbc coil\ struck in the nunc of tllia government. And :u )<OU Ju.vo nccompU!hcd &O much with thb army by your SUOd forcunt, l)nd by &eiting fitting oppoi'Wnities, fO be anured that to whate\·c:r phacr of the iiifidds you proceed ft .thall be conquered."' Muhammad Kasim rnoAu tct'rM witlr ll1e people ()/ Mull4n Whe.t M'uh2Jiln).lld Kadn) had "-tdtd tunu with the

~iUdpal initablr1o1nh of che city o( Mll111lu be er-ee1ed tl. ma.' mujid and minllJ'Cts, and he appointed Amir Daud at.r, &on o£ Walid 1Jmmanj lu gQ\'CmOf. lie Jdt Khuim,

son of 'Abdu-l M:alit Ta.min in th.e rort of Br~hapur, on. w~ bo.nb o( the JL.ailam~,. wbicb 'wQ.t ¢'1)1ed Solmr (Sore)).ub Akrama,_ son o( JUhan Shami, was a.ppointC'd.

governor of tho tm-ttory around Mu1tu~, and Abmad, aon of Harima, um o-( 'At~ Madani w.u :lppointtd govtmOr o£ tbe (orl:t of Ajf.."l}nul :u'd l{arur.ht Frc despa:tihed the treasure in boaq tO be carried tu DcbuJtU aua pejd into tbe trta.I'\IJf or the capital. tie him.seU lta)'(d ln Multan. and about firty thowancl honeme.n, wfth muni!Jom or w;tr, were U1lder his command. Abu JIIJAim is sent QJ file ltt4ld of ten thousand. heme

towards K(maui He then tent Abu UaUm Sbtiba.nl at the head or c~ cJlnnsand hor'e towards Kana.uj. to t'On\ley a Ietu:r t'rom

,..f'rAU IP&~MrJI il ~~ tll'Of ,,. tA~ Mli"o!, ~~~ do tA1 ltiSS. qtj{t(' tJQIVt btl• ~H $ Mt_l'lJ.J '•tM$, A Ieos "'Iii~ D Mt "111rbctdo,...)

'" KQt'»>J i" BJ .,. dt NJfl IA.rhti ramJo~~ ltouJ Ia 4• aid JQ, '*-'' (B.n) "iMad

~'Ill 6i I!MlJIO" fkr-!d KIII'I•O/IJI ,..,.'UINI(I.J I

'

v ' I •

Ill

the Klu .ma, and with intuuc:tlom to invite the Chic! to embrnl).: Mul111ronUld1Lnl.rm, to &C!:J'd u•i_butt, IJid make hf& , tt•bmluton. He h.Lnucll went with the army to the bou'' daty of X.,Uhmir wbkh WU caUcd tht 5.vt fiW:rt,lV wh.ttt Cb.&cb, ton of Sfbij, the father ot D:thir1 had planted c.bc fir and the poplar t:f'eett and had marked the bo~tnd.ary. When IJe •rrs~ lht:re he t•cnewed the: mart or the bound•.ry.

TM .,.., ond Abu Rolim ~ ct U~•l•a-" At lhi1 time the chid of Kanauj was the 10n ot Jalual Rai. When the a.rmy ruched 111 rar u Udha.br, A.bu Hakim Sh:albanl ordertd Zllid. ..on of 'Amna Kaltab;, w be bro~t be:lore him. He: Pld. ''Zaid, you ll'lUK 10 on a miaion co Rai Har CbaDcUr, aon of t~fu.~ a.od f!e.Uw:r the ma.od•tc .b hll mbmbdon to bTam, ..nd u.y tlw from the occlJ\ to lht l,oundary o( R.a.lhmlr all t ings nnd thieb h1ve acknowledard the: powe-r and au thority of the: Muhammada1l~ •nd bave madt their aubt:niMion tO Amlr ' lmadu-d Out. ~al ol the Arab army, llJld pcntanor o( the ln6dda. That tome hi\'C: embraced l.dam, aftd othen ha\-e agrttd to ~•ld tnbutc to the utuu•r of chc K.htl.ila. ''

II1UDIIT Of R••· HtrT Cha1fd•r of Koltllwi Rai Har ClwK!u' rcpHtd. ""'ntis COGntJT for aboul one thou•and lib: hundred ~ h•• bcea under our rule 1.n.d govcrm.nce. Ouri11& ou:r •overclr"tf no entmy hu ever d.ircd lO enc;roacl\ upon our boUnda•y, nor hu any one~nturtd to op~ w, or lO lay hancb ~pon our cmieory. What ft>t h>.-. l ol ~· tbat JCU &!lould, ....., • .., such pfopodtiom and absurdities in JO':'f" mind. It l& flor eroper tO tend a.n tftV0'1, to prbon, othcrwlte. for tl\il ·~• and £or tbb lmpouabto Chain\ )'OU ·would dutr\'C su& trcstment. Olher er'ltm~ IJKI prii1cu may linen. , co 'JOU, but not J.UI Nw ~bad; to ,our mau.tr, aod tciJ him "'" ..., mu>t lip! ap!A&t e>th Olhcr Ia ....S.. lh>l

, .. .. ._.~.,:. iJ\ A, " lfl'lflllfb4,... i~t 8.1 •Is" Svt-1 · ,. S"l}l rs Sir /J. Jllti.t• «" rtrwliriNJ o/ ..Aot ,,I'IU •o .,

M ":IOI'fiMI ,..,_,_, • IN ~1

112

(mr· •trtt~gth and miat" may be tried, and that eiiJic:r J m"Y conquer or be oonquued by you. Whtl\ the tuperiofi'l' o( one side 01 the other in warCate aod ~oe .&hall~~. then peace or war .dull be deu:nnf~ OP •• Wl1en the message awd leuu of Rd Har Chandu.r wu dcHvcred co Mub~mmtd. J(uirn, be took the :td9ice of all the dUe/J, nobles. CIOIMUndm, >Del W>Yrion, and Wd, ••up to •his dmt. by the flvour of C..o«l, and che :w:i&~.an« of che beaven~1 the .H.ait of lflnd h~vc b«:n ddt;tted and Irunra~.:\n(l v{tt.ory b.a dedan:d '" r.avour o( blarn.. Tocby we ha~ c::ome: to m<:OUDter thh (:t.Jkd inftidd .. be 4 puffed up whb hit :umy and eltphanu, Wil.b the powtt' ~nd a5Sht~tncc of Cod .. it bchovec tUu lo e>:f11't y<mrsd'vtt tlt.tt we nuy rubduc him. and be Vtaorlous and \Uocasrut C»'CC' hlm.•• AU were ready to figbt acti• lbi Har O.and:ar.•• and \lnhtd ttsether, .and urged Muha.r'!'unad l:(••im tO declare wAr,

Or!Un from flee- Ccpi~~Jllo Mutt.m.lft&d Ka.rlm "l1\e next cby, wbtn T.bt kfftg o( the ht.a\<enly bott •bo,.cd hU ft•« to the world from- bthlnd the veil or nl~ht, a drcmedltry rider whh ordctJ ll'om d't ..t('at of ~vt.l'l¥

• mr.nt Ul'ivtd. Muhammad. ton ot "Ali Abu-)• R•tf Hml.ld2nl AfS, th.t W'hcn bi Dahir wu l::tned, biJ two ~n d;a_llghtt:ISwerO aeiud·tn Ma pa1ue, and ~1hammad Ka~im f1"d tent them to )qhdad under the carcto£ bl. n~ lfavo. Tbe K.b.alift or the time Jeftl tbtar hu.o hlj barcn so be tal:m c:are. or fer a few days dU Lhey wue lit co be prtsentcd co hfm. Arter some dme. the remcmbr,ance of them re<uJTt<l to the noble rniod ol the Khalib, and he ordc:rcd t.htm both to be brouaht bc!otc: hit~ •• rVabL Walid "Ab<h,a..J Malll. told the lntei'Jirf'C:LU to inquire .lrOJn them which of J.hem Wft, the c.ldttt, th1111 he might rttJin her by hi~ ltld call 1he other JiJCC!I' at a nother time. The irHcrpr~ter Jalt uked thelr IWIW!IIL The: dda:t .Aid. "My rwDC II Suryocko. • and W }WOIQ< repHed, "my a.-me b 'Pt.rmaJ.dc:o." De ~lltd the elae~t to him, andr lht yoonpt he se.nt back. t:. be caUn c:tre or. When he had made the former tit doYn. and abe Ullo:wut4 be-late: the Khalib ol tht: time toob:d at bet', and wu en•~

'"' (St.l AJI" A·~~ II, UP, Aku-1 P6:J lftWIIM -~ ~M.l

CHACK·NA1MA 113

of her surpassing beauty and charms. Her powerful glances robbed his heart of patience. He laid his !land 11pon Suryadeo and drew her towards him. But Suryadeo stood up, and said, "Long live lhe king! I am not worthy of the ktng's bed, because the just Commander 'lmadu-d-Din Muhammad Kasim kept us three days near himself before he sent us to the royal residence. Perhaps it is a custom among you ; but such ignominy should not be suffered by kings." The Khalifa was overwhelmed with love, and the reins of patience bad fallen !rom his hand. Through indignation l1e could not stop to scrutinize the matter. He asked for ink and paper, and commenced to write a letter with his own hand, commanding that at whatever place Muhammad Kasim had arrived, he should suffer I1imself to be sewed up in a hide and sent to the capital.

Muhammad K11Sim 1·eaches Udhafar, and ,·eceives the order from Khalifa's capital

When Muhammad Kasinl recei~d the letter at Uclba· Car, be gave lhe order to his people and they sewed him tlp in a hide, put him in a chest, and sent him back. Muhammad Kasim thus delivered his soul to God. The officers who were appointed to the different places retnained at their stations, while he was taken in the chest to the Khalifa of the time. The private cltamberlain reported to Walid 'Abdu·l·Malik, son of Manvan, that Muhammad Kasim Sakifi had beeen brought to the capital. T.he · Khalifa asked whether he was alive or dead. It was replied, "May lhe Khalifa's life, prosperity and honour be prolonged to eternity. When the roy;:i mandates were received in the city oE Uclbapur,m Muhammad Kasirn itnmediately according to the orders, had himself sewed up in a raw ~1ide, and after two days delivered his soul to God and went to the eternal world. The authorities whom be had placed at different stations maintain the country in their possession, th~ Klmtba continues .to be read in

"' [This is the rt<ldilcg of HS. A. i•• rhis 'ossagt; the ot/ccr MS. still /•~cps to its reading "Udhobar." Mir M'a.tWII SOl'S "Udhnpw" mod t/11 TICh/alli·l Kiram writts it tuith points "Udaipur." Thtre is a place of this 1101n• ill llct dts<rt north of Billanir.J

8

114

tbe name of tltc Kh.alil::t, aml thel we their ben enda~· VOUI'I UJ euabU.dt tl1eir $Uprcmaty. '

Tht Khclifa llf>t:tll tltc cllut

Tlle l<.l1<tljra tJlen open«! the: clteat tnd called lhc:: Jirls imo hit pr~ena-. He bad a gree-n bunch o( myrtte m hb h:t.nd) and r.ninting with Jt toward.$ the race o( tbe corpse, t:1id , "Stc. my d.augl\t:er4 how ruy commaodl whiCh are- .$tnt to my agc:nu art ob$ervtd llad obeyed by 3n. \VJu:-n these my ordt:fl re3ched Kanauj, he aacrilictil his prtdOLU Hie at wy oonnnand."

Th11 addn:w of ]anJci,m dlf.ugllt.ttr of DMir, to Khallfa 'Abdu·l Mal£4, um of Mtn'tuon.

Then the virtuou5 jankJ put orr the veil from he:r la.ct-, placed her bead on lhe Qfflllf1d, oud ~id1 ' 'May the king live long, may his i>:rc)(ptrity and ~lory tno·e.asr. (or

• many ytara : and may be be :~.dorned with pede« wi~dom. lt ts pn>l.et" I hat a king .should lest with lht tOuchstone or TCaSOn a.nd weigh in -hU mind wboHt'\'ct h e hem !.rom friC'Tld or Coe, And wht.n i~ is {ound to be. true and induhi· tible, th~n ordet& compattb!e with. junlce ihouJd be: given. Ry $() c.Jotng he will not WI under the wroth o[ Cod. nor be obe~od. but your gndous mind -u wandng in reason 11.nd j u<;gmtt'U. Muhamnlad Kadm rerpe:cttd our honour, and beh:.aved like a brother or son to u&, aml he n~er toudtet.l us, your Jla\.'eJ, whh :1. liamtiO\~,J; baud. But he ~ b.ad.Jdlled the king or Hind 31Ul Sjnd, be had detll"'Ved the dominion of Oll r forefutben, a.nd he b.ld degraded us froOl the dignity of royalty to a nate of &la'"•ery. 'there-Cote, to rc"taliue and to revenge these injurieA, we uuercd .a falt:Chood before the Khnlifill ttnd ol.lr object has been (ullilled. Through r.hi.s f:~brication and deoeit have '1\'0 taken our rtvtn.ge. lind the Khllllb not pamd. t'llch pe. ~mptory orden, had h,e not J.)Jt hll rtaoon through fh-e violenoe oC hb paulon. and hnd he COI).).idered it proper to invenig':tte the m;mer, he would not have tubjecced

"'J'hU ~ 4 lflftrrlffl lld:nt:t' frDffl 1/l~f uWidt 1M 91W# lt~rul/, 1 ~~~~~ f$nt adtd,

OCAOHtA~WA II&

hlnuell to thb rtpe:ntJnce 1.nd rcJ)l'OI.Cb; :and hud Muham· mad J{uim, aui..ued ~ b.U wUdo-11'1. rot'nt co within ot\fl d.ay'& jou•nry !tom ebb pW... and ohm lu.,. pot bimool( into a h.dc, be would bu~ bel:n Ubcrated alter lnquj~· and not have died.." The Khalira wu very lOrry iU thu cxplanulon}.11nd from ex«~~ of rqnt he bit the bad:. of hll lund.

J•"•j opn• acfdtaw 1M Khol#•

Ja.nki aaain opened' her Ups and Jooled at the Khalila. 'Shll' peretiV'Cd thlt bll anget• w~• mum excited~ and We taid.-... f'bc lJ:og tw (II)Mm.ittcd a Vtry gtlHOUI mistake'• for 'be ~~ not. On ~~ of tWO &lave &irb, lO Juye dti~ a ptnon who bad taktn tafMh'C a liund:red thov. 'and IDI.)(letl women ltlte us. who had brought dawn ~~evemy chidt who ruled over Hind and Sind ftorn their thronet to their t:Offi1u: •nd who hucead ot ttmpks had cr<aed """'!...., pulplu, and tolna-. U Moh=cl K.uitn hwJ b«n pilcr of any lluJe nqkc.t or Impropriety, he ouabt no~ tO b.l\'t bfen d.otro~ on the mere v."Qrd of a Gcllgnlng penon." The Khkllb. ordered both tbc •inen to l>o end~.l between walla. 'F-rom thtn time co thlt day the A•p o[ blam b.a\'c btc:n more and more en}. led C'Y'Cf)' day. •nd arc •till a.dnn(lnJ.

TAIUKUU.S SIND

•• MIR MUHAMMAD !d'ASUM, OF llHA.I<.KAR

"f'nl$ iJ, the IOO&t copiO\u hiuory of Sind which we po$Sess, , inaamud•, us besides (OOI.II init•g (lll ncoount o( the Arabian c.Ot\quest. il brings the annnlJ of this rount.ry down to the ~me of iu iltcorporadon ir.to tbe Mogl!ul cm.pirc jn the lune o( Akbar.

The: wort_ whid1 ill ~turtime, caJJtd Tarikb.-i M'uuml, is diviclcd into four chuptcrs.

Tile firn duptcr conWns lUl ll tcoum of the t.-vtots w~1idt led to the a:mctue6:' o~ Slnd by t~e- Anb1, and do5CS wtth the def1th of RuJot l~~~~lr1 though 1t pro{eue& to wry the history down to ilie JUtaJi.(a Hanul,

:T'htt a.v.nnd ~.aplf'.t', a(tu omiu:.io.s all notice of tbe two ~rllu.d~ which" el:ap$M between R.arun ~d Mahmud or G.b.uni. gives' •n llCCQlii\C of Sind tinder the t.mperou o( Dehll; it\d pC the Swnra •nd Samma dynut:ict, aftef tbe invh'i()n of'T tfnur. The :t.~~tbor mt.ntior.a :lt the dote of the chapter thllt h e w.a.s inda¢ed to give an account o( the: Sumru a.nd Swmq in dcttll. because it was to l;,.e found uowhe:re dJe. Dut hfJ own iJ much con£u$cd £rom .hi• jn~tf.t'!nlion to d:HeL \..

'l'he chird chnpte1' is lfew.lrted to lhe hi.uory of the Arghunja dyn~tny, including ru1 aCOOllllL of Siwi, K:md:lh:tr, tt.; of JOme «lebratcd holY men. judges, and ~iyids, Md of the! kinp ol l.(ull1n. h afro conW.oa n.n tttCOunt, in more than usual derail, of tlte Em~or Humayun's Opcr3.• Lion& in Sl~ld and the dC!ICTI, afltr h.i£ Oighc from ~

'l'he {ourCh d -::.,,ter ~u,tlkillt • tediOu$ relation o£ d1e mode Jn which Sind feU utxl~r the poYfCr of A.Jr.tmr upoo the c~phul.adon of Mlru J:rni Beg of Thattn, A.». 159'l.

·\Ve la.,•e :~lso ()(GU:ionat n01icts of the i.nte.rfcrenec: of r.he Firingb in the affitirs or 1'futt li'· AI the I.Ulth.Or V.'lll C::Oil· temporary with lhi.t e,•ent, h e en ten haw very m'inutc ptn.i·

.c.ula.rs. which art, however, lor l.be mott part, uninteren·

117

irlg. AmCiugn b.is own pc:rscnal experi¢ncet. he dcscrlbe& an imen-iew he b11d wli.h Lhe F..mpe.ror Akbar, who 1Ml!l· tO\ted On bJm t.Jlrefl: vi1Jagl'.4 in J:t.git, i.n t}l.(! diwicl ()( nhakbr.

