history of korea from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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History of KoreaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

he Korean Peninsula was inhabited from the Lower Paleolithic about 400,000-700,000 years ago.[1][2][3] The earliest known

orean pottery dates to around 8000 BCE,[4] and the Neolithic period began after 6000 BCE, followed by the Bronze Age by

800 BCE,[5][6][7] and the Iron Age around 400 BCE.

ccording to the mythic origin story recounted in the Samguk Yusa, the Gojoseon (Old Joseon) was founded in northern Korea

and Manchuria in 2333 BCE.[8][9][10] The Gija Joseon was founded in 12th century BC, and its existence and role have been

controversial in the modern era.[11] The Jin state was formed in southern Korea in the 3rd century BC. In the 2nd century BC, Gija

oseon was replaced by Wiman Joseon which fell to the Han dynasty of China near the end of the century. This resulted in the fall of

Gojoseon and led to succeeding warring states, the ProtoThree Kingdoms period that spanned the later Iron Age. Since the 1st

century, Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla grew to control the peninsula and Manchuria as the Three Kingdoms (57 BC 668 AD) until

nification by Silla in 676. In 698, Dae Jo-yeong established Balhae in old territories of Goguryeo, [12][13] which led to the North

South States Period (698926).

n the late 9th century, Silla was divided into the Later Three Kingdoms (892936), which ended with the unification by Wang

Geon's Goryeo Dynasty. Meanwhile Balhae fell after an invasion by the Khitan Liao Dynasty and the refugees including the last

Crown Prince emigrated to Goryeo.[14] During the Goryeo period, laws were codified, a civil service system was introduced, and

culture influenced by Buddhism flourished.

n 1392, Yi Seong-gye established the Joseon Dynasty (13921910) after a coup in 1388. King Sejong the Great (14181450)

mplemented numerous administrative, social, and economical reforms, established royal authority in the early years of the dynasty,

and promulgated Hangul, the Korean alphabet.

rom the late 16th century, the Joseon dynasty faced foreign invasions, internal power struggle and rebellions, and it declined

apidly in the late 19th century. In 1897, the Korean Empire (18971910) succeeded the Joseon Dynasty. However, Imperial

apan forced it to sign a protectorate treaty and in 1910 annexed the Korean Empire, though all treaties involved were later

confirmed to be null and void.[15]

orean resistance was manifested in the widespread nonviolent March 1st Movement of 1919. Thereafter the resistance

ovements, coordinated by the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in exile, were largely active in neighboringanchuria, Chinaand Siberia.

fter the liberation in 1945, thepartition of Korea created the modern two states of North and South Korea. In 1948, new

overnments were established, the democratic South Korea ("Republic of Korea") and communist North Korea ("Democratic

eople's Republic of Korea") divided at the 38th parallel. The unresolved tensions of the division surfaced in the Korean War of

1950. Although there was a cease-fire in 1953, the two nations officially remain at war because a peace treaty was never signed.

oth states were accepted into the United Nations in 1991.

Contents

1 Prehistory, Gojoseon, and the Jin State

1.1 Jeulmun Pottery Period

1.2 Mumun Pottery Period

1.3 Gojoseon and Jin State

1.4 Metallurgy

2 ProtoThree Kingdoms

2.1 Buyeo and other Northern states

2.2 Samhan

3 Three Kingdoms Era

3.1 Goguryeo

3.2 Baekje

3.3 Silla

3.4 Gaya

4 North and South States

4.1 Unified Silla (Later Silla)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#North_and_South_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Baekjehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Goguryeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Three_Kingdoms_Erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Samhanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Proto.E2.80.93Three_Kingdomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Gojoseon_and_Jin_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Mumun_Pottery_Periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Mumun_Pottery_Periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Prehistory.2C_Gojoseon.2C_and_the_Jin_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_independence_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taejo_of_Joseonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejong_the_Great_of_Joseonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dae_Gwang-hyeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Goryeosa-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dae_Gwang-hyeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_South_States_Periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_South_States_Periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekjehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Hwang-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_(Korean_state)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Lee-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gija_Joseonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Eckert_2-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Connor-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Kim_and_Bae-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Paleolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Unified_Silla_.28Later_Silla.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#North_and_South_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Gayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Sillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Baekjehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Goguryeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Three_Kingdoms_Erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Samhanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Buyeo_and_other_Northern_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Proto.E2.80.93Three_Kingdomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Metallurgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Gojoseon_and_Jin_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Mumun_Pottery_Periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Jeulmun_Pottery_Periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Prehistory.2C_Gojoseon.2C_and_the_Jin_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_independence_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1st_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_independence_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Annexation_Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulsa_Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejong_the_Great_of_Joseonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taejo_of_Joseonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Goryeosa-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dae_Gwang-hyeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goryeo_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taejo_of_Goryeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Three_Kingdoms_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_South_States_Periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balhaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dae_Jo-yeonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekjehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto%E2%80%93Three_Kingdomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiman_Joseonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_(Korean_state)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Hwang-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gija_Joseonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Lee-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojoseonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samguk_Yusahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Kim_and_Bae-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Connor-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Eckert_2-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Choe_and_Bale-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Sin-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Norton-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Eckert-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Paleolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Peninsula


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Korean earthenware jar

with comb pattern.

4000 BC, Amsa-dong,

Seoul. British Museum.

4.2 Balhae

4.3 Later Three Kingdoms

5 Goryeo

6 Joseon

6.1 Political history

6.2 Culture and society

6.3 Foreign invasions

7 Korean Empire

8 Japanese rule9 The division of Korea

10 See also

11 Notes

12 Bibliography

12.1 Specialized studies

12.2 In Korean

13 External links

Prehistory, Gojoseon, and the Jin StateMain article: Prehistoric Korea

No definite Homo erectus has been found in the Korean Peninsula,[16] though a possible Homo erectus

has been reported.[2] Tool-making artifacts from the Palaeolithic period have been found in present-

day North Hamgyong, South P'yongan, Gyeonggi, and north and south Chungcheong Provinces of

Korea.,[17] which dates the Paleolithic Age to half a million years ago,[6] though it may have begun as

late as 400,000 years ago[1] or as early as 600,000-700,000 years ago.[2][3] The predominant view is

that the Korean people of today are not the ethnic descendants of these Paleolithic inhabitants. [1][6]

Jeulmun Pottery Period

Main article: Jeulmun pottery period

The earliest known Korean pottery dates back to around 8000 BC, [4] and evidence of Mesolithic Pit-

Comb Ware culture or Yungimun Pottery is found throughout the peninsula. An example of a

Yungimun-era site is in Jeju