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American Journalism: History and Technology www.HuckabeeClassroom.com

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Page 1: History of journalism for journalism 1   slideshare

American Journalism: History and Technology

www.HuckabeeClassroom.com

Page 2: History of journalism for journalism 1   slideshare

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the

free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble,

and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

First Amendment

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Religion: you can believe what you want, belong to any religion, or no religion

Speech: you can voice your opinions using words, symbols or actions

Press: the government cannot censor information in newspapers, online news sources, TV news broadcasts, etc.

Assembly: you can gather in a group Petition: you can criticize the government, and

you can complain about policies that affect you negatively and ask for change

So which rights do you have according to the First Amendment?

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1690- Publick Occurrences, published in Boston by Benjamin Harris. The British Colonials oppressed the paper after just one issue on a technicality because they didn’t like what it printed. (Reported on scandal involving King of France).

1704- The Boston News Letter started by John Campbell became the first continuously published newspaper.

America’s First Newspapers

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Early newspapers had to step carefully. Any government criticism was considered “sedition” which means the stirring of rebellion and could result in jail time.

Government Criticism

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In 1735 New York Weekly Journal’s publisher John Peter Zenger was charged with “seditious libel” and thrown in jail after criticizing the governor of New York.

The courts ruled in favor of Zenger, establishing the truth as a solid defense against libel.

For more information click here

Government Criticism

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The leaders of the revolt used the press to incite the public to join their cause.

Almost all newspapers favored the Revolution because they supported the rights and freedoms of the press.

Early Newspapers helped Promote the Revolutionary War

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After the Revolutionary War was won, the leaders of the new country put into place the Bill of Rights, granting the press more freedoms than ever before.

“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition to the Government for a redress of grievances.”

-First Amendment to the United States Constitution

1791- The Bill of Rights

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The period following the Revolutionary War early U.S. leaders fought bitterly over how the new government should be run.

Partisan newspapers attacked their opponents fiercely.

They mixed news and opinion indiscriminately.

This period was known as the Partisan Press

The Partisan Press

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In 1835, The New York Herald became the first “modern newspaper” It was:◦ Free of government/ party

control◦ Had simple wording,

making it easy to read for the public

◦ Organized in a modern pattern covering regular beats (or topics) and news.

◦ It came about shortly after the development of the Penny Press

Birth of the Modern Newspaper

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New technology brought about the cylinder press, capable of printing 4,000 copies of a newspaper in an hour.

This reduced costs to 1 cent a paper creating the first truly mass media papers.

Thus the “Penny Press” was born paving the way for modern newspapers.

The Penny Press

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The steamboat, the Pony Express and the railroads in the mid 1800’s made news cheaper and allowed information to travel faster.

1861- reporters began using the telegraph utilizing Morse Code as a means of covering the news during the Civil War.

This led to the invention of the inverted pyramid (modern “hard” news style. It allowed information to be transmitted quickly, but at a cost. The fewer words used the better.

Advances in Technology

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Inverted pyramid style

Objectivity Photojournalism Press credentials War

correspondents

Civil War brought many firsts

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By the end of the 19th century, newspapers were the nation’s main source of information.

As huge newspaper empires grew, so did competition and circulation wars

“Yellow journalism” used sensationalism as a way to increase readership. This resulted in loud headlines on questionable behavior.

Yellow Journalism

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Joseph Pulitzer- owned the St. Louis Post

Dispatch and took over New York World

Crusader for hard news but liked to sensationalize

The prestigious Pulitzer prizes are now awarded to journalists every year.

Founder of Columbia University School of Journalism

Famous “yellow” Journalists

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William Randolph Hearst-

Owner of the San Francisco Examiner, bought New York Journal

Loved politics and planned to run for president

Competed against Pulitzer Paper emphasized crime,

scandals and violence

Famous “yellow” Journalists

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Nellie Bly a.k.a.Elizabeth Cochrane-

Used publicity stunts to create news or expose injustice

Once had herself committed to an insane asylum in order to investigate conditions from the perspective of a patient

Pulitzer once sent her to travel around the world like the Jules Verne novel “Around the World in 80 Days”.

Famous “yellow” Journalists

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The end of Yellow journalism ushered in the “golden age” of journalism.

Muckraking: Investigative, socially conscious reporting

Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle leads to new, much more stringent food and drug laws

Muckraking

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Industrialization led to slums and terrible conditions for the poor. Journalists exposed these problems and helped start sweeping reforms:

Better working conditions

Sanitation Laws to protect people Honest government Regulation of big

business

Muckraking

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1901: first wireless signal sent across ocean by Marconi

1920: first radio station- KDKA in Pittsburg

1926-27: national radio networks- NBC and CBS

1930’s-40’s: FDR’s fireside chats

Birth of the Radio/ Broadcast

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1939 first TV broadcasts made, but WWII delays progress

By 1950’s powerful networks emerge.

Edward R. Murrow is the first network news “star”

Challenged Senator McCarthy’s communist hunts.

He set the standard for later news anchors

Birth of Television

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It was hard to compete with TV’s speed and visual appeal

Newspapers strike back with:

Tighter, more concise writing

Better formatting Improved design In-Depth reporting Shorter stories Lots of color and

graphics

Newspapers Decline

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The Pentagon Papers proved U.S. government had lied to the public about Vietnam War

1972, Washington Post reporters broke the Watergate story that led to President Nixon’s resignation.

Investigative Journalism

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Watch these national news anchors discuss what the “@” symbol means and what “Internet” means.

This was 1994 by the way. Don’t laugh at them. It was a brand new time for technology. Seriously – we had no clue what this was all about in 1994.

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The Internet is the number one news source in the world while other news media continues to decline.

The only solution to the decline of newspapers Is convergence.

The Internet

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http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=4901034n

The End of the Newspaper

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The way we deliver and receive news is changing but Journalism isn’t dead.

The public will ALWAYS require news. Journalism is going to survive, but in

different forms. Convergence is key

So what is Journalism today?

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Slideshare by Jackie Scott https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JUs7iG1

mNjI Student Press Law Center

Sources