Mt•homun~td M'1uum. wJto gave. himself the poetkal ddc of Nami w:u born Itt mt.illar, in ,Sind, and w:u the son or $).fAyi buu.inll :m i.nhabiuant or Ktrm~n. {lie was U m:~n of COJu.idemb e nua.imneut.J, swd he rose to .some di3tiuctiuu · iu tbc sen·icc of Alc.bllr and _Tahangir. .Rfl krll)wledge of hi•t01·y was highly ¢Stt emcd 1n bb own dar. He wu also a. pou o£ tome repute, and an a:cdJent c:ah· gn~.phlJt.lJ fUs hl.uory_ of Sind was wriuen in A. l). 1600~ Tot th,e ltufruetion and hnp,r·ovement of b it soo, nttmed Mir n~o:urg. 1n ord~ th.t, 'by rtlldinl{ It he mi"'t Je:~m whu good men of old dfd; that he mJ~t dlKrimmace I» tWetn fight And wt·ong; bcuwttn tb:u which is use(ul on.d the rev~, n.nd might1e.'lrf1 tel fo llow 1he ~~h~ of vll'tut'lull n1en/ '

The only work quoted by hhn ;u :u1 authority h tbe Ch::lchnama, which he abridges in his liut chapter, rtlatins to lhe A~b conquest or S:ind. He Is crtdulo~•s :md dth• ght.s in rta)mlti1tg mii'Olclell or sainu. but he gives no legcn· dary Ion:: Lil.e the Tubfntu·l Kiraro. Mir L\{l'll$um tnd his "''Otl:. ha,•t be<m noticed by £.et'tnl writers: by &dauni (under ilrricle "Nami' ') by Haider R~i. the M::.~si.ru·l Umra, tht Tuhb.lll·l ltirllO.. ~·h·M~tni and Mir-a.t·i

., Daulat 'Abbasi.' • Cople& of th.IJ hil:tory are common.• There are two

i11 The :S:.rhilh Mu~u.rn, o .• H~ of which ~·a~ t.ta.IUd'ihtd {t'On• a c06y madf from tb.e author'11 own autO(TIIJili. pie;rc 1$ another ill the U bni'y of tbe .Roya! Atiauc Sodc:tr, which hu b«b lull! deurlbod by Morl•y lrt hil 'bat>l..,U•{ ·a fOlltlh in thl! ;t;:lbn . ..Y .. of the f.aj,t Jnd i:a Offioe, "':inU cher~ !#, a· Copy in sti ~: Wiht's Ll>rury wbit-.h was Written for tiim in 1~5!!. ', Thi• cdpy • ud tbQ.t of tfle 'R. A.,, 'Soc. b'R,·C

hhtory~bt'Siild' i.n •"three distW!ct (hapten.'' l t ill writt('n ' ·1~ .ltt.'$-'t.. BtMt'Ptb • .l.U$. .S~4'11tN"'t BibHog. ~. 11. Dr

r:~ufl8~t.J, J~. Mof1til (Q~,_, t . 'll. · Su ul.11J Bir'ifl Ct~Ktr~fl.

'liV,Uio~t '''"" In tlw ft.'Cr .l. ill lti.s C!U"to,.., of ll..t MtU.fotll~ CollrCHo,. (11. I • 139)) ortd Coil. /tltlt: Mwl~ itt Jd.t p,.,,,. ,. Si~ {lo.~flfdllt. A.$ .. Y~. I. t. 2U,) : ~

118 UlS'rOIUMG Oli' $lND

been '&.led tor llu! Collowing tranal.uion&, and are reC.erred ro t~3 MSS. A, 11.11d 8.

At tl1e C!ld of Sir H . .Elliot '.s cop)'. there b a brief hJ.n~ o( Sind i.n "chree diltinct ch.aptera." lt ia wrilkll in r.he ~me hnnd and hell•'$ the ..ame date tas l.bo rest of the MS. 'l'bougb oo~;upyiug only uineteea pages. it give1 J. summuy of the history of Si·nd, to the tna ol the tau ct:Jl· rury-from bi Sih:traJ, down to Ahmad Shah Dur:mi, The author's u.a.me ia not gh·eu, but t.be conttuts 11rt generally in :l.CCOrdanoe with the hiatmy ()f M'au•m~

' ~nw vrorlt tms 'been rnmslatcd by Capt. c. f.falc:t, late Britbh Rc:sidcm at KhAlrpur, but to licta':lUy, u not to be lit Cor publk:ation in its preserrt shape. n l ls m,~JatiOI). has hten r ublished :IS No. Xll New Series, SelectiOns of Rcw:rdJ o the Covcrnmcnt o! Bombaf. 1855. fThae la a cop)' of thiJ ll'llnsla:tion in Sir tl. FJltoa!a Ubrary. whic.h, on ext.~nin:i.dott., h COund to contain maller that i! er'lti~dy absent (rom aU the (i-.;·e ~1SS· above llpcdfied. O ne long pi\S~ QllOtetl bereaftct, relata to the Sumra dynany, the history of which is in\•ot\led in oondden.hl4! Al'l«cnrlty. Th~

addidot~,al 1UJ))ts it aup.Plles;, receives fi)JIIe support from th~ ::--fu)\fl•tu·l Kinun. but nothing conobOrativt has bee:n lo~md in the other Slndian hi.nories. There il aome :..ppirent lfmUuity between the general atyle of rbt l1inory ana that o( the addition:.l 1\'l:ttter. ' Like Mir M'asum, the writer :.lw.-ys employs some ligu111.th·e expreuion for tbe death of a prlncc, but lhh Ll a practice vt:ry common among J

hbtorlans, a.nd the uylc may ha\'e ~n des.i3nertJy hnita· ced, ao that the n-&emblanoo ~fl'ords fto evidence of aulh.e:n· ticlt·¥· The geue1ill concurrence or the MSS. and the ·~· tl1onty o{ rhe British MV.ttt.tm. MS. I.s auffide.nt to atan1p tl1<; pw•.gc u an lnterpol:u.ion-tllOugh thet"e ~'~P~ to be aome authority fo r its s.uatemeut3, M.orely. in h it C•ti· J~e1 notices an intupobtio,r in tfte: MS. of thc:' lto)·sll A•tt\tJt Sooiety, whith oomes in abrur,ly witbjn a few Une& o( the rttd o[ the hinor)'· He llY',• ' After thll, Jn the P.J't · sent -MS •. there b ~n account o! nud:~., who w..s ruler. of T hauh.a (n the time of N;uiru•d din Mllhmud King of Delhi, OC(Ilpyi.rlg six p.;~go. ln 1.bc BaH India douae MS. (No. 45) tfW: b omlu~: the h.iJtory c.n<liug imm<.d i2~ly lUter tbe c:t.piwla.don !'Ji Jani: Beg, and &C:t.tin' in f'"urJme'

l I

I ~

I !

..

119

d•ul he ,f1,..d Jn A.H. 1011 (A.D. lG02), IWd wall w«teded in hb ~Vt'.nunr.nt by ht' AOn Mina 'Asi. The .MS. in !.ht Driti..fb Mwt:um (Addit. No. 10,'100), agrtel with thtt of _the Ea.u lndb. Hou5e in tb.U re3Jit¢l,'' 11nd wilh Sir H . (ttiot't. Ouda 1.& the name o( one the }).riMes gh'~ in Malet's ~tddilional ~ss:age. but the ma.ncr of Wne pu.ga dUkn from lli1. J

Sir H . E.Uiot'a copy c:oJttnins 290 folios o! lourtten Uno each. llod o( tht$e obom fort)'·five h.:we I:!Ctu trtnalatcd.

BooKU

l1«0111d Q/ t.'us Sammo dyH41ty

I T ha3 btt:n :tlready rtlated how Sultan Mahmml came from Chami, nnd ;~(tt:r ~t>LUl'i.•& the (ort oC MuJum, brought the counlry of Sind uod.:r his :aulhority, aad sent l1i3 oll'~en to govern lt. Alter the dcMh Of Mahmud. the sovtreignty tw.std co hh offS"pring and the government (of Sind) devoJvtd llllOn 'Abdu·r b.ihid Suhau Ma•ud. 1'hil prince pvc bitn$eU "J, to the pursuit ol pl~ure, and heeded not the duties o( government; so the people ou d•e clistoant borders be~n to rejet-"t h..i3 audwr-ity and th.row olf t.he yoke oJ obedience. At that time tbe mttn ot Sumn U$Cmbled in 1be vicinity o( Thad• and raised a ~n oamed Sumra• to the throne. He had pau.ed a long t:imeu~e: fihld of the ttlX ol Sumnt.. ~tud lie cleared the counur of d~IJe(lion. This -man rorm.cd ~ connection w'ilh ~do a powcduJ Zamind:rr in the&e pam, and milf'l'ied h ii daughter. She bore him a son naJned Bbun.gar. who On the du.ch o[ hiJ {ather succ:oeded to , 'th~ hcrceditary $ltues 3nd ditd after an active: re(gn. .

flli .JOn uame,d Duda then inbcritt<l the tJ~.rone, nnd reigned, for K~me )~an. Ho ate:nded bb amhority to NaJrpurl but died in the nowcl· ol b..U age.. He left an

'1Tir4 •Littft Dt.m"' 3r~"IJ.tisp SinJ. (NJ~I lCa<M.J • Male/& lMMiatiO!f odd.t .. """ nf Cf•tMliJr/' 6111 tltU il iJI if.litiJtr

n/ '~~"r MSS.}

1110 Hlfi'OJt.IANS OF SIND

i.nlanr son n~roe SinsJl:•r ~od a d::.ughtcr named Tari. who for a time an·icd on the go,·ernment 'and kc:pl the people under her contrOl. When Slnghu ca.mt or :age bt~ hfouetf a.ssumed the govtrruncnt., and looked llfter lbe atiaiu o( the rt!H•t!nue :~.nd the Stact, t)u•ti$1llng all men who were dlsotJfectcd a nd rtbelJjou$. lie direeted hJ& droru againu the oounuy of Kacfth and e.xcended his " "'ay a.s f~r UJ Ahnik D:u.o Some )'tara a(ter rlli$ he died, Jeaving no son; but his wile, n:~.med. Hamun, t:tr'ried on the p·ern• ment i.n tho (orl of OotlL'l_k, t~ 1ld she deputed her brothen w go vert• M uhllnunad Tur and Ttutri. A short time alter thb the bn:thrcn of Ducb, who were biddtn in tbu neighbourhood came Corth And op;:o&ed the breth~n of H:unun. One o£ them,~ named ft•thu,' ;~. detcendllnt of Ow;la. was i.UJ)portetl by a body of Collowcn.. .He ovcrtllrcw all tb0$e wllo Jet up prttenslons to the throne. :tnd establiahed hJm.seJ£ in the sovereignty. Afce:t J'cigning aome ye.1n, he died, when a man namt.d K.h:tiru Qlrried on tlae l.m5inc:" o£ the: State, and nutde himselC r~m.arkabk: Cor bU vinucs. He rt:iKncd fot· wm<: years to lbe time ol bls dtatb.

[M•Itt's MS. lr'nmlri.t~" proc.ecd-1 as follows fur .Ml'tiC,. f)()gcs, inlertxJWting matter not to be /Ourid in a'i· of tht fiw MSS. txttmine-iJ, tU prttJfoUil11l4Ud in pog4 18.]

''With tbc occum:occ of tile Amlrs, Khafi! succeeded him. and tal on the throne o£ the kif!gdOIJI- Having ma.dt gMd arrailgCtrlt.n~ (OI' the O)UJ)Iry nl has h.and$, ht. watb rte.llrl at CMC 'll>'~nt and rem11incd at ThaUII. Outing his government the r)'Otl :.nd all the other people of Sl.nd '1' "-'ti'C relieved from thieve& and diatu.rbc:n o£ the peace; aD '~'ere happy and oontenred. By eh:m.ee i t one (by can.u.~ into his mmd that it ,\IU not propc'l" lor him to be olwa.~ merely fitting on the throne, that it wu beu er to spend some dme in the shikorgt~hs, the jungks. and plains, whieh had become ~ecn from ra.i"' :md where the Wm:ab were gm·t.ing ·h:.ppaly. A£ler thi$, h!lving eolleu.td many men, lie marclted 11p.imt. We .Buluchis, the Sotlb~11 and th~ Jharejas. On reaclung the.lr bord':f'· Ran Mal Sod.ha,

•tso tn HS. B. Tit-. otltu !!$. DNtil.l 1!.. NC1111t. MUd "''" il ~ .. Mit•~ Noi.. '* Ma11j6barif)

'r·p,·llltmr'' l" MS. A.;J

..

~ I I '

12[

RJm Rtti Jharcja1 and Mihntn .Bulych, being inlroducccl hy tl~c Amira ana other men or ...,·eJtbr. ~me and made great oiTeclngs. Klullr, pmsc.nting ti"Letn with h:tnd&omeprelic!nts i.n retl)l'll1 ru:.dt •hem- vc:ry hllpfi)'· He then gnve them tlleir dismissal.

"ffc propolt<l l'C'IUrning LO ntatta the following morning, but at that Lime n. Duluth tame oompbini~ th:t;t the thie\'CS of th.e u·i.be or S:\mm:e bad plundered hlt.ll'ibe:, tilklng e\·t:rythift$' tlu~y poswsecl On hearing lhi~ l<.blkfi{ wM otud' 11 .. storua.bed, nod al the jMUuu mounting wtth th6sc who were with him he smrtcd and quickly came agairut this trlbe. lie took all the property which h.:u! been J'Obbe(l from the Duh\dlj&, and thost men who hnd d4obc,-cd orders aucl a.cted lr1 tbis, ron•wer he punish· ed whh le\'erhy. His arrangements were sucb in a.U the country under him, rrom Kachh to Nurpur •. tb.at in. the whole Q£ tl1;1t s-pa~ no one during his reign disobeyed bb ordcn; if t.hcy did so, he G"vt: them co lhe $word. When bt found that c.hea•c were none tO Sivc trouble, he •wJ'~ nl #.ull ~nd ~l'nf! t.n Th"u-1. Tn h1a ti1nf'l: !til theJ.ICOp1e1 the soJd.ien, d..e Ao.lirs, tl•~ f)'Ots, etc , were very h)pp)'. He lived a long while at T haua. dU from th1,_ wot!d ho jour-neytd to "tl\e next world..

"A!ttr lhe: d~th of Kh.n.ftt, cl1e people, the men of wt ight u1\dtt ~\'~l'•me.nt, ~nd thoe<.e out of tmp1oy, •gree.ing that it wu proper. rabed Dudn. the w n of Umnr, and gqndson ot Phchu., to the throne or the aalu..nat in his.

r.1ate. When a ll thfl" a ffa irs of the State were firttl'in his lll,ds, Sing~u. a r.unindar, auue tO pay bis )'Cilfly HtJ!:CS.

He b«a•' ~qu.ainu:d with Duda. Thil had lasted lOmetime, when one day he apoke of,Jtachh in .. th~ !ollowrngte•·m.s. in hL' j)c* nce, &aying that be hal') hei«< that rheSamma tribe 1ad dotemum:d to rome: tn 'thatut w Ul.kt it. oud dtac. he abc:wld be JUeparc.•d for thU .• On ltearil]C this .. Duda. ooUect.i,ag form out o£ number,. march.c<l w K1thh, and he &evtrely twin~ the ean ot lhose people. Then 3 Irian o( the Silmr:na t.rUle l):I.!U_ed Lnkha Cli.OOe as. IUUbaJsatfor, bduging prcxnts, and' it K•c:bhi horse, maldng" offering oC these, a.nCl aJkinsc pll'dOD lor their dns. Di.!da.,. \'lhh g«?.C ldndneu., gave h im prtatnu in mone.)'. a horst,. und :r khil'"' -alJowing hi111 theu to der~~~~ L })ow 1hent;t~

122 ttlSTOklANI Of JINO

with hean 1tt n:at. he came tO "nl:tri, where he spent a long time.

~

All We people 11nd f)'Ots wen: ~ wmpletely undu hi• ha.ndl, that without ord<n trom him they ilid nolhins. '\Vb.er' (It Tbari, Ra.n M:tl Sodh.a came, and ma.king hu •lam, u~ 115 " petition, !h:u in the time o( Khafii the Jat DuluthiJ paid tribute'. but thllt now iL seeme~ th;u 'they, through ignor.mce, h.nd tllkt-n lheir heads fNlm out o£ d\e. no<>s¢ of rubminion. He nddcd. tbl\l having htat'<1 oE lhi$ be made him (Dud:a) acquainted whh h . a:nd ·that it seemed ~tdvisable that 1' lora should be put under him, which he would take apht.f:. rhem and thu•, mating lhtm ~ pay up thdr arrc:ars of tribt.ne Crom tbt th')'$ (l( Kh•6f tO __! Lhe present Ume., be would brl.ng Jt to' him. T he muou of hi• -"llt:;~k ing in· this w~y ,.,..,, tho.t torme.rl~ a feud exbted betw~n him (R;tn Mal) :.nd the lh1U'e as~ when a fight had taken ph1ce bct"'<t:en lbe 1>Uties-, m w . id' g.:e:tt nu,mbers Ol Ran Mal's men b:~~d bec:n kiUed and w<:lumled, .sO l1e told :as :tbo\<e to Oud:a to enable him to hiNt hiJ revenge: upon tbi:m, Dmht being t~C tl 1:5:oo.J Jle:.OU L, ' S"'"c • hirn t:ncoUrngemthr,l.keeping him near him, He aho K:rtt i.o (all tht men or 1Mtep. "'hen bU n1tncngcn got \here, and told wbliL A.an Malt bad aa.i.d, they came before tbt1n with their swords swJpendC"d from rOt.md their.nt.<:ks, m:Udng tl1eir all~. :t.nd declaring that t.hey IUld aU tbeir fruni lie:t w~re the s.1ave.s oJ Duda, and if he ordtred tbem aU to be confined 1bey w(ould not a5k. the reaJOrt why. ·Then ta.klng prac:nts ror .Ovda chey a mle to hi1n in one: wcok.

The messengers who PCCOmf'"'nit.d them ha'ling reooivtd goOd treacmcnt I t their handt. SJlOk.e in their Ia~·our, 11ud;~ &.aid to R;m Mal, "These Jnen havin11 great C(Jrtftdt.l\CC, h:t.Vt st.nt Only two 0£ thti.r trfbt, Ql'ld i'bese.Jtavc O?Utt' to nu\l(e lhe.ir g_!Jim;·)'OU told me a.nother nory.' Duda for SOJUt: tUne d('r.a ill(d R:an ]\f:ll on the P.lta of iLl belng the ratny season: but m 'Ran Mal's brea&t. i.h:at thoTn prick:ed hitn, 110 one daY. whh great earnntnm be iruintd upon being stllowed, to ~eprt, when .puda pvc him fe:ivc, .and he ~nt to his lnhe. O n gdt&l_ll) there he became : .n~helUoua. Seeing- thiJ, Rt.m Raj JbaTCja :md Mihran • .Bvh.tch, fJUi.eldy going to lh:da. told him of t.tu's circunu-

l IU

unce. lt catnc tmo Dud&'• mind tha.t P.'Ob&blyl.bae anen wtrt doJI'l« whu 1Un Mal had done; thttdOII he dt.teranitttd in ihe flRl pbo: tO )('tl;d rwo men to ka.n M ... who 1.101:1'l•ln•.na; aU &bC tac.u. migbt come and •c.U hhn. H~ dapatcbtd two ma~. at cbc dmt ol wboec uri'fll a1 t.bc rribe R.~ ~h.l wu ahl.c:nt.. h:c- buina con• t.O me: ju..ogl~ tO collttt ltMpt. His brethem did not PlY the me.ttlgert. auy •UC'I1hon. 1pc:aUng improperly before them, Ran htllrlng of chc a.rrlv:tl ol thest, eu.me and ~~ down with them ii1 a !ricnd!y mnnnc:r. buc he shortly alter apokc Jn :a.n unbecoming way, that bt had better ~M4t coJit()ting men, and go to Duda, .,.,.hen ir he h:td tulylhinc to ClOmpToin oC h e -.nlsJu tJo ta to him. .3ut huwc\'CI' much tJ1c:y ndvfstd.. h hld no ctl'cct upon hlm: 10 Duda'• people rising, lcCL him, .t.nd rcwrnlNJ' cold all the drcum.uanceJ lO buda. He, he;tini or tl\u,. eoHeeted many troop-. •ud we11t againM •hu ptOJdc. R.an M.al, havinr abo JOt qclbrr a blyc (Of'Ct. came OUt iftto tbC pla.in. The tWO ~ met anCJ loupt ror &ix 11ou:n. at which tinwt the nwn of both lido MoOd raolutt. Many bad faUna 111 duu umoe o( either pany.

1\t:ill;t oh.iuattd. .and ~ht coMinJ OJ\ aU the men ac Jowu where they stood, '£)Cndmg t6c dfl'le fu tJian-alnA" opcudona for the morrow. to the motnf"« the two !ot«t recommenced fi.ghdng, when by ch21HX a.n arrow .,,.,tk R~•' Mal In the throat, and hi• life w~1ll co helL Crcu rw ciJeu couk p<»scslon of biJ troojn. bcc:Motr Kil aony without a Mrdor h like a wan wh.hout a J1cad: ·10 tb~y turned their beet in the dirtttlon o( light, 1i•hen t)nda.'' tuM. p•arauiot c.he1.11, flew tp'"Cat 1lhu1bert, •nd phmd«c4 c:x.~.ent~Vdy. ·rht !ore¢ being pur \0 fli&ln. ll&i Sins and J"'l Mol came u ambusadort, br~ praenu to. Ducbi, and r.ht)' obtaintd torgh'r:~ o( tbe&r (lulu.. ·

••ouda afttt that wmt tO Nurpur. the Z.muahn, <bldmca aDd uw of •bleb pb<c l>rouat>t him pmma, ond Ou'!', -~"1 tllat, r<m:Unod ilwn - lime. durinc wbtdt ,_~-Sa bibs, tht .on of Ran Sodha. tw...usht two fine X.achhl b~ u an o«crinr and ~Jd bAt ~ to hfm. lie dechrcd that hb l>«tli<m Md Induced Ran Mat tO tum hi.J h~rt !roLo and b«.oflltt rtbelliou.a apin.st him (Om1a), tu 1.uudl $0 that Ibex mtn w~ t\'CI) r10w

121

disobedient. a.nd that i£ a (or« watt £row the k.Ur and Jnml4he them they ~u.ld. DOl do to .,ain.. but woulcl M.lwnya bring prtK.nts. .Oud~ upon clW fcft N;urpur aDd by fora:d marche. came lhl'TC'. l.mt nfter dolnJt 10 ht: disan~ tlut the lP ethern of Ran Mal and other& would not ac•ce to b.aw; Sabiba .. the.ir M:rdi:T. JO h.e undt:ntood tJuu n wp on thb account that h• had btou8ht him t.hfrt. Dudn then IUilllnonc<l au Lhe tdll(, \tiling thM! td ·~ t<1 have SaLiba u their chief whh all the.lr hcaru. Qy this OC'Cicl' they ogftOd co do 10 when s.11;ba ptt"'nl<d Rs. 20.000 u "llD'IIM. f')oada mlJ'<hin& thc:noe <2-mt to Thaua. rtm-1fnl~ there. Frorn thence he tm .. -elle<l t()

thlt otbc:c wo•·ld,

•on 11M: death o1 Dud> bt.- u,... whh lbc •fd oC the nobles: atlod other men or cou,..- tat on the th-rone. When lli$ bthcr'a countty came huo hit ban<b be took to drinldng l'ln~. J.r.aying no llttention to lllt couna-y. o ... belri~ this the Samm1u, the Sodhu. the J•t.a at1.d Buluchis lilt o! o~ hit ordut,. becomina; rebdUow. When Mulla Hamid h·wd of tb.u he told Umu ot h. •ho coUealng a l ttrj~t: £oroe. \\'&nL tOWIItb Knd\h, On hit •J'· proach the Surimu havi.na ClOUec~d man~mt1l 1 ~<vlt out huo the: plain 10 meet hi& Tbtr• tru dDJ in whitb the._ men of S;unm.a were the Stror~ inK dli~ •nd thAI his afflln would he ruined, ~fuJla H:.mid. Wled the r.rrdltr1, to whom he gave j)rtse.nut uyinK:, ""Tlu.tta b rn dhwu. m(Nle'Y U ac:arcc. If )"OU ~c. \io-dJ and deleac the en«:my, much property will CIOmC' inco our pouasion. wbi<:h

· will tie enou~fi tO cm\ble ut to return to Th"tta.'" fJCII'inr dtb the 'P.jrlu of his ro,'(IC: wt.rc raised. 11rul making an lltac:k on il1e enemy they dt:(C2ltd ll1crc. wbm much plu.n·

• der ot evay kind e2me intO their hand.&. After' dti't the arum o( Sammst bringing bja Jagannath Sodha (who had quiued hU brethern in ll.ngtt and h:ul «~me to Kathh), u d1ei.r ~ator. came 10 Om.ar, matiog thtir &alam anU br:~ pct'lm&&. Uma.r rerumtQK from then.c:r quickly wenr ar.m- the Sodtw. Jaa. and lhUuchlr. aJJ ol whom {c:ud••& the conl«lVM~ made the.r aat:::.m. tie tbcn with confitrior•cc: in hlt.hcU.t "''r.•H to Tharl. when: he died.

1

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r

IU

"At this lime IIi& ~" Dndt wa1 sm.nll: lhtt~(ore rhe mtu of roruequc.net put Cbttttar, the ton or Umar'.s hrolb .. ..r, i.o bb pQce. C'JuJU.r went OUI 10 wake b4 IITI.QFiriCUb in bll countty. H"'I"S do>& lhJJ and placc4 Ill< CX1>Ublo.&Ome on the Cd~ or lhl; n.•o:rd. hll heart bti Ill at Ute he sat d(jwn, At tbat time Dudu ••Ualned puberty, w Chanar wisttcd. by aome ltrlltqtm, to &tt hin.1 mt.o hU ba.nds and to conll..o.e him. Rut h.tu'l~ ol this Dulb u.amed hit flto c.owardf Ch~ and aoss;i:JW dM" d'f'tr ht c:tJ.»t LO a pla~ TIM'Jdl.& Na:i Sans, doee uridcr Fa.thptlT, wbae b~ taw a man comin$ a.lon• with t bundle of nickl [or Au.l.U .snakes, 01\ bt& bud: At c.Wt m"n drew ntar all his er\t1·aUt bca.me vhibJe 10 Dt.~cl&. At thlJ: he was much :UtQniahod:

.tO all'll1( the m• n to him, be lilt<d tbe bu odie ol pi po

.off hit hiacl. when 1'101 hing ol cbe ttnd 1m co he &em. So bc:i.nr arntly .tm.l1CCl he P''t •he bu.udle on the mlll~·, head .~again, when he beheld u bc::lore, He then knew that there mutt be JOJne device lo d1csc Kid:" 111nd ht purchaw:d tbtm. gM.Q( 1M Dlll" aome money for Lhem. T&n"itt.tna

-down at tht rlWI""• ~. h~ P-Ul m. ad.c:b orx by one in10 th( .. («. All WeRt aown with the atn~ .... t one (Mom

::unon~n thms wertt upwan:b ~t it. So u.ki~ tl1h one, he dlv'lded it 11L 110 the knou: he: then tJut ~ch knot into the wattr. AU ot tbC":m tte.nt clown lhc rtll'l'lun, exc:ept .oee. in ..-hich the device wu. end t.b.U oot went up •.pirw the cuncnL So tatin( th.t one- bt kqM h. and went to

-Gh.:nnt.

/U t.ba.t time tbr k.iug. or that pln,~. Sultan hhudud SbAA, w.aa Ul £rom ~-ere Wdc.neM, which was toVilh·

..out a:ITC. So on hit arriVll &here, Dudl P''f: OUt tbac be •was a do«ot. HiMorian~ vrite Wt Sttlnn Abudulft aid· ness wa• CAU&«i tn. thi.J mannel'. One dar ho'wtllt to tee -i:JMWgah llnder .ome hilb, wbe.•\ 1'!)', ch&tKC an anitnAI .ataned from betore him. Jt Wilt lht.n the CU ... tom lh:ill ··~ an animll 6W'ted J.D frOilt oJ be &lone pun:\lcd j&.. Jio In a«<l'ct.nce wit1. lhb tunO'ID, -'be Su..tt.in rock a!ta thl&.:miaul aJouc f<:r " loag: dUnuoe. but did not kill h. ,t<'con~ this cxc~:yqn l ii'CIIl ihint a.nd bunsa Q'\(n6 upon him: to searc.hl~ about he fovnd n atrwn of 'Vn~e-r near the loot o! the lulh. flavin& no oop or bui.n wi&.b

.blm. bti•>s hdpkll. be I"" his mouth into ohe ,...., >1M!

126 lUJJ'OktA:.S OF SJ~D

drank, when h\ doins $0 he .sw:.U~>wed two 'mall young maka, whldt went down imo a.nd remainl!d (n hi~ 3t(.Jn_lfl(h.

ln two }~an 1..1\e.se had grown large. md beg~m causinr him muc::l• p:.;in. All doctori o( the country b.a(t physlded. him, bUt none of them ootald make him weU. 'The Sultan wa~ approaching to clc:ath, when at that. rime Oudll arri,vetl, Anymg, he was 11 doctor, and that he Jud ClOme from Sind tQ c·urc: the king with bil _Phys.ic. The royal f!:\)1idans hearing th~ laughtd, uymg, '\Vh:.t witd()m hu tbb Sindian, that he ,rao~,Jd hy be w1111 Jable tO givt medidn6 to the k.lnr?' One or the uttendams told We king of d1e 2rrlval of Wts Slndian, and how the royal dOC(ot'tla.ugbed •thim. ·

The Su1un hearing or tlili c:alle.d !\nd received him with dbtincli.on, ";ayiug, be J1:nd 'ul'fered from this dc.knc" ror a lon$t time, that many docton h~ad give1J him Jnedic:ine, lrut al.r without effect: but now that he (the Sir.td{an) ht:d Cl'tm e, he was in hopes that be mJ«ht get ~"tJl by h!J physic.. 'l'hcp .Oud:., atnpping 1be Suli:m, p,b.c~ Wt l!Ciek. on hfl b.eii.Cl, whe.n he ~aw Wat cwo ~nakn wt-xe bt his MJ~l1u~h. 'then removing the adcJc., be told the SWta.n bt understood wl).ttt. wu clu: 1,uaue~ with hlm, and tl1a.t it was i vtry bad dit~tue. He added tb.at if the s,,Ju.n wOuld glve him a written dOC\Iment to the effect that if be diclf while undet his c:•.re no blame lhou1d attach to him. thc;n he would give him medicilll"- The Sullan :lt once wrote .auc:h a docum.enc, and putting his senl ro it, g<t"'C it to Dutb. Jfien Duda did not ftivc: the Sultan •mr· ihing to eat for two da~. On the third day, tying up hll t.)'Ct. ·he p.laCC<I the slid. on his bead, Md liavu\1( got t'h'O &mall fine iron boob he ded a silken line to tltern, and wtilpj>ing thtm up in bread, he .,ve one to lhc Suh111•, who, having swallowed it. he (Dudo.) s.iw a snake tJ.\c it When be $11W tluH iL wM well m the mouth or one of the l'fitk.eJ. he pulled it up {tlld hronghL it OUt., Then artn h'e did• the u.me, and J.n Hke mwuer he took the othet from' 011t of the royal stomach. ln aOOm an huur lhe SulWl fdt mllcb 1.-elieved, $0 untying JW cyta, Dudt show· ed him tlie tWO .makes. wheJ\ be.ing very hnppy che Sult'an 1aid, 'AU !'tom me WUl you wis6'.' Tben Dud~ $lid, ') tm a elsie£, but hJ$ superior 1ttength Chanar hat taken

1way my f11.lh.c:r' country, and on Lhla a«<unt 1 havt c~ here. 1t tlte Jdng will gh·e me a Coree, t will take my revengt on hlm.'

On hearJ~ thi.l t11e SuJtan ga,·c order$ to wlleeL :t. force, aud whe.n it w:u ready he gavt h. to him. When this :.rmy approad )ed T luM, bl'!ing unable to meet Jt, Chanar u .t down in the {on, wh.ic:b -bei•'g wrrounded on all side' by the royal troops, dtey rook into thel~; b~nd.o; llu!: imptewcnu for brt:Uting down Cort·s, and fighting c;Om• men(td, for two.!ve dlyt they (ought together Jn 1hl$ mann~r. alter wb.i.cb lht wind. ol victory strilc.k the slaud· :uodJ of the coyP.llrOOJJI. and Chan:uo and many: o£ tw men "''CTC!J gl\'e:n tO t.bc sword. Those wbo e$C:tped the aword ran away and clbpeucd. By tll.kiug tbi.s fon mucb. wealth and f.:,'Of:terty fell into l.h¢ banda of those pcoplt.

WJ1<:n Oucla, the $01 ~ o( U.marJ sat on the throne o! hb f:uhcr, chis Coree returned to Cb~r.ni. Hf'l rcigt~4!d ma.n:y )'f' ... 'lts wilh atrWjtc.h tnd wJsdom. Afterwards. by Lllis O'tder, ' J!.\'CJ')' l ife will (hjnk the &btrbct Of death,' J)n<fa dnuk lht $l1erbct of mort:llity 11t the c:up.be:.re:r o( Dealh. He toOk the appAratUS Of blS U!c to the Jiving 1\'0rld."

(eFld Df th~ inttTjMiated _pauA;gu] Arter him " penon n;uned AnniJ fLKt:Jtded tlu: t.htQne.

H'.e w:t.s: • tyr:mt and nn oppressor~ a.nd the people, dj,.. guned with hi$ violtnee resoh·ed to dethrone. and slay him. Some men of the tribe o( S:vmna had prtviou&ly ton\e (rom Kac:hb t.nd had Ktdl!d in Siud, wlltre they (qrmed alU:mca with the people. of the country. !n ttua

-U:ibe thtTc wa. a mall named Una.r di.ltinguitbed·for:lr;ucl· l~~~· . The chic£ mtn of tbe CO\ultry brouglw'hirp' •ea~t· 1)' into 'U\t city, and in the morning a pucy of. 1bl!:Ol Ctl· t~l th6 hoUSt o! ArtnU. slew him, and plaec'd bhhe.ad O\'er the pte o£ the cit)'. The wtmbled people then p.la«d Unar on the throne.

]am Un4rl son" of B4bfnlya Jam U n1r with -~c: M$CDI. of the nublo lht.lt hecame lCing, nod t.be grt:at bddy ol tbe people iuppOrted h lm. He lcCI

•(Morlt}J /f.as o Mtt ll~flt iN ~ stttJi..11 •1 lhU IIIIII'U, bvl ~ R. Slliof.r M$. s#W~I Mw tM """'I U t ilt&ttd • ..,..tug U "U,.., ... m.iclt u llu ,,,fAAI t11"l gt)lfflll11 «ct,tlltl .

128

an txptdition •rinat Siwbtao. thm a:o'ttnod by Malik. ~ the repre.enlalive of ~e Turk ti,._ .. 1tcachin1 the vicf. nlty ol ShrUl&D he dmf up his army 1D bauJc arnr. Malik "R>tan .wo """" ... , o£ u.. ton Wllh hu r-. and ~ luu~ lxpn. In tb.c lint c:ontat jam Unar wu dcftatui. but h11 biothcn c:t.mC up to his aMJJtance. aod be f'C'.nnoed the fir!>• ~Ialit ll.>Jan, in pllop•"' bi• hen<,"" lhn>wn to c.J\1 8'0Und. and Jam Unar cut Oft bU btad. The !nrt o( Siwisuu't lhtn rd( into Unu'a pow¢t. MaiJk. fiM. and 'AU Sh11h T'ur-k were at thb dn~e In the vicilllty o( .i:Shak· b r. Md lhty wrote 1. letter to Jam 'Unar to the (ollowin,g efl'ett. '"'l'hfs boldness is tulbee:omlnr~ 10 now prc)X_Ire to meet the roya.l o.r•'l.ly, ~11d make A 6rave '"nd." T hese 'Word• took effect upon h.im. a.na be proc:ecded to Tf•"rtn He then fell ill and died i.Cter reignins throe ytQ;n nod aix rnontha. Somo wri.ta"' relate duet after Jam Vnar rcwrned Crom We ~nquesc. of Siwiaum. he wu one nlght eng~ drinkinr wine in 1l convivial J'INY• 'W'htl\ nett& wu brOu&ht ot a pt.rt)' ol rcbdl h.J.~ ruen a_pinu. hhn H.c in~.nt· ly ttnt a.iJJNt chem Gahir-• .on ol T.:ruchl. who wu hb wdJL Cfaha.r 'tl"a'J. drun.Jr. when ht mcountucct than and wa. made potone:r. The enem7. hdd him capcivt", and jam Uru.r kept up hi$ C~atoU.W. without hcec.linr the capt!· Vity of hit ol&cer, This rankled in the brun or Gah.tr. a ntl when he CICipcd. by a wt:U-cooufvcd nratagtm, from the clutcbcJ o[ bil capcon, he tumtd Awtty lrnm .Jma Unar and wtnt tO the fort ol RhAkko-~r. ~n,erc be h ttd an intu· "iew whh '1\li Shfl.h ~..rurt. who in concert whh Malik Fii'O,, ni~.{ ll fol'tc lmd sJcw zam U111U' In the fOl'C or UMJ,n~mpur. ~talik Firo,; was It t in oomm1111d o( the (ore, and 'A If Sl11.b rtttttoed home. Thr~ dt~.)"' aftc!rwArcb jam Unar'• foiiOW4".Jl a.na~t'd by cn..h and Jtra~ 10 kill bolh C11hu. wn or Tamacb.i a.od Malik Flr01.

J•m )ll!UJ 10'11 ()/ &bini)141

Afccr thl: datb ol t&m Urw-, Juna, olthe tri~ of Sunma. rccch"Cd \he title of Jatn.. He mnai\'((1 the dcslp o( subduinc an Siatd s.bOtting pat tJndnm and lUCDdon co

r

12-J

b.U brtlhre•\ :tnd other rdJdve-, he IIPI)Ointcd tbc:m to (urlher ht. dcsip ~poa &he Oi*n&.ry. 1'kx men C'QMCd {lhe rnwjat the 'riJ.b&:e of T.ab.hh., •nd began to kill tbe JJitOP!I! and ay wJJ!.e the 'YlliAt;e. and cowau or RhaH:"r. Two or t.hrco du1~·atc f'ighu c:ruued bet'ften 1be SamUlat and the t.Md• ot llhalhr, buc u tM Turk.J were unablt tO whll· 4land the Sammu w,_ withdrew from the fort ol 8hakkar and mired to Uch, When Jam Ju~ he.&rd o£ thcu reo trct~t, he proceeded co RhaU.ar. ana Cor 101ne ~tt 1•eigncd $Ufli'Cmc over Sind. nut at JcnA;lh Snltou 'Alau-d din appojn"d hi& brother, Ulugb. KIU.n t0 the dfnri« oC Mul· un. Ulu&h Khan d)cn IUU T aj Kafwi mel Tua.r Khan co OPJlOit: Jam Juru in Si:nd, but bc:Core thtir •n-h·ad the J•m -diW ol quln.ey. Rc had rctpscd tl\irtem1 )'CIIJ't. The l(lrca or 'Alau·d •lln took poue&s.ion ol Utua.kkar and thtn dirtatd their dloru agahuc Siw~n.

)tim T«m«lll (and )am Klcnr'ru-d 4in)

'1,1;, prince ;uuadad hi:J bacdhur Wauue wilb the auent of tht oob!es. The army ol 'Abu-d din alter tome fChtlng. coo~; him ori>oo<r, ...s cam..! blm wilb tu. r .... u, pruoottJ to .De"thl. There he htd dtUdren.a• Uu~ the &unma triM brouAIH tbc:m to Th.tri, nnd kecpJ.ng them prboncra took the Owineu o( Sovtr'''lumt into thdr own b.mcb, and e"XertM lhc:m.ttiW:~ "' carrrins on cht: ala'" of the Sult. Alter die b.p&e o( tOme time a.nd the ckach of Tam ·nmadd. hU ton Malik X.hafru-d dJn, who, in tntanc:v, ftad gone to Dela11 whh hb Cathu, returned to Sind :md Ulumtd thee covernmenL ShOrtly aCtcrwardt.. Sultan ~fuhammad Shah proe«ded to Caunt by way of Siad. •nd wm.mooc:d. Jl.m Kbaint4 dfo lO hit pram«. But the Jam bad l!ll(lured l.hc hardahips of pn10n, and rtsoIIJ.t(ly rclu•cd tO cou;rly. Sultan "'MuhiJ1lroad Shah, ~o ot l'\WI.Iik Sh:a.b, dle !n the ntigbbou.thood ot Rhak.kar. Alcu liis dt2lh. Solun F""tr04 Shah Succetded under the will

150

o£ Lhe latt ~ and by heredhuy ri&lu.1• He dtJ)Vted !rom .Sin. 1 dcpon"-!' of Siwi& .... £or bb <ajRIA~ Ddlll; and Ja.m Khaint-d dift. ~ltcT rot~ blm DO( tea~ £rom th.u place turm.ocl back. The Sulum ke.pt ebb fact in mind, Artt:r lite dtJJ:irture or the Suhall, Xh2lru·d cUn eccrw:l hitmetf in adtnin.intrhl¥ jwtice and in imp10ving lbe oondhlon ol !be people.

The foUowinl .t.toty lt cold of one: of the reu.-atbblc inddenll in the HCc of thia benevolent prince. One day he went om for exercise with a p.arty or auencb.nu a ad JCI'VI.Illlt and by chance di.klOvtJ«l a qu..a.ndty o( tu:.unan bona ill a bolt. Re drew rdo .. and lool:inc at thote dmri,,g reHa. ad;ed his /ollowm ll tbcy knew wh1H the bone• tOld him. On cbctr h.:angin.g their · head• aud llee.ping sUcncc:, he said, "The.c are tlic remthu ol injured men. and they cry for juu:it.t.," Ue Un.mcdi:.~ tcl1. dirt«Cd his att(ntiotl to an Urrati(ltion of tbe facts. So he a~tltd to hb pracnee an old man co whom chc land bclon,l(d, •tul quttlloncd him about the bones. T he old ,..,....., Wd. ''Se-o.oen ,. .. ,,. •• :aea'- • caravan wh.icl\ had come from Cw<r•• wu oluu•,.,.., and lbc: U1lYdlen tllled by such 1nd aach. a u-lbc. who adU bold a. ~ deal of W apoU.'' lu 100n au be hurd thb the }i.m CUM<Ct<l the 1;.,-oo. t>erty to be. gathered .t~•gethtr; and wllen this wat done lle KOt it to, the ruler ol Cuxeru requesting that i t tni~t bo distributed •JIIIOnt tbe bdn of 1he slain. lie tben inflict«~ pw>.i&llment on ihe murdcr<n. Soa>e )<>fl alter !lib be d;& •

/~a 1Jllbllni7a

Jom ll.ab>Jil}'1 JU-.Ied .r ... lbe cleslh o1 his lalha-. ond axcnded the throne witb tM JMtnt or Ute aohleJ and dlleft:. At t l\ts time SuJcan Firoz Shah h.avln1 s.et h is ~nind n rot aboua Flindu~ot.a.n and Gu,.er-a~ tUn\cQ his aueaulon tO tht oonquac o£ Sind.. Jam Babani)'ll drew up hb fora:t t.O m..iJt him. but when the Sultao bad btt11 in the CO\lntf7: t.hrtt month&, Inundation, advent wfndt, and .-war-m& Of motq\lito:t, t»m~lled him. at the bt!glnnfnl{ of the mina, to retire. to l'atta.u in Guurar. After c.he tlUU be returned

,.a)"· TJ.t:u 11 .. ........ ol db 611 11$. JL--,;. lltkft

,. ,

••

131

w -Sind with .:~. numeroua Ulll)'· • A battle cnJued. in which Jum Babo.niyo was uken pl'isoncr, and the whole country of Sind became s~abject to Sl•ltan .Firv~ The Jam was c:arrie<l off in the retinue or Llte Su.luc.u, nnd a{tt'r re:uutifl• i11g tor .some time ln ;.uendan«, he became the objen of the roy:.. I favour, a M)•a.l robe wa~ givt1\ to him and he wu rein,taccc·l in the go,·eroment nf Si1\d. There he 1-eigncd itt peace for JlRceu yean llnd then dcpat'h!d tbi• l ife,

/em Tamttchi Su.;r.eodt.d to the thro1\e on the de;tth of biJ brotber,u and ca.rriro on lhe government.. He w:ts fond o{ ea.o.t and t n• Joymcat, and passed hls duys in indulgence and pJtr.'$ttre. A!ttr reigning thirteen )'ea.D he died o[ plague •

/tun Snlalnt·d din

After the dc·:u.b of Jam Tanmc.bl. $:1lalw·cl di1l t=~rri:ed on the buJ.intu of &O''ernment, Hit first act WJij; a rec:tificatiOI'l u( t.he frontier, whic.h had bttn e.ncroachccl upon by rc· £r.-t:tory·$,,hje<:ts. Rc aooordingly ~ent ~ force to punt&h tbem; ant.l :after intlfcting .wJ.\Hill)' chlUiistn'IMt, he (l'l:l.rched :.gaim:l Kachb. Some obstln:u.e fig_hting ensued, but in every en.onnn((lr he wM YictorioUJ, and be returned borne in u•iumpb witJ1 1hc 11poils, to Jool after U\e atrain of bU army and people. He died ~t!ltr rcigni''i eleven yen¥$ 1uld some month.t.

]am Ni:omll.-4 din

Nir.amu;cJ· din succetded hts !acJ1er Sali.hu-d din, with the concuri'Cu«: o{ the nnb1e\, Re rcle.utd bii uuclestO MiUk Sikandar:. K.ann, Uaha.t~.·d tlin, Q.rtd Am.ar, W'ho .... ·ere io confinement Cot reuons of State polig, and ..enc. ~d\ one ' to hi; district. Re thth le!t the JJbin: of r.he king· dom iJ1 the hands or the omcla!J. and gave h.lm~eJI up nigftt and day, · to pleQ:J-ne ~nd enjoyment, This 'ncglea of bJs dUty ind.ucc.d lii.t unclt'l to rn1t'oe 11 (ol"Ce. :t_nd to tmcr the city '"Jth the intention oC ~eil.ing bini. 8ut he recelvtd in·

14(;\IS. A. •y1, lw "I'Nt-tttdl'd OJI 1M d~rh ff Ms fcthtf', tllilh 11i't to!Unil c/ leU brnllttr-."J

w(AI!Ikmt. MS, /!..- llcrlt:n...,., 611131 APlo111.]

1! 2

formation of this dcsifl'. and left tbe city ac midnight with r.ome troop. and "'"t-nt off to~tth Gultta.t. ln the morning, wht n 1t1e {ac::L btcam~ known, the uncles $t.1a·ted ),) punuh: but a t chis juncture. the chief men of the city, iee.lng the 1trl!e and commodon. ~URht forth jam 'All Sher Trom hi1 concta.lment, and raised h im to the throne, Jtt.m Nizmuu d d i1l d ied about th i.s titue, o.ud lli$ llllcl.C:$ turned bllck wir.h •hamc IUtd !OSJ, and passed into the deKTL

]am 'Ali Sl~er

J:un 'AU She.; mounted the t.hr<>ne with tl1e eou.sent of the ifrt~t men Md nobl~, ;uld open«! wide the gntts of ju• doc and kindnc,. He wsu wi~ and brave. a.nd he immodla.ccly devoted hinuel£ to the dutict or government. The counu-1 of Sind wou brou.ctlH inttt n due s tate of order, a ll du: l)e(IJ)le p.used llu:ir tbys in Je<:url ty 11nd e'iliC undtr hU n ile, After a time h e devoted himsdf more tO p'lca· sure, and he used to rotm about In moonlit nighu. S.il.a.a:nla•, K.ara.n, ami •Ffllb. Kltau, &010 c,~( T'<llnrac;hi, wltu living_ in sorry ·plight i'n the desert. became acquainted with Jam 1;\U Sbef'a mbde o£ recreation. So they set forth, and inv.cll i.Qg by night and hiding them&do;rs by day, they rtat'.he!l th e. outd:iru of dte city. Fle~ they wo.u over n ~"'"T of the ~pfe of the city, On the night of f riday. the Sch day of ihe month, 'Ali Sller. aClCOrdlng to hU cuJo tOtl'l, 'WC1lt out witb :t party of companions and foll<'mtera, :tnd emb3rktd in a hoot ror cw ~cursion ~· d.lc ri\•tr. At midnight. lte ~·:-ts 3bo\•t to reltn·n into h.is houtc, when a pil.rty of men with drawn sworcb m11.dc t.n ;mack on Jtim. The people who were 11.•Ith h.im 11.10\'e. ~·ithout avaU to divert them from c.helr purpo~. and the Tam w:IS insca.ldy dttpatchcd. The murde:rtra tbe..e1 entered a.he pulllte, when il noia.t and outcry arose, and tht; £act bt,cn;mc knc>w1i. '"01e J'lt'QJ)le ~tJb1ed, but they perceived that m:uu:11 w~e bc:~vnd thc:ir c:ocuroJ. nnd ;~ccordinglY they rubmJucd. J am ·Au Sher IJAd rei~tcd seven yean.

Jn,r 1<(11'(111

After the murder tl( Jam 'Ali Sher, the btttlnen wtutcd «o the c.lev:uion or Ja.o, Xt~rnn. He WIU dilplca&ed with

I

r

r '

'J33

1he noble~S and great meu of t.hc ci1y, nud tn bU a.vcnion to Uu:m be wua:ru to take them prh:Oners,. :~.nd then to slay tome and coniine the real On the v~ day chat be uccnded the throne, or th¢ day nJttr, he held a p1.1b1ic wurc,, " nd Mmnuoned all men grtat and .small to atu:nd. He ad· dressed them i.n ooudHatory tcnnJ. Dinner wu acrved, ;~nd aCu:r Ju condwlon he ~~rose to retire co h.ia chamber when a partl of men. who bad beez\ tntplO)'td for tlte JlUr· [IOIC:, mtt hull 3l tfte dOOI' ()( his 10Qru a nd tul lt.iJn in pit:«.'$. Fath Kl.l~n. •m or Si.bJ)dar, hnd been the prime mover io thi1 murder, a nd so. wilh the auent or the sol· dlers and people, he ucended tl\e throne,

J«m t'lllh Khan

r~nl Falh Kban, 01\ hi& .acceuion to the throne, confirmed au the ru)es and ord.c!rs of tOVU'Jlflltnt~ and wa$ very 3t· tent.i\'e ~nd w:uch.ful O\'Cr all nt£ain of Srtttc. At that time Mirta Pir Muhammad. gntndson or S:thii>Jr..iran Amir Tlmur Gurga.n. hAd been scm to Muh.an lll)d bad tlkc.o that tOWil a,nd du: tOWn or Uch abo. He S.C:t)·ed there [OI" awhUc: and many o( h.i:s hones died. The Mtru't solditT$ were thus ditmountcd a.nd in distress. When T ·imur heard O( c.biJ, he .Ctlt &000 hOr&eS rrom the roya.l At.ablcs £or the M:tvi(t (I( the. Mi"no,, ~ng thut reinfm'(ed. ht made :111 nttac.k. upon lhe people: of .IJhntti and A1aa.n,14 who hnd re-belled. Jnd gave them and their £a.milies tO the wincll 0£ dcuroc.lion. Jtc then sent a penon to D.hakkar and aum· moned all tlle clli.ef mc:t1 to his presence. The offi c:ers of tbe ~ng o[ Dcltli being uuabJc: to withJtand blm. fled by way of teulmlr. One o£ tbc inhabitanq of Bbakkar, Saiyid A'bu·l l.'ais by name, a man or piety and purity. hastct)ed to mett tllc ~.!i.na, aod offering· hL:s dC\'OhOtU to t.be Chie[ or tbe J)tOpl.\~ he 1>e$cmg:ht fiiA intert.tninn in hl.s midnight/ra)·crJ. ,

Jt iJ aal ~at 9n~ night the Qie,r of the propbect appe.u-ed l9 M.trti P1r Muhammad an a dream and $poke 1.0' him o£ Salyid Abv·l L'ais, saying. "'This i1 my '01'l. thow him' honour a.nd rnpc:ct, !*.ltd l\1JStlti~ (-rom mole.uing him."' The Mina two'k.c, :a.nd remained

• (" A11111m,. '" B.)

164

fo r eleven days in expetdon or seeing the r.rtend oi his dream. •rttc Sayid th~1l :u••·ived whilt. the Mint wll teated in bU <lOUrt with the uublcs "'rouud him. When hU e)'e fell upon the Sa.iyld h e re(Ognixed him. a nd :u-ooe to give. him a prope-,.. n:c:tption. He embraced b.im und &aled him by hiJ side wilh su~3l honou.r and reverence. The nobla then made: c.nqutry aUout the Saiyid, nod the Mlrta. relaced to then:'l his dream. On lh:tt tb.y he g-.we tho Saiyjd a horse and tome prc:sen~s. and allowed him to ~I I!Jl;l rt_ He alw ooorerrcd upOn h1tn the pttr-~47'14 o!AJor in in' om. After Timur h:ed cnptured Dthli, Mm.a Pir Muba1nmad deP4lr-te:d thither, Jn tftc: dl\)'$ Of the IIUC".Cetding kings 0( l)ChJJ~ Muhan came under the a.ulhorily o( the L:nl.g:lh& :md the whole o! Sind remAined tubjec~ to iu C)Wn kings. J?m l''atl1 K.l11u• was celebrated (or h 1$ ooura,ge nnd gtncroslt)'· nc rdgncd for fi£toen yean 11nd wme month! up to the dme of his death.

] Am Tug/IUic, son of Sibnd<IY Wh¢0 Ja.m Fuh Khan wau on t.he bcclo! ~idm""• :md ...,,., bis c::ocf l:tp~Ming, three da.ys before hit decease:: he placed hb brother T u:hHk Shah upon ll1t. thone, delh-erlng. overto him the reii'IJ o£ go.,--cnunetlt, ;and glving to him the tide ol Jam Tughllk. Soon a!tcrwanll ·rugblik aepointed his brothe'l'$ gtwernor' of SiwiJt:ln and the fort of Bh;ak,. kar. He:: •pent mo:~t of his time in hunt.ins: and exercise. When the lSuluehb raisW d.is.t~rb:u)cts in The neighbour• hood of Dhak.br~ he led an :..rmy tbcrt anti. innicted punU.hmcnt till theia• t.hiefs. H~ retgned twenty·dght ~•.n.

]<1P1l Sil~tmdnr

)am Sibudllr succeeded his lather, but he: w:u: youo,; i1)

yean; :and t.he ruler~ of S.iwi$t:ul and Dhakbr. auendinR o nly w tllcir own incer~ rcfwcd obcdlenoe to him, nnd qu11.rre.lkd with cudJ other. J~m Sikandar lelt Tlu.ua )ftd procteded t0\\1lrd:J Bhakku: l.iut whe.r• he I'Cl'tchod N:u.rpur, a pcno•l nllmed MubaraJ:. l'lhO had bol:n dutmlxTlflin i;l the: time of J"-W T'ughUk, suddenly came into T hattll, a nd calling bia:l$elf Jam );:fvbml:, $Ci?;nfl uron the throne. Dut the ~ple did not support him. and J•i' :aull1ority bsttd only th~ d:t)'': lor the nobles drove him out of the city, and st:nt £r.n- Sik.nndnr. When the nevtl ruched Slkandar

ISS

he m1dc tC:l'lM w1•h hit opponen~ and retvrned to Th.atta. AJttr ~ year and u-!utl( he dlt.d,

)4111 Ro1 l)p:nU

On the &i•tlt of ,fumad&·laww•l, 10 Lbe fOr 155 A.lt., (May H5.t A.o.), .)lltll l(al D.tn came Corth. JJurrn~ the. t•cl~tn of the Jam '1"'\tgblik 1141 had li\•cd ht IC.J(hh, anll bad fonncd conott'tiona with the 1~•le of llw c:ou.ntry. Be b.acl anaintalbcd a o:mlidcrable bad) ot cried mtn. eo whom be paid F'~l a.ttt:ndon, IUJd lO who.n he Utcd CO Jh'e fine bOntiiH'Ul other rult~.~blc ~escnu. 11tcse mtn looked u\"'" him u a wise ami 6Ut>enor man. and dt\'Oitd therruc ves lO him wh.b great slnc.vicy. When he hcvd o( chc deatlt of Sibnd.ar, he procr:cd«l with h d: eot.i.re Corer to TbaUA. and tbm: UIC:Ulb!i nc the peoplt. he a.ddrc:atd cbc:m. tO \be elt'ect, chat ne had nnl come tO Lllkc the klngdom. but tb•t he wllllltd to secure lhc: J)t{lfltH), ol the ~·h.J•ulmtuu., nnd to a.crom(lli$11 lhtlr witba. H e: d1d not conridcr himseH wor· tby ot the thronf', but chqr should raise some fitting pe1-.ou co tbat cli,attity. whm bt wookt be the '"" co &'W: hJm $Uppo<L

Altller cou1d find no one among them who had ability lor the hlJb ofli(e, they UlllnhnO\JS.l)' chose him ,.. , .. 1 nU!td bbn lO the lbrone. 1n the: oe>une or one year •nd Hatr he broupt the whole or Siftd under bit rule frol'l the tea to the: vii.J.asc of 1UJ•rk1 and t£a.ndharU..t.t whicb ore on the boundar1tt ot MathUa a.nd U~wa:r. When he h;Ld •elaned eight yea,. a.nd a half the idt11 .,r aoverc\gnty entered ebe bUd or Jam S2nlar, one of bl.~ auendanu. He I.Ddutt:d othtt ol the attcndanu and followcn 10 joJ' him in his plot: and oac: day wbeo j1-rn R.a.i Dan wM

drink.inr wine in privatt:, ~t10n wu put fnto lhe bottle whlcll • W\'ant handed tO him. Tb_rce dlyt a(tu drlnk· in,g lhcn:o£ ht. died."

•tr"' - .,..,1 , ., ..u. tt,n,..», .. ~ • n:iy~ Ut 6otl )1$$.

•(S• M MS. B. MS. A. giw, tllw i'sl _._, fU •Kifltw,"' ....r o,..u t/t.t ltUIId. ltt•Tds b'a~to~Mtfit• f'Mdl "IC"Jtw Jfflll~~ ttllll K~'!4n."l

•lDotb our WSS. faaU!I tbw, but lWcc'a tl'lfttlatlou .OS. '~ folloow1lt ~·I, lJ -'• .,u,,. b7 ,._, tM1 • ...., • faki.r, .,... tf ~ .... ftl ~1!4 iii t.kH.,. .., • ..-.:. ~ ....

Jl6

Jarn Sanjlrr

.lam S:mj:u- wat :1. Jandaomc young man. ;md many tx:non• being Wdn~ted by ~ls bear:tty, served him without &:tiJ>et'ld. fl t" relattd th•t bdorc !u: atmc: to the throne he ma ou friem1Jy u::nns with an excellent dtt.rrottsh. 01)e night San jar \tent to viJit the tUrw1sli, and ither the uJual gr«t• lng told him d1at he wi8hed tO beoomc ruler of Tha tt'a, even iL i t wel'e (Or orJly d&ht days. Tbe darruuh ttplied, "Thou a.ball be king [()['eight yeo.n." When j am 'R.a.i Dan d ied. the nobles agrc<.'d in fa.Wng Jam S:mJ>~r lO •he throne. and in delivering ovtr to hi_tn il.re reins of govtrnmenc.. Through the pra)'f:N o( the dnrwcsh he tlu.•• l)(aune king 1'1ithout :my urifc: or opposition, :md the J)Cople on every side strbmiuCd to bit ~uthorlcy with ·"tilling obec:hence. JJ1 h15 't'Cign Sfnd rose to a greatu J~itch o( protpcrity u.nd tplend· ow· than it had t\'Cf mt~•ined tx-rore, nnd tbe aoldiers :u'ld tJte pt<>ple li"ecl in gre;u comfort J.nd satisfaction. He WII.S n grot patron ol- leart~ed :and pious men :uld o! da''wcsltct,

lh'fr y Friday he dispensed large suJru ln dl-1-tity !11nnn~ the poor and nc:cdy. and scu.ted pe:ruJons and ttij'ltnd$. upon merhorl-out pcraont. It i$ n:l:~ted that before bb. time tlu: rulers o( Sind n~td to ~y their judida.l ~moen b:.clly. W hen Sanjar ticcame. n~ler, tbert w:u a htu.i in lllm:kkar, who h:td been appointtd to the crllite by a (ornttr t .inK. upon an hu ufficieot a bry. Fi.nding hlmseiJ under· paid, hi!' uwt to enet somedUng from tlie IUh~l'' In hi&

18?:

cuuru. When lhjs re:.ched •he CIU'1 o£ Tam S:anj:u.· he sum·· moned lhe I«W co ltit L:>resetce., and tofd him thnt he had hetll'd n( ru, Utk.iug money by forct', both !rom J>lainlitr$. wu.l ddcndanu. He ackno\•led.OO it. and aaid lte sh<M.•Id like to get &01nelhing from lll.e w1tneut.l alu.. bul time t.bey· always went t~way bdore he b:td au opportunity. TheJam could not bell> sm.Uinu at thil. w the ka:J wem on to llay tJaat he Sttt a I dny in nis coun wbtlc his cbildn~n at. hon.e went without breaHa$1 =ud .supper. 1•hc Jam made the luui some hand~omc J!l'eit'nU.. s.etded a •uiub1e ''ipcnd upon blm. He b•.rther dJreo:ed. that p~per saJarie.J sboalcl bt llJ~pOil)ted for aU officm throlti('Wut tbc country. 10· t.l.mt they migtlt be able. tO m:.intu.in thtmseJves io com(ort .. Wbcn he had reigned eight yeara he departed from lhis. W(lrJd of trouble.

jam Nh4mlt>d dit11 Also colltd Jam Ntm4A

NilllMU•d din tu«eeded jam Sa.nj:u on tJle 251h R1Lbiu-l aww~l. in the ~r 866 (December, HGI A.D.). All menth_, l~nt.ed arid th• good, the GOlclk,-, •nd lhc: pc:•••nu•rc:cd in hit elev:uion, $0 1h~t h e niJCd firmly tlte sand~rd o · sovertigiHy. It is recorded that nt tht oul$tt o( hb career he WIU 11 .nudent, :mtS sptnt mueh o£ lili time in wJteges nnd mon:merita. He wM roodcn and gentle, :and had m11.ny exc.ciJent and j)Jeasing qualities.. t ns Hre w:a&. pure nnd religiou11 to :t Jdgh degree. · It _[I isi1J)()S.$ible t.o~nutntt':.te all blJ vinuer. ln the early parl of bi.s reign. he proceeded with a !orct to Bhalhr en d st&)'Cd. thtrc for 1 year en~gtd in ~ttpprdsi:llr the hlahway robbtn. Heltored the (Otl of J3.haHar wi\1\ alJ kinCf.s o£ provi!iOUJ. IU\d nppoirutd a•· JQ\' ttnor one o! hi&. depelldllflts, Dihha.d by name, who had U:tved hill'l wbilc at CoiJegc. 'l'he !rontlcn. wtte so well .v:cured that uweUer• could ~ along the roadt in perfect ufee:y. Having satitfled hhrueU ln n!apea of 1\hak.~:.r, at tl'e end of a )!Clr be rttutned to "n.~nH-a, 'Illtn! .be. reigned supr¢tne for fortr-eight }'e:..rs, a.od duringlitis periOd. rearned men ::md p iOu.l mt:n and falt.lrt p&J&ed. a b:appy time, and tbe &oldierf and che peuantry ""'ere tn easy t,tr<:unnuuu:es.

Jam Nizamuod din wu conteii'IJXtr:lry with Sultan. Huta.inn Langah., the n.~ ler o£ Multan. They were on the

IM

moM (rieodlr cmm. •Dd Wert in the ClOIUWit babil or t 'e.ndlng prt~~tnu to cuth other. jam Nin.mu.--4 clan u~ed co 'Vtlit hi$ a.tab!cs every we.k., ;md lUCd to auot.e the he•dt. o! h1l hone$, 11nd aay to thbil, "My dear llnd happy stocdt.: 1 bnc 110 doi~ to rfdr you. for vitbln my fout bounaario ti ll the nr1m ate J.lUJUlm~r!.i-do 'fOU abo pray d'un l m•y not 30 out uguinat any Gnc without a law· f'ul cawe. and tlu~J •\0 one may curoc up ~n.u we, leu ell< blood ol lnnoc<n< M-lman• Jhould tie •Pilled. and 1 shO'-tld stand abashed in the ~ n£ Cod.' ' In bil d~yt ~hu.uhnan ditdplfne Wa$ widely .tf)ft'l•d. ~ con· gtte'ltion:s u.ttl to :usc:mblc in lite m~uct, for 'mall and F"' w.ed co reKKI thitb.c:r tO •r ahtir prafttl. "ad .-.ere not tow.6td wilb sayi,. c.hcm in pri"au. ll a pcn61l ~ omitted co aucnd :.. .crvtCX", ho wa.s very .Offf Cor h 1fter· wardJ, and wo.uld occupy bhn~lf lwo or ll1rte days In

E)W Co. c.,.;- Towv<b tb• •nd oC <he ~n ol am NiwnlHf din, the tnrl.y of Shah ~ amc from Kan. ...

· htr and lUt.uke<l l.he viUagea or Lakr•. Chandub and ~lndlcba.. 'l."lu• J:.m lt'nt a. J<ll'l:t £oroc to rcpe] 1hb ltt~ck of chc Mbptla. ilDd h tdl"'J)(:t(t •• &r u Dara·bnb, com. monty known by the: naroe of Jalup:r. A bault. twucd in ""hk.b the llrotht.r of Shah :BeJ wu llain. 1md hb army tdtCtated. The remn.anL fled towa.rdJ Ka_nda.har, nod no further &Uack wu m*de upon Slnd dutlog the life ot N.iD.rntJ>.Cl din,

The ]llm spent much or hi~ Lime in di~1.m:in~ a nd ugu;Jn~ upon m.llttn of Jtieote with the lc!'O'ICd ~ mm ol lhe day. Mau.Wu JaWCHI di.n MuhurumatJ .,-Oiwtnl lonnc:d cbe proJect or lea-ring Shin::£ and goina to Slnd: to ho aent Sha.nuhu-tl diu and Mir Mu'in, two .ol hi.& d.Ud.plc .. lO Thatta. J.n order to get ~inion Cor utl:>tl up lib ,..,;m.n., that. 111< J•m accOrdlorll olio<· ced fOmC: mhabJc houstt, 1nd provi&d the mearu few hil ·rru•intenan«; he fl.•rthcr '"P.Pllcd the 1ne!AU.ogcn with money to 1):11 lht expcrua nf the joumey, but the Mau· bm dJcd ~be lhey rccUf"ntd. Mir Sh.a.mtbu..cl dln and Mir Mu'in were 10 wtU aati.a.fied wilh the attcndon they had l't(ei\•td, that they Qlm6 b:u1c to .. .rh~Ul); and KUlcd there. Some lime after tbis jtun Ni.'wnu-d diu lliM. and to afur hiJ dealh all the. a!Wn of Si:nd !t.U iato d.itorda:. ;

r.

Jom Fi~ Upon the deatl1 a[ Nita.nna·d djn, hia: jon Jam Fi:ro.c w» .of tender uge. So jam SallUu-d din, ooe ol the late Jam' a .rel:ttiYCI and the son or Ja.tn Slnjttr'J daugltw.r, ad"'anced 1n'C!tenaioua to the crown; but Darra KJUn tnd &rang .Kb1an, the confidential £1.nves o£ Ntr..unu-d din who wtre hlj;b in dignity and \'ower, rd'ti:Kd 10 $·upport him, and wuh the: C:OL~nt of t \c- nnbles t~rtd head men of Thiltta they placed. ] am Jtiro% on the throuc in suCte$$iOfl LO hi11 lather. Sala&u-d din flndir.g thl.t ll.c could only succeed hy Gghling, loll h~rt, and • ... ·ont to Gux.erat to Jay hit CIIIC l?clorc Sultan M~o~r;,a({:a_r, The Sultan bad married a <l11.ughter of ~ahu-d din's. uncle, u.nd W'lt$ to•mQ.~ntly ~Jfinclined towardt him. Jtm Ji'iroz P''C wny to {he im· J)Uillet Q( ~outh, and devotC:d hlllntlf to the pursuit o! pleasure. Me tJ)(n~ mc~t c:f bis t..iJnc in the h:trtm, but '"'em out from dtne tO rime a«<mp::ulied by .il:lve& and jeattn, who eraetised au l)fts o[ tiic:k.s ancl butloortery. The J)e<Jple of the S:unma uib<', and the a.uocittes of the .Tam t.n:a«:d thC' peOJ)It' ¢1 t.te dey v.•itb violence, an<1 when barya . Kb:t.n £or bade lhem they treated htm with u.orn. T1u: Kh~n. thtrefore, retired to h.h j!!gir in the vilhagc ot l<.ft.han.

In tho5t day11 Makhdum 'Abdu·l 'A.m Abbar-t tmd his two wOJ.. Maulllna Asilu..d din md M_a.ulana ~fuharo.· mad. 11.11 o£ them learned me11, came to that villut o( Kahan and apent some ye:us there tcachi''l :~nd d.i1f-w.lng kn(lwledge. The cause oC their oomJng ~m H.-irdt w;4s t.be rtbelti()l) o£ Shah bma'il in the year 918 .A,J:t, (1512 A.O.). The above-named Maulana W:l3 wen· rud in ;at) lhc; We.nct-&, and he bad excclJem boob UlJO,., ~''t:l')' branch o( leaminj). He compiled a com.ment_ary, on 't,bc Misb.k.at <traditions) but did not ccmPlete it. Som~ Wtlions are JtiJI extant m ' (lie libr.ary o( M:asud !0 21)d pn~gcs are eommo~ly written u .m:au;sinl'J iwtts in booka. He died in this '!llbge o£ K-ahJn, and lili tomh Lhert i11 •atill" a piJc.e of J)iftriw:..ge. Jam Fir<n continued to give: hiu&Sef£ up to pleasure -.od <l~ipadon, and the nobles being on the vor~ or ruin. a mc~'SC'flge.r w01:!. stnL co Jam SaW1u.<1 dln to

•t•,..,nJ' i•' Pcn:iar. altO.l

1~0

·inronn hirn how ma.tttn nood: tltul Firoz Wol-' generally drunk: cha.t Oaryll Khan, me great tupponer o£ the government, hl'ld retired to Knh~n, ;md th:.t the moment w11.s OJlportune Cor hb r~cuming imrrt.ecliauly. Salahu·d din sbO\Io'l!d the leuer or c.hc men of TJUlltll to Suh,:m Munf¥ f-ar. and he ~ent him. Of£ "'ith an :anny to th:u place. Mnk· ing for«d mmh!!S he soon Al1'i\•ed ther~ and crossing theriver entered We: d•y. Tam f'iro1.'s !oUowers were dism~y.. ed, and led h!m out of tfie dty on the other side. Salahu·d din then :utended the tl~ronc. He: fined nod Jmlli$hed theJnocint~ u£ Jam Fi.101:, a.nd demanded thdr wealth. 1'he: mother o! Jam Fircn"-1 took him to Da.ry;'l KhAn, M Knhan~ where be 'uked fo-rgivnen !or hi_. error'!; and the Kl'~D reroe.-nbering only old obliptiom. ~gan to oollcet fore~ :md wlten tbt- armies of 'nhakku and Siwinan wen: a$$tl!\ b led,. they m~t vnder lhe bannen o( Jtun Firoz. 'flte Duluchls and other tribes aho nu~lered. "'aryA Khan plac· ed him sell at tbt1 he:td or thete (orces, 11mJ m:a•'ched ngalnu. SaJnhu·d d.in.

This prince wiabed tO go out l.l tmscU tQ &lu: ~mgWi•.ur meeting. but ~i' ~u;,. ft:aji deemed it :advisable chat the Tam t.hould sn..y in lb~ city while bt Jed l.he warelc:!J)ii:mts •(-~.inn the enemy: JO the jllm .s~ytd at home: and the wa:cn· wem to the (ray. When the ann.ies ruet, the fife of battle raged h•l;Ou.\ly, and ma.ny were Jlain on both r.ide., huL :u lcngtb the U'OoJJS of Dn•'fa Khan "·ere delete· e<l ntld pu1 to O"lght. Haji wuir then S:•L down to ,'>'rite t1 dcsp!' tt;b to S3labu-d din informing him .that virt4.1ry h:sd b.vou.red bh coto~u'lt, and that he mlght deem h imself SC· cure. NIJt.bt ctmc on and the wn:ir "''IU unable to pu11ue the route<l army, &c) It h:tppc:ned tb'llt his mnsengtr (eH illco the fu)nds of .wme of Oarya Khan•& tnen. A.s JOOD u O:trya Kf1.11u hatl re:ul the leu er he deJtroycd h. and 3Ubstiwted another in the name o( Haji w;u.ir, to chil cfrea: - "Your ~rmy h"11 been deJe:s~. llnd the ~n~my is 0\'erpowcri_ag: you mun lell~'C Th.atta widl your family, and make: no dday.-we will m«t apin in .tbe viUttge o£ (:hru:hg:m:• As ~n ;u thU l ~tter arrived. on tl1e night

•(M.S. U. IJJIII lrfflld'l INnltot itJn qrn /J.wi lA• )6,, UVI t~J/U't, ~lt b(l Jt•otAtr. MS. A. Aot.,....,., ~~~ tMt Itt IIMk hU •..oi.Vr t.~J .Dar:l6 KhdliL)

r

TA.klkll-l M" AIUa.U 141

of the 9th ll.a.mxan, Sll.abu.d din departed without bruking hb fut. and cro.s.sed tl~ ri"ler. Ddea.c bad indeed reached him. Re bad reigned eight m<.lnth~ When he mel hi5 wa.cir, the llmcr reproached" him {I'.Jr running away~ and aJkcd him why he bad OOn\C there, Tbe false despatch WlJ then produced, upou which the lfaji exclaimed th::.l he had not writ,ten it. At ltnglh they di&eavmd th11.1. it was the cra[ty work o! Darya Kbal~1 and were aorely •n· I)Oycd,--but when :l mattt.r- lJ completed repentance is weless. Oarya Khan J)Uuued them 10me stage$. He then brought bad:: )am Pi.ro11 iUl.d entered Thltt:l on the day of the 1

Ttlu,l fi& (at the cl0$C ~C c.bo Jtamzan) nnd goi~ to t he 'idgah they offered up th:ir prayers. Afler dib, am l?irox reigned feture.ly lor ACme )!:'Irs, until the end o tbe year 916 n A.H, (1511 . .Ul.}1 wbC"n Shn.h Beg Arghun Invaded Sind.

11t.e battla whJch followed .are dtsr.ribed in their proJX'l' places. 1 have!: nt.vt:r met wftb any written a«ount o( 'ihe hbtory nr t11e Sumr.as and Samm:u, tO I h.ave CO'mf>O'ed this UU'nn\:u-y, H an)" one it b4utr acquahued will' th<:.

Sltbjea, he lhould make 2ditiom to this,

B<><>• IJJ

Tht Wondm (4 Siwi

• • 'The !ort fofSiwl, whid1 is situated on a -tmall hill. is built tOf round 'itOucs, of a l.ind which U round wheuver the -earth 1$ clug- in. th11t ncighbour.hobd.

Iu' Kor-~amin and Chhatur, which ore di-tlticu of Siwi, •COttOn pla.nu grow a& large ru ti'(Q, tusom,uth that men pick the totton enou,ued. On each couon plant there ~reo

"One or two himdn:d snakes, of :a apan Jong. so thu tnetJ ar~ obJl.I[Cd to bruah chem <.1lf with ~titb :\l)d drive them l3WIY be.lort' they can pluck the hol~. U any one ia bitten

r· "'{So;,. htA MSS., .61•~ Jf(IJ('t'., 1'1\Jn:loHo~ M.t "'92t/" ( U20 a..d.). "U'lizh ·~ , rQ1'S'ttf, ]

142 HI.STOIUA."'fS OF SIND

by n sn31cc, they inmltdiately OJI'!!n the "'otmtl with n rv.ortmd sud:. out the poiM>n, oilierwist tlca.lh would tUJ)t'l'vC•le.

1'hc little: river wh_ich n u ll by Siwi 1iSei apparenl1y Crom a .mlpbureow $0l1Xtt. and tmy one wlto dfw.kt th r.W1.Cet' of it blla sftk. Ma.ny men h ave died £rom tlutl o;~u.se, bu't it dou not affect the inhabitam a 'WhO are aocuttomed to h. Notwirh.s.tanding lluH the garriwn wu cll~l C\'et')' year by Sultan Ma.hmud, otosc. o( the soldiers died (rom its b~1.d <:fleets, lfntl only It few tsc=aJled. In r.be drue o{ Akbar, a Rood C2m( and put·gW ll'u: sourcn o.t .the river rrom the aulpbur, tJuce which Lime tlu: alck· ue~ b.as been le&$. Thi$ river runs lift)' ltos be)'Ond Siwi, ooUectjng 1n S.arwnh. wbt're it .is used in in•jgation, :-.nd tlll!' wMer which iJ not expended ror that tmq><»e flows into the Jake of Manchhnr, whidi b near Siwbtt~n.

On thal lnkc ~lso there are man y 'nakes,u very long and thin, the biles of wb.ids {L-w sorvl,•e:, Tb~ mtn in th:n nelshbourhood \\'tit Jong drawert to •prou:tt themtotlvt$ t\Jen(nu 1heir bitea. l m}"'eU, when 1 wu tht:rC look.lnp; ac. t1i~ me1' irritr.-t>na thl'ti" r.t~ltl.(,. .c.w Ul'\'en.l :.t tl\'~ty i l t!p

my hone wok. As it was bol, I wished LO dismount on the ~o,·o of Lhe lake, but !or {ca.r or the makes. 1 W1ll cou1pcl4

ted to do &Q at a distanu on the plain beyond. tn the plain or Slwi there were ionnerJy many !oru.

and ffi(I Cit cultiv:uion, but all b now wane-; the hot wind (simoo,m) bloyn there. l\d~·ee:n S:i·w-i, Deh~. and Kaamur,14 there 11 a tract or land called &rgarJ., wlucb breetb horst:i not inferior to thOle o! 'Ink. Tfic- ~ung colu llfC: made to walk. U()(IR grn:-;·el for a year, by whJcfi their boob ix'· oomc as hard 1U a •1onct and there i.s no occuion to tboe them, for tJH:y can go unshod e'·tn :ullOog&t the billa.

Al Chbawr there b .1. tribe called Jtaba:ri, 1o0 c;~Ucd Lrom tbc lret named Klahar, on wtUdl one ol their a.nteJIDD motmu:d, and when Jt:rtrc-k with Jl whip, it moved on Hkc- tt hone.

Near Can java, which is a distl'ia or Siwi, Wlller- 1prfngs Iron) a hi.U. 10d co"·c-n a large: c:xt.t'llt of g'I'O'und. 'Fiahes

li>[ .. ML-."' Tlu dmriptiDfl ru•1 it'"Oil wrt ~"flr:<~!Jt• to ·~bd.t .

""ITMsiNit~t4l.r .~e~ U"rittt" lty IJoJtt. On• MS. u'l'im It NJttJmi,," 1111 oflur is- illtgib(l.)

I <

nre lound in it. Amonpt tl~ hUb o! Ganjot''" .there i$ 11 Jof'Y one rmm whid\ hang~ an iron cage, in wbkb 1hc:y t1LY du:l'e is ~melhins plnctd, but it cannot be got af. ff any one dcsttuds to it frOlll a.OO,·e. by :. r-ope, it mo~-es owa)', and I! they :ut:empt to rcac.h h lr<Jm be•l.e.Hh, the )J.IInwit riAcs to the stan, and the urtll rcccdo,

'11lC hiUt or Situr and tle rh•er Abk:uhlda run in a M>rt o( $Clniclrcle (rom Siwi 10 G:utj:tva.ta Dc:twecn the&e

l>l:t.CC1 there ia a wilnto through whiC'h the road to Kanda· \tr ruN. Iu JcnJClh rrom tte river to Siwi is a hundred

/ros1 and iu breadth rixty. ln summer the bot wiotl blOW$ O\U t11i.$ t11'1ek ror !our monthJ.

The Wondcr.r Of KonJhluw

• • At the hHI allcd Sihud:a u the rock wti Jtarped. and a lofty arched recess called Pes'nllk w~ cut by order of tht Emperor Dabu. Eighty tton:-maroru were ('mployed nine yt~rG in iU Q')mpletlOI'I, h iJ ll1dCid a \Oft')' pl~:~Ul f"1~Cf', ow::rlooking the w.teu o£ the Argh:md, gara~na and ~lri· vated 6dcb. ln spt'fng m;my peorJe re«»rt thtre, but it b dlllicult u. reAdi on :t.ccount or us ~tetp u&er:•H. Within thi3 r~~ are illscribed the 21amet of Br~;Dar .Badshah. nud o[ hb trusty ndberemJ. Mirta Kamrao, Mirza 'Ashri. und Miru f-UndaL As bil mnjaty Humayun h3.d ne,·er vlJited. l ht S)>Ot.. hb name 1\lll.$ not included £n the jnsa'iptiOn. OC aiJ htS dominioo.• Kandahar ""'U tbe only place mcntiotled.n When I visiled dle tpot it carne into my bead that. I wouJd iOJCribe: his name there, ,., "ell .u that or hU augu.n £On (Akbar) with thelr thowands of tributary cltle$ :~nd kil_.lg· tlo.us. like K~ndabar and IAbul. 1 thde£orc sc:nl for tome stonc"'ttc" ~•od engr;Wers from Dhakbr, a.nd had tlK names o{ these kin~ engra,·ed, with those or tbeir de-

r.endent chief 1.nd provmCC$, from Bengal to B.andar Llharf. t'Otll lt:abul and Gbuni to t1c Dekb.ln. wiaboul. :soy omi,.

ti(1'll# AISS>. dilrr lltrt ~~i~d ;\., i•I-I411(P~g II mfV'Cllh.ni 4o~~t~Mfui, J •(so i1l MS. A. Tl•1 ~litH JJS. Ito.~ .. Sarmdr." """' /tJ11ld

•$1 ........ "(A IU'~fitlt ,f.UJt~t I() bf! fftJIIirm lt.tn. 1/.,t~jt~iJ. IN ltnffJl(#

uill rNJ, Kt~lt411A6r UICI.I ltOt tvt'l •••t(~ (If /tm~~W.Q tttrJ of 1111 MwriNi.oN ... } ,

144 JUSTORIANS OF SIND

:$ion. It took nearly four years to complete this work, which indeed excited great admiration. Below the hills there is a cavern not far off. I t was from the other extre· mity of .this, tltat Baba Hasan Abdal brought out tl!e golden brick. The distance between tltese two ends is seven or eight kos. ·

On the same hill near Kandahar, mukhlisa is found, which is an antidote against snake bites and other poisons, and it is found nowhere else in that country. On that hill also .there is a fire temple of a very ancient date. It is built of unburnt bricks, each two yards long and broad, and one span thick. The temple extsts to this day, and has .sustained no injury.

In Kandahar there used to be plague 28 and sickness ~very year, till Sltah Tahmasp directed Sui tart Husain Mirza, governor of tl!at province, to plant canes on .the stream which flows near the town, and the water of which the people use for drinking. Since that, the sickness has abated, but even now in some seasons /Iague and disease break out with great intensity; bloo being passed from the belly, nostrils, ears, and mouth. When 1 went there, in the reign of his late majesty, Akbar, to render assistance, it was at its height, and in the year 1007 11. (1598 A.D.) nearly two hundred soldiers died of this disease.

With the Hazara tribes neat Kandahar, it is not the practice to wear coloured clothes such as white, red and black, • • • • nor is there any trade in clotltes and shoes of tltis kind. Among the ~aints buried near Kandahar may be mentioned • • • • Baba Hasan Abdal, a descendant of the Saiyids of Sabzawar. After a pilgrimage to the holy cities, he accompanied Min.a Shah RUkh, son of Sahib-Kiran (Timur) to Hindustan. On his return he spent some years in Langar Kandahar, and died there. His tomb IS on an elevated spot surrounded by villages, and overlooking the Arghandab, and to it, as to a place of pilgrimage, men and women, little and big, low and high-born, resort on Fti· days in great crowds, so that the city is sometimes empty. It is certainly a charming retreat, and travellers say they have seen few spots to compare witl! it.

"["\Vaba"; also used to duiguatt Cho/.,a.]

T.UlKH·I M' A$U)t1

BooR IV

Account o( the cotmiry of Sind /)<l.r.ti"s ir~tt> tire handl O}l.ht OQI~frt 0/ th4 Jimpm:or J'Jiluzr aJier tlrt dtat}t Of

Sulttm ftf(lh.mud Klum

I ha-.•e before ~Jated how Kisu Khan caJne to l.llutklw' on the: 12th jum.ndi\·1 ah•will 982 liijri (August 1574} bringing with 'him an intpt:rial f~nn::tn, in wMCh he wu directed- to dividt Bhakht eqtrttll)' between Muhlb 'Ali Khan and Mujt•llid Khan , and then to ;proceed to Th:uttt :tiUI mn.ke Muhammad Kaki Tuk.ban pruon«.

At tl•llt time Mujabid Kban wu in the c;ountry of Cauj1.w-n. but when he btard o( KUu X.b:.n·, l'U'rival nt Bhakkar, he haJttncd to m~t hitil there. .Bul before bt: arrh-ed KUu Khan song:ht to dear out lht: fort of Sikhar.tt Mujahid Kh:.n'a; men proeranlruted, but Kisu K.hrut dU. :If'J'I'oving or thb. tent off a fOT<C. (() S.:tkhar. Waldl Khan wlio w:u t.ht: represtmati-.·e of t.fuj"'b.id Klan. fought upon tbe wAll which Moj~hid Khan fUtd buJlt round Sath:.r, .and .t-tvt1:':tJ ,e.rsoru on botb .lides were killed, and more wounded. Thl'CC day• ,tft.er Ute Ggl.tc, Muj:•hid Khan urrivc:d and took away Jus me.n tO LoT,:ui. Slith:u- then revert· ed entirely into the /"lOwer of Kis:u Khan, but towardJ Lobad tht: pttrgnrns 0 .Bbakbr wu in the pos.ses.'ion or i\~uhib 'AH Khan :md Mujahid Kh.r.n.ao "l'fu~ mc:o who J:u~d auc:mbJed (to rupport i:ih. . wt:re brol:en·heartt:d. At thiJ junc:cure, £Ome oi the un people destrted t.hem and came co Bb:a\.kar, where u Khan· h.'ld them put 10 deuh opon the maJevolertt suueuion of Sb.ah Baba, son of Jan &ba Turkban, Kiiu -Khan wa.J a. te\'t:rt harsh· tempered man. and one day lb.rji Ta,.,aji having beeJl guifty o f aome ft~.ult. he had Irons pl:u:ed upon Lt.is rcct in tht! prcst.nce of b.U court.

TWo month~ a(te'I'Wtlrds. M.ujabJd Khan went op ~gain~t Tbaua, l~ving Muhlb 'Ali khan ln charge: of tbetr f.:t~\t.iiJQ. fle ha.lted fOr 1 £ew days :lt cbe town or Ranfpur

• tlfS. n. "'' WBJ.ijl;ltur!'J • (So """JIJ.•g t11 MS. A.; ~ wlt;,l~ J.'nf iJ t>Ntil11-J Jrowt B. b.7

• •'SW# oJ llr.r etJ;yU.t.. Moltt !1~ '"MWIW AI' tDUI Mvj61tid Kh41l }I.,Jd RIWI mvJ Tlggar,,

10

JIJ.CTO~UANS OP f.LKO

in order to outfit his {Qrce. .Kis~.J Khan. at the insti$·:~tinu or the men or Dhakkar. tcm an •nny again« Lohnn. On Friday. the 2nd or Ramu.n 982 A.n. (Dt«mber 15?4), having divlded his t1tmy iflto two p~ru he aoued over ll1e rh•er. One division he dirttttd l)y w;~y o( the ga.rd(.ll$ oi the city tow.uds Lo-htri, and .the other be embarked in gltra/4 and boau and Aent c.hem firing and ~hdng towardJ the shrine o£ Khwaj~a Khiu, Mulilb • Ali Khan'a . mon mounted Md went towards the 'id-gflh. lCi$1.1 l<hAo'• follo,~,~en a.rrivcd fn their 1Jmrl.n aud $Ct fire to Muj:::ahld Khan'& bolts, and when chc flames rote high. the horsemen fdl 1),'\Ck and went to\'.Wcls their homu. At c.h.lt time K.Uu Kbnn'1 hotsemen c:~me UJ) and lhmw t•od:.ets u into the dty ~nd sec it on fire iJl SC\'C:rnl pii\Q:t. Muhib 'Ali Khan then mounted hi1 horx and ll<.:d. The men of Btuakbr .1.UJW emered .the city_ :ana pillaged until evening capturing the :sr~ndml ;md kettle drum o£ Muhib 'A!i Kfu.n w5icll they bore off witb them to tbc fort. When the lnteU.igtnce reaclltd Mujahld 'AU Kha.n he returned by forced m:tr:CIU:$ to Loh~ri, but he was greatly dUp:irited., and in consideration o£ t11e roy-.) . power lie rer.r:a:jned lro.m rQOies.dng KJ.ru Klun.u The laucr established binuc:Jf in t.h.e fort. o!, Bh~kk.ar an.d p{WiJtd' great injUJtict, Wht:n the Empcr:o:r Akbar bcdlme aqllll\i.ilied with these {act:$ he pltced the ex>unrry under the cha.rxe o£ Tarsun Khan. a.nc.l ul the beginni~ o! ?l{ubarram. 98! !-.H. {April 15-?5) Mu· ha.mm.nd Tahir Khan, son O( Shah Muhammad ~alfu·l MuJJt, and Muhammad Karim K.b"n omd Min11 MuhtHnenad Sultan arri"cd at the lOWn o£ Lohllri. ~d 5ent c.o Khu Kh.an a copy o£ the. fc.rman o:mierring the jagir o[ Dhak· kolf (on 'Tiar$lan Kh:nt),

KiJ.u Khan was at lint inclined to rtsist and c.o $Ct LbC$C Olex1 nt d.e.6a.ote. but wltt'..1l th.e mauer c:antc to be talked ow:r, he went IQ the chid of the sQi,icb, who a:ut some prieslS twd a p:trty o£ m~11 w the Wr« t4rdars tO gh·e tbem counJ.CJ. The sardars detained them UJ. and de!ircd them co write a. true 1t.a.tement o£ a1fairt • od .send it to the E.mptrol'. 'The pfieu.s begged to

"\HuklcahAt AtiJh.) ' • Tin M$$, difftr tligJfll1 hut, #lid tlu lt.rl lJ fl'ql rltor, 6-111

dte laollli il.$' appw• to be u rc:u.krtd.l

; 147

be cxeuu:d, but said they would Write if both parties were present. Tbc .tt:rdtl7'1 repUed that (C.l$u Khan's agenu wac prueut, and that if tho pl it$U ~·ouJd write tbe truth in their prete•tce, no fut·ther trouble would be givtn Lb.em. The pdem tht~n eul~r<:d upon the buW1ea At soon 11 KiAu Khan h~rd tl•it he wu abnned, Cor be aa.w that mat· c~r$ \vtf"C going wrong and lh.3t lhe forthcoming mtmorial wou.l<l be: ruinow to htnt. lfe d1erdore teot to' uy tbtt be would gh·o up the £o1·t, and tbat they ne:M uot write. 'l'fu~ Khans sem word back Llutt the memorial waa written. :tnd thu they would kec:p it ready. ll h~ did not wmn· de:r the_ tort the letU::r should bt k't\t to the Emperor--ao Kliu Kh;ut having no othtt• remedy, oond\tcted tho J{ha.ru juto .uu: fore..

''An order hB.d betn' iuucd by the Emperor that Ki1u K.ban. in conoen. with tJlt brtiJn"t.n of Tar&un Muharomad Ktutn. the Jalyids, and 1he chief me.n, abouJd nto'tke toquiry about the trt;);S.m;c, houses, and c.IT«ts n( StthiUl Mth.mud KhBn, ;~mt sc.nd a de.caiJtd account thereof to 1be Coun. In obedience to the Ro)•:al ordcn, du: people of Sult1u1

, Mahmud'' ba.nm wen: $t'llt w the presence, and hi$ chid wile, aister C){' Jaban KhAn, W4l unt to Ul1ore. At the .Ur:t\C t ime, K.hwala Sani. Sins:h D:ulr.u:i, a~:~od Banwali .Ou NaYi.Jind.J. anived tor the JlUI'pose of tettJiog the atr-ain or chc treasure and of the people of the harem of Sulttn ~ahmud. Havlog aCterwardJ looked in(() the matter or the trc:uurc at Lobar{, they rropc'lr6ed l(J return by 111'l y of tfagor in the beginning: o Rlljab ·of the )'ear abO\>-:enamed.

;, \VhM Tanun ~fuham.r:r.uuJ Khan n:cdvcd. perm4•ion to depan (rom the Court, some o( the nobltt ';ObJ«ted thut it w:ts inlp,'l1itio to pfa,c:c the chllclte.n or SaUu·l Mutk on the bonle.n ol dte pountry, 10 be w:u ll.pJlOilncd. _governor .of Agr.t and a ~Mge wu madto in t,.:e..cpec:t;o£ Bl:uakbr, lor Banwa.li Du wu Jenc., there to •iltt c6arxe of the rev.1nue., and genera) aJiaiu. Aflerwn.rds. for better JtQJrity,. Mit Saiyjd Mo.han:twad wu clignlfled wilh rll~ nfficx o{ Mir.f •~tdl {ClUe( _lunicc), with a niansab of 1000, and appointed govtrnor o( Bb.akbr.

On the J 1 th of .R~tl.ll:tan o£ the: year :abo\'t·m_eJ;l t(I)Ued, he ao•ivt.'<l ~l Ahtkkar, and the minister, of nolirfon

148 HIJTOIUANJ Of IIIND

nnd the chie£ me:n waited upon him to ahow due honour and ra~ He then p"·e 50,000 bi&hru o[ land lo the 14iyu1t, learned mon a.nd OlJII'!f!J in portion& suited to the position or each ooe. 'l'hc mJntnera of re-ligion enjoyed a h.nppy t.i.me during his a.dmjnirttation. ln the ~rly pnn o[ hQ ruJe..he unt a £orce ag:rinJt the Mankinja.• oi the district or Gagri who were rebellious. n.nd had oppo~d hi£ officers. He acted Ofpre&sively 10.. wards the ryob in n;\'(nue matters, for he fiXed by menturcment a payment of five tMns per bigha UJ?<?n All l:auds :llike, Md the revenue otflcet'J, \\•hom he :lL)pointcd, dealt har.dtly wilh the culdv:uort. The ttoops of Ute Mir·i 'lldl !lrrived lt a amaU (on between Cllmbax n.nd &jra.n. Tht! Mankinj.u showhlK no respect, shot arrowa at them, ::md 'liC:lf¢1111 or the 110ldlen were killed. There waa n. well in the: !ort imo whi<:b the gract.1e.u wretches, threw the bodies both of MwuJman~ and tot'ield.t nnd fi.Uc:d it up with tarth. The Mir·i 'adl wl'I..S eonaged Ill thiJ, • nd sent /or rt.inCort.& nu!rle.J from Siwi, to t.llke ve~a.nu.. A(ter a $hOrt. oppo. Jltlon. the Mank.i:nju lett theit• home 2 1ld took. to figbt., S"Jyld Abu. I F:n-.1, 1h" Min i 'ad/', JOn, who eomm:..n4td , the troops • . put-suW them for some dinancr, and then re· turned to IJ!ulla.r. Some time a!tt.r tll is the Mir·i ~adl Cell all, he lou much blood :t.od l'li$ weaknt:f.l incrcascd tUI he died or' Ll\C 8th o£ Sh'ab;m, 984- A.H. {October 1576),

Aftcr his death, tbt Emperor appointed hi~ $01\, Ahu·l 'Fatl. to tucoeecl him in t.he govemment v£ BbaU.ar. 1n, the {oUowin~ )'e.;u• Abu.J }~l'tl ,;th:ed a:nd confined the head men o( G;~lf!'"' • and 11Clmvards caused two or thrtt of them to be U"amplcd to denth by elepha.nu. On the 9th o( Zi'·l h£jja 985 A.H. {Feb. 15?8) l'timad Khan, ao m.l l'lllcl.' . nnd one of the empr.:r·or'J ll'LUt)' serv:.nt~. came ItS KO''tl'nor to :Slu'll:b.l·. He ·w;._$ a mao or passionate temper and did not deotl kindly whh rl\t tolditn, peuanlS, or nobles. Some .of the minuten o£ religion were croubled by hi' c::onduc.t, and resolved to Wl)' tM1r compla fnu to the t.m~mr. Tbe govtmor thereupon •ent a peuon to them With exC'IU(J, but ll\cy WU1.1ld Ml be .flttisficd, and resolutely determined to proceed. When they m~.dlcd the royal ptatnoe th~y stated their grlc\<tnoet againn that cruel mM), The £m. pero.r replied t.h;~t il 11~ ' h3d oppre&&ed d 1c= ~pie in lhc

14~

wt~y rc:prc3¢nu:d, he would I.JC kUJcd. And h turned out OCKtly 1J Lbe toy~l IOngor.c= prc<llcttd. 111ft lhl$ manner. Be wu an tu:bitual jcsca: Ud scol£er. and 'fiOUicl utter ,m and filthy c:x.peuliona before rood men: he aho dt-a.h nGllrdly wnb the croops; $0 on the lOth Rabi'u·l 11ww11l 98G A .. u . (May, 16?'8) st party or soldier• O"'ri.\(Jirtd and sltw hJm in h11 h1Jt of audlence.

AltCI' IN: <l<>lh of l'llw>d Khan lht Emperor 8"''* the: o>unuy ol Bhakbr in ,.1"' co Fa.c.h Kha.n Bihldur. Jlaja Parmanand and Raja Tocb.r MaJ,u Jn the mooc.h or llajab or the .. me year1 tbe Khlul nml the o ther two 8f'll\tets .:ame to Bhakbr and took. posso.don or thelt ,.,. pecti~ por_t.IOAJ. T-o )'t=lrt aft.cnrrar<U PJ.rm2n.and proCttdrd lO tbe Cour1 in obed.k:ntz. to «dt:n.. The Dlilju afttrwarch quan'tlkd with hit brother M•dbu Du. and ;u.scmbltd in the town or Alor with hostile fnttnt. Two or dtrte llgbu loUowed. :md men were slatn on both •idn. At len1th acme: t11rbultnl fcJiowl joiud in the attad. 10 Fa.tb Khan 5t:IU htt own tDCn tD ~~ them down.. The ln.curs,.ntt. ~ then "-~ and CIU.pcncd.. Fatb Xlwu tbeo wcm w Coun, where he wu rccei~d wil1t w:-ent {a. vour. Iris momoll wtls inm:oed. and t.he j~&ir oC l'arma• oud wu au.ignl!(l to hhn.

Fath Khan w-. a simple-ID1Ddl:4 rna111. rood of money. who pa'd hb lhanlu with • hd lOr:'IUt. but be dedt kJrully wic.b the people and pfOV'IdCd Cor their auhf,iuence. He l1ad a tNI/u'l named Sh111ba.b Khan. a unnindor of Samtlllll.~ 1w inexperienced •~n. wbo knew ":!~'!j ol bw..inat. At lbc lnuigation or one Farkl he .a tht> pcl)p)c- o1 Kha.n Na.bar, and kd a rocce ~in.t the fort ol &io-l:ot. whitb wN in the twult af t.biabun ,Nabar. A grt.a.l baule !oU.uwcd.. in whit:h f,.lb. Khan•• line lUtn were aiain. Sb~lb Khan also fell witb a.U his brothers. Wbeo intelligence ol lhU rnthtcl ~Em~. ht to.undy rau.mccl Filb Jthan•s jacir and ~ ic co Na-...b M.uhammad Sadi:l. Jlka.n tOgether wi.th the duty of a.pturlng Tbaua. Re a.rrirtd at Dhal:k111r on 1.'\actday tbc 12th R:ibi'-u-,1 ~wwaJ 994 A.H. (Feb. t58f.l). The prtcns and otllcrs wc:nt out co m«:l him, • nd be rcuh·ed lhllm all

. . ,..,,. 8. llll.h, .. ...,.,._ -1 ,., kll, U/11 ,,.,... ., ... ,, ~

''""'"'·

!50 Ull'l'OR.IANS OF St.""D

with honour a.nd Kt~ct. t·o.r !j()l)le 1iw:e he $t:&~d i.n Dha· kkar 6etting iu a«ain in ordec-, but in Zi·l hijja o£ the $.lmft )'ar. he mnn:hed :a&ainn Siwinan. Before goins on tb.iJ exptdh.ion he tougiu with the men of Miru. J2ni Beg. many of whom were killed. '!'he breele of \'ictory tbw bq.._o 10 blow on th.C: b:t.nncn Muhammad Sadik. H'e c.h.t:n p1'<XlCedcd ou hi$ cxptd1don. Meanw.blle Subhan 'Ali Argbun, who wM il' command o[ the tncmy. bad constructed a fort on tbe bankt; o( the r iver, and had ru.rnished il with munitions of war. He b:.d nl50 collected many glrrolu l'*nd boau tbere.

When , Muhamnutd Stl.di\ \\dvanctd. 'be Arghun aune out tn hb ghrt:b1 nnd guve b:-tU..ICJ bnt he was dclc:ucd and taken prboncr alh'e, and lfl.llny of hi! men Wert tilted n•'d wounded. Twc1vc ghrobs ;also feU into lhe lund.J o! d1e victQrs, Grcady cl:ued with these victorit.$ he laid dcge to SiwUta.n, Hi:~ operation. occupied tome: time, l:n.1t he at length sunk a I~ mine which car· riM :tw:ty the: gate i 1l ( I'Ol'lt o( the Con. lmtructinns had been gh'en that no·man Was to entfl' the rort without orders. $0 when the "noke 1nd dun cleared ufl'. th;. besieged Ul co work., .clot~ilig up' die breacb, and 'maintainmg ;) fire (I'Qm thelr cannons and g,uu (tOp c> ttifaitttJ. The J>arty on the top of the gt\ttwrty which fa.-d ~en @own intO the air feU to the ground uninlu.red. Min~t j"ani ~had now advJtnced with a force::: n.s tar at Mihr:m. which lJ, .six km from Stwan. ln. COil.SC(}utnce o[ thh, Mu.ham'mad S.1tlik rai:setl the Ue~ :Lnd wau to OpJl06e hi1 prcgreu. When he came oppMiU'! the t..a.kk.l bilh,. lhe &hrabs oC Miru Jani opened fire upou hirli. They continued 6ght.iug r~t· K.YCrnl da)'£. till an imped:,1/rmmm arrived stadur il1at Mil?..'\ Jnm ~ had sent Juitab)c tribute to the Court, and h11d m -.de' hmnbte and duti[ul ~t,bfi'IIJ.!Iion. ~f\lhfl.romad Sadik there{ote returned to Bhll.kkar, amd ::~C.tu a &bo:t inter\'lll he rep·aired l(t Court. One yen afcc1'Wn.rd hi:s jagir Wat ukt.n ftom him. 111 the two lt.horiJ harvests ~h;1t ~ while Muhammad SJdik be.ld Bhakkar, locustS a.ttacked \he aops and (:\ffiine enrued. Mauy ttt,..J) emigT).ted in va.rioUJ 'dtr«dons. The Sall\ija& and J.luluchit; pl\1ndered Soth tide' or the river •od ldt notb.ing na.nd.ing.

At the c:nd of R.ibl'u.,. u.n.l, 996 A.U. (FC.b. 1588), the

j<Jgir ol Uh::tltbt• wu granted tO bma'il tcha11, Olnd bit Jon ltihman Kt•li Beg cameo to Uc place. 'Ibis yo~·ng noble. man w.-1 wite, tmd treucd d:e J>tOple wh)1 great Ji:indneu uod ooru"i.dc.r:ufon. so clutt th;"()ugh his genlle m.an:tgtmcnt dtcy· betook tlletutei\'C:I once more to culti'vadon . and by their ctfo·rt$ tlu: wasted land ~in became (ntitJul.

When lml11.'il Kuli KJum )eft Mulrnn and went to the Courl, the jagir was t:n.ktn from him 1:md grnntcd 10 Shi· roy;l Sultan. In the: bcgimli.ng of Jyf uharram 997 A.JL (Nov. 1688), be came ~ Bhk.ltn:r. He was addicted to

wine, nod left lhe mnnagtlncn. of hJa a;ffain in t-he ,h::tnds -o£ hb putchast"d ahw~. Ni,ltt and day he was enpged i n riot and dcbluehery, u.nd but t.eldom sat in pu61ic court, or allowed nny one lO have aw:ss to him, The J)C'.DsiOJ1S and A)IQ., .. :anr.fi to the !lk.f1'1 ~r.: 5topped. At one ocrlod Shaikh Saugi reLt.i:vtd cba~ or the reVc:uut ;md Stat~ bwineu. and for it time he vi&lted .the abopJ ancl took JlOut.:ssion of tbcir moocy and bu.$iue.u.u l-fe aent his son 'Muhamnud Huu.in ~ 10 'ubduc Siwi, but the Aftham ancmb1etl :IJ..\•1 lleraly OpP?:fCd him. H iJ 1uJv;~n · aif guard wu c:ompoliCd of l u.lclil.s.8" who ftod :&t the flnt awu:::k . The m.iJn body w:u lheu l,$$:.ulted, Many 'NUC slain ;md mnny laken priJcnen. 'fh_to rest were broke and put to flight, but the weuhe:r waa hot, anti large »\nrto ben CUed o! tfiirn iu l11e mir-:ge. Those who esaapc:d ruh·c "ft'ere. a. long time be!OJ:'C they recovered. ne '\\•ailJ o<Q• $iOOI!(l by Utf! vio1~nct and t)TAnny of .Shi.rOJ:!: at ten~ tJ«ndcd to hellvtn, fro(O "''benet the glad tulingt of 'his -removal came tO lhc people: of Dhakkar. They aCapcd !to.n'l tiiJ: nWJ~ity 11.nd once more lived in ~ce. loi Mu· 'hamm•(l S."dik Khan ngaln received the jogir.

On t.be' ~rood of Rabi11:.·l awwal 998 A.U. '(Dtcembet, 1589) Mim /4uh•mmad :Z.l,id, <On ol Muhammad Sadik, <amc to !lhaldqt.l. He '"'"'"'·th~ j\<Ople with kindnt» ond poured tb'e balm of hatitt. ,,pott 1htaru wounded by ry. {3.riOy'1 .He y.'Uj _good.tookj:ng a.nd goo~·n;tturcd, and he a~aicd '¥•th learqtd and cxceUc.nt men. He rC'$lOted th'e pentiol,a·and iilloW;~.nees ln accordance witl' the l(r'anu ·m;ufe by h.U [ather; and put • ~op to 6ppreuion, IC.hwtjl. . '

HI.STOI.TANS OJ" SINO

Muhammad Ma.'.um wu Mub.atntulld SadU.'s t~Ju'l. He wu 11 man o( exo:Jltm. quallti.es. and co.upe.tent in all husine$$, The people were re-Jn;urcd 11.nd wcm about their culth ·a.tion and btLUdiflg. But a he..·h·euly vi$i1Jitjorr (cU UJl(U\ the &pring aop or that ye;u; notwlthn.anding the care or the go~·unmcnt. evil da)'1 cnnu:d. a.nd it wu imponible to collect the taxet.. A ACardty or rood :again occurred.

About tl1ia tim~ Hit ~b.jesty tl1e Emperor had to make a J>UbUc example. When the RoYill Court WllJ rem<we<l to l..tibore, Mi.rot J:n_)i Be!:t, i~1 imitation o( Mi17J\ Shah 1-lu.uin, renounced hLI obedtence. and prc.tendcd to independence. 'the K.bM·i K.tut(n\n w:•s ~C«Jrdil"\gl/• sent to u1ke 'Thnttll a nd bring tl~c Buluc:.bb under <lOntTO . He reached the pl:loe ln tl1e month of ShawwaJ ot tl1e y.:;ar aWr!:!aid, betwten t.hc ~utu1n.nal :md vernal h.uvca"" and pro«edcd to IU all Wings in order. At that time, J, the author ot this h.isto'[· 11roceeded from J\hmadllbad in Cu· .,~, tn eh t~ Jn\rworb C"Aurt. ny eood fortune my mother hld sent. some little curiositieJ, "fhich l prtscn ted to his ·Miljesty. '11\tteopl)n he Coljuired with grt:at ool'ldetcen· sion how Jn.anr. yean t had been ablitnt from my mother~ l replied ' that it was twenty y~. He was gra.ciOu$ly J)le:~sed tO d irtc:t Uut l should go to viait my mother a nd oftcrwnrds rt!CUTI1 l o my duty, He further ordered 1he grant of o. jGgiY lO me. Thereupon, Muluurunad Sadit. catnt to my aid, and uld that :aJ 1 was ~IDJ co Dh:t_klulr. it would be \ltJ'Y pleaunt to blt.\'e my 1'agw there. Uis Majesty Aaid .tluu Ah:tl:kar bad beeJl grnni.cd in jngir tt> the N:nvwa.b K.han·i Khanan. 'l'he la tter WRS JU'C&ent ;tt the tirn.e And said that [( HU Maju ty plwed tO make me n (ral.lll in :Shak.kar he would ~ign it over to me. but if» be l1oJK'(I to rtce_ive u.u eq~1iv-atent ellewbere. T he Royal comm1n.d WQ then gi\•en lor a grn11t in m,al;_ltar, and tht: offid.Jl& a.uigncd to me the parganu of Durbc:la, Cngri :\tid Cbt~odub. Arter thl& was arranged, His M:Ljcny in hiJ jp'eat Jt indoes'J a nd rol l~idt.~•:ttion ga\'e me a ~and one of hiJ own rur eoar.s. And as be: dlsmis1cd me h e quoted the line--

16S'

On the 14th:'• sarar, 999 A.H. (Nov. 1590), l rtlldted. Bbakbr, where the Khan-i Klunan h.td arrived before me. The l'lf!ather w~ hO! .1.nd the rh•er high, .so hen.-..~ JOine: days tbc:rc; but when the star C4.n.OJ)US appe:srctl l1e d.i.tm.bsed me with Bah11.d·ur Kha.n, Mulln Milimudi, •nd some othcn. We wont to Sibw.an, and the Kha_n·l Kh:~.n:tn. £ollowt"tl :ihd 0\'U'Lool us there. The people of Sihwan.. el0$Cd lhe pta of .c.btir fort. The :Kbau·i Khannt\ Lhen ton!:ulted with his rtobles ·u ro whether it w:..s better to

.•narcb againSt Mina Jani .Beg in 1.'bam, at once, or tO IU>J•· and take SJhwan bc.fort prc«edlng. They all :tgr«d tbnt :•.s Sihwnn wAS in the direct road. and lheu men 111d boil.l1· mun P'l" IbM way, it w:\s desirable to ..e(;Ure it be£ot-e going {·urtbcr. Having 50 determined, the rh·er was crow:d, h21, ttrie£ (morc:hc) were rala.e4, and we bqtan to ta.kc measures (or sec:unng :.'! pas.sase. over the nvcr.n Dut intel• ligtnce aunc tbOtt N'-ww1•h Janj &g had left 'T'haua with A powcdul (ortt and WJS ad\·ancing ago~.inst us. So the• liege V~-.at railed and our !oroet turned 10 oppose him, J:u' i &g then thrtw ur a .aort of fonU on the b1nk 0£ the ri\•er at dte viUage o l..oltari above Nasrpu•·, and chuosttengthencd his position.

Whe.n 1he l(han·i Kh:man came withln about tix. k03 !rom tllis Conlftcd IXISt J~o~.ni Beg ~r)t 120 al'l'l'lotd: glmtlis ~.nd many boau u:.der the oom.nmod o( Khmru Kh:w :md other offiars, and also two IUl'llles, one: on n:dt bank o( the river, to make :a aimultaneow aua(L

l on tbe camp or lhe K.han-i Khamm. To mtt.t tl•ern our · forces advanced a Uttle on lhe ba.nk. o£ Ute river, w1ltrc .:·c

xal~d $Ome sand-works covtri~ 6ve or lix jarlbt of mund. Muhammad Mukim 1U1:.n B.ikh$hi, 'Ali Mardari Khu .. Murid Kha.n 'Sann.adi. and the writer of this hi~t1,1ry, with &e\'t.ral o~er noblemen. w:re appointed , to that l1Umble fordtkation.•• . Our Jnnr\!c:tioru were. that when the· gl.rabs enooe up they mWt n't.::ew.rUy p:Lss In front of our IortiJitd po.sltic;m, b«,allSe ~'t in rront o( it there wal a luge •an'a.b,nt !rom wh.id: the·y ml)st ~,-roi$ OY'~ to1' reacb

H I:STO.IUAtiS OP !I.ND

our .:amp,~O In !act, when Muh:.ml)t:td Muki.ut wile scm there he wu told tbM h4 bwlneu wu to prevent :my dan~ ger 10 the <:3mp Of• dlitl $ide. In the afternoon the glrrf!bs came up~ when they per«<ved th.at on one aide ther-e w;:,s w ;atc:r with a .1iOI.O.diJanl. lltld op the other side water ·with a Cott. ao they ~rea&ed their progreu, a:nd guns from both .sides :.nnl)unocd the openir)g o£ t1te fight, In the (QUnt of the ni~t th~ Kt!an·i Kh1111an Knt a party ovtr tb the opposite ndt,

The fc:u·e:e whieh Jmi Jkg bad llppoiuted lor lbt' putJ'O:S( assaulted our gate, but it had been wtll .ecured, and thclr cfForu were Va.In. Jn the morlling_, the gltMIJI amc up in lront oJ the c;uup. Tht gul\., in uur lord· IJC;tti.on were apJ\Oint.ed too bigb, &O dutt the bulb pii.SS(d over the ghrnb$ and fell among our friends on &he other Jide. k.Ulirig aeveral of them. The muulcs ol &.he guns were then dc.pressed, AI) th,lt Lhe ba_ll.t p:t.ued through dte rJmlht 0~1 ou.r •ide o! the rivr::r, and tllc:n touching the WJ.tct rote again and c:ruthed eight or nine boau (/dslui) killing a numbc.r oC tnqn,u l'hu.lbcy were l"t:l'lne:J (or llli>---Jur iu eaeh ghrab .lbere w~ carpenten who. quickly repa.irc:d the dam~gq.., ·~·ne: fight WlJ carried on and the fir[ftK con· ~driu'ed ln thll way £or cha.t day. 1 Qn, qne' &ide was tfie (on and army o£ the Khan·i T<Juaoan, on the other the sandbauk. a.nd the ghmb1 mun pu3 ~tween them againn a suo~ 01rrent. --:t'he battle continued tUI t!ttr mJd.<Jay, and the .enemy had m:.ny men kiUcd by the gum, They then sa·w that they could not pau rJle ft>l'l, santr that they were losing Ul:\JlY JlltJl, $U dJey l\'tre compelled tO retreAt. T he Kban·l K.IWlRn's boats followed in pursuit and the anny barautd them from the aborc. Khu.uu Xhan nctt'd judiciously! ke<~plng hil own ghr4bt in the re;ar he &tn t otbCTS in Jmr· .tuit, aod $eYtral of l11e enemy'!\ ''eUCl' with K)Jdim and Fi.ringi rtghtiug men of\ botJrcl leU into his handt. The tO)'aJ glmtb h-.d accompanied the gh-rab o( Kbwrl Khan .and uMortunatdy some fire from the l:Uttr rt;tc.hcd the maguine or the royal ,.cue.J, and aU it contnined was burnt, Some o( th.e crew ac;.'lpt:d ioto other vessels wbid1 happened

T.AJtlltN l.t'.um.n · 165

to be near, but a lUJC proportion wa. kllled. St:Ul a grc1n victory w~ w.on.

NexL eta)' we mi;rdttld :t83.inu llle for t or Jani nelS in which he bad (orl i.6t:d hiurnU. "!'here were &ewe lr t.de sar.d·hllls (elu'h1Jr4'~) around, and tbc place ~«~ned. diJiiwh co take, When we uied to tnveat the place. l.be Kb.a.n·i Khanan and hi& oflictn. round the wor k hnprou:t.icable. Ont~ nixbt. we m11dc n gc:tteraJ assmdt. upon 1.he pl:ta: <m C'~ery 1ile. bm i t w~s coo $ll'OftJC 1uld we ~ioed nocbi1lg. (I w:w then determined by tbe Kba.u-i Khamm thsn he would pro end with 2. force tO Sihwan ud. take poueulon o[ tbe country or Thacta,-that anothtr Coree should go to D:&din :uul Fath,));.gb, 11nd that S'bat1 llcg Khan $bOufd march to bc$dgc- Sb.ati-garb. a place lhat 6ad been buHl b)' Shah Klllm Arghun. The Kba.n·f Khanan accordiogly proo:e· dtd lO 1'hatt.,, anoll\u (oret went a.ga!rut Badin , Fath K.h2n 11:nd J un, and Shnh .Beg ~ieged Shah.gru:h. Stiyid Jlahau·d d m. chc: author, ana several otbcr attt.l'l d~JJU of the Kht n.i Khana11, went tO Siwan. where m.nny ot the ddtnden were killed.

When lh~ tlrrison Comd th:at n):utefll w~:re &\lin, bard witb tltem they wrote to Jani :Seg th:'lt unksl b e ame to their aid, t1:e place mun b: lost. Upon learning thb the ~Una martbc:d with great l.la.cr1ty co Siwan. When he had reached a point about cwc:nty kw from us, we n'otivcd iruc11igcr~~.:e of hit :ldvance. We- held a council, and deu:mdncd to fiJ[.h t him; )0 " 'C ra.i.scd t.he •i~ :md' ma:rcbed to oppou llis :advance. lA'ben the KJuan.i Kh:man b.eard lh11 be atnt Muhammad Khan 'Niyat.i- aod lOme other of hi• offitti"J with rt.irtforcerntnca for u•: We ·were near the lJLk.ki: htlb when -they joined us, and our w:Uce.d force then amounted tO 1200 hone • .Jan! Beg wa4 J\dv:uu;ing throu~h the hilh with 101000 boriC, r.oge.the.r• with 1 :r n~~rou.r. body •of infuntry ~~nd 'otrchm; &.Ltd, he hoid ghmbf.rld-OUJI)I)n OOW•og up the rn·er, 'Whefl 11e WIJ.Iix or tC~IJ: •kc» dinaJ.\t,J ou.r fcadcn p«ceived (hat il:"we treniiinedf.,.,hete ·we.wefe, We mJ.rbt be 2ttackcd on every s:id«.,.. pmi•Deg m:igh"t att\ok w1rom the hi.llt. the

' .. ' 1 .,Thi.r 'il lilt-"~"" ..,...4, NTio1.1l1_ u.'f'itltlf1 'cAihiG! 'cAiiiMs, 0~

'foiWti. /11 " tr.u·tnU Jro.u4p ll l"t bll• r-~Milf~ '"•o11d·kd; It t1 t<rMI¥ ~l&d t4 1,k lofilfdjsJdtri thihtA, "mwti!'l t

l!iG

ghrabs from the river, and the men or Sihwan !rom the rt>.a i', £O that wt: $bould be in a cridca.l pm:\don, We therelore resolved to marc.ll on lknd m«-t him, aud our rorc:« were JccorcUngly set in motion. Janl BeR reteiYed intd· ligenc~ or our movement through fib J:pies, but could not Q'O([i« i f~ {Or he n&ked what our numbers oould be. and what mun be our pres.umprion to ,·c-mu.rc on .-ud.l a ncp.. nut thct dwt o( our mardt then became vbible (0 him, :a.nd be jnnantJy proceeded to $Ct his army in amy. JL "'' .U noon 1\'h.en tbe contending !orctt met. When our van. guard became engaged, j,()ffiC o! the men took JlighL and Red. Dle enemy punued, ll_nd oom_it\g ·up wlch Utlr m;clu body the battle ))c(21mc gcncml, ''three or !our fitr« cbargu wtrt m:a.dc_, but at length the enemy wt:rc d<:fc:~.wd. J:tnf'R~ uood his ground and Cougbt de&pera.tely, but .teemg that all was over, he ~,Jso Red, The enemy lou many men in killed llnd priJoner.s. j;mi Hq rc:tre:uett w Untu·· pur,4l twenty kos rrom tRe batdo-JleJd: where he raUcd a ~JU:.II fol't and urengthtntd his po.h..ion. \Vt. be!Jeged c.be place, • ud Allct' .01U~ daY' th~ lth~n.i l(hftn:l!o' :-trT'o\.•Nl ~n penon.

'Tho b.ltttrit$ were pusb.ed forward,~ and fighting w-ent on t\->(1')' d~y. i•• wbiC.b nt:tl)t on both 'idt,_,t/c:re ii£. Jed. Digging approadlc:' ·to the (ort. ~we rta.dted the edge ohhe dftCh. tnd raised l.bere a mound ·or earth, Jani. .Beg wou then reduc:M to d~pUr, and orfe:rtd tc:rmJ. 'l-lll propo:sal was to gh·e O\'er tO U$ thirty ghtnbs and tlu! Cort o[ Sihwan. He llim5clf would return lo Thutt~ but w0t1ld meet Ul aga.h\ aCcerwud:... The Kha.n.•i Khannn consulted with lili oiiicen. and they aU asretd that J:a.ni DCR: wu re· du(t(l r.o e~tre1niti~. a nd that no tenu.• Ahould be made with l1Jm-it w:u a mere qu~tiou of " day or two-and i( he were allowed ro return tO "l'haua he wou1dJn-obably dlaogc hit minc.l. The J<.han·i Kbamu1 obscr\·td ·•:.t it we a.uulted the fort. m:~.ny tnen on both sides would be slain. :md that the wives .and t.amilie& of the ~on would fall into <mr handt :uld might be tre.ttt.d with indignity, for thetc reason' be would accept the tt~ u.ud wt>uld further obuln a m41114b ol 5000 from the .Emperor lor Janl lkg. No doubt his dccUion wou sound. The repraericativcs of

•['" At~uw;IU"' 1'• M~f. 8.)

•

TAIJXH•J a.r' .UU!.U 15?

Jani ~ thtn c;~uu: into our lin~. the: lCrtnJ wrrc: •c:ulc:d, the g}l-robs were (i.vcn up, a. person wll sect to Sl.hwtn to secure the surrenCicr or the tor~ and Jani Beg himself set out for Tbaua. Tho Kh:an·i 'Kh!.lfi~J tt:tyed i11 tbe village or S;ann duri.,g tJu: iuund;~,tic.ns. but in the winter be do. Jlltrtcd for Tbatta. · Wben we approached Fath·bagh Jant nc:g came lorward to meet w. and th!!re WA~ an iratervu:w and fdendly incercourr.e be:lwtcat the two tbieb. l...caving Jani neg at chi..t pltu::e the Khan.i Kbanan pro_c:ccded to

'Tb:..wt, illld tlaere be diauibuu:d among hJJ officxn •nd wldic:n all We elfetts (b414l) be had whh him. He next. wenl to La.hori·l».tldar, whc:n gaud upon l11e .stlt (dary(l.d. thor). When he dep~.rted (ri)UI thia pl!.lce be left baulat .Kllan tiUd Khwlljlll Mukim in dta-rgt. A ro~ mllndate ha.d arrh·ed direaing him to bri.n.¢ jani D.eg_ «> Courc..--in co"' Aequence ol this he na.rted oiT> taidng Janl Dt.g with him • .and hastened hy (Ot't.'Cd J'Q;u't;bes h) ll1e lmJ''tr•l1 p~JJc:c . . .Evtry .kindne3f ru1d coruidaa:ion wns bcnow~d upon jaoi .Bq through the friendly nau:mc:,nu Q{ the Kh't~n·l Khana.n. The country or Thaua wa.& gndow.ly reuort:d to him, and .he w:a~ reccived into lhe ro}al ~'·tc.e will). ' a m11n.rob o£ .5000. St.iiJ turtltrr (u,•our Wa'J shown him. and Khuari .KJum was named 10 b<: hi$ son·in·law.

When Hb M.ajt:sty &e~ out lot the De.khln,•• intent .upon the oonq~t of Ahmadn.1rr ;md the f<)rt of Ka•im, -on the: 25th Ral'ab Mina jaoi Beg died of brain (ever, and .upon the solic t:uion ot "Nawwab Alf1ni, the ¢0Untry of 'Thau.a was gr.inte:d co Mirza Ghazi Dee. son ol the deaased 1-firtll.

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PUBUCATIONS OF DISTINCTION .. Hiatof.y of India, 31 Vols ..

. lr'~r.it~g~. of-· India · . •· ;~ ..... . . H'ymnt of the Rig· Veda . c . I . Vedailt~ 11iiloaopb}t . ·

Ycig~-s;iraa of Patanjali .

India'!! Phil~a~phy, 4 Vola .

Mediaeval India, 2 Vola. · ·Yoga Explained -.;:. • ~. ·

Eiiiot and Oowaon

. Max, MuUe~ . ,.·. ·'Mrs . . M*nlpg ·

. • :· .M~{ Mullet

.~ . '· Ballantyne and ~utrl·Oeva . ;; M~·"M~~iie~ . · ~.~ . .,.

,.: . • . 'Lane·Fo~le

Buddhiat India : .,. j ~ ~\r .;;t; Yeats-Brown Rbya Davida

Dhammapada' · ... : .

Life in An~ient l~d~~· . . .. . ,\ . .: .... Rammohaa · t!i Ra.inaliriab'na

,II • .jii. ~ , ,•

Hbiclniai'Q. • , . . . . ' . •,"i,\, ' .. ' "';, .._ teadmr •deaa .of Hinduiam MJ'<ti~ ·&· Maikiw of India .

J.ile of Baddba • . ~ i

Oaaeea of India :

Studiea im Buddhism

Ancient india . .'

·· .Hio~en Thsang i]\ lmdia

Seal

. ·Adolf Kaegi

. • Max MuU; r

'M'cinier· \Yilliama

. • ijaigh,

Jaeolliot' .ad o!~en (

. . Alabuter .'.•

Rliiial · Oe.vi •

. ·., . Max Mull~r Cowell, Elpbinltone ~-d othe;a,

• . . . S~at·H~~ire . , • ' india: Vedic ani! Post-Vedic -'. : ;~heel~~

·.; Re11,ou

, ..

· · 'Ci~iljz!ti~n of Ancient India .

l~oired Writing• of Hinduiam ~ ! ' 1

Th~ltre1 of tlle Hindua . . . : . ' '

. GoldatUek~r·~· Willon & Ora.

' Raajit· Singh · ~: . . · • • . . . . . • Oalior.n:e ,• ~ •.' • •' I ~ •: . . • • . ' . ..,

Sbivaji and.tlie Rile.'of fhe Mahrattu : · ;. • Temple.)& o!h:era • 'rv. \ • • • • ~ .. ~ ~ ~ ~ .. ' • )

. . SUSJJ;' GUPTA .(laCiia) LIMI'f.ED, ·7i . ~ ..... / .. , • ...

.. •• h.. -~·· .

· . .;

CI!NTRA(. AIICHMOLOOICAL I.IlliWI.Y, i1) Nll\V OBLHI

l go rasnt I

history of india vol.1 -1867

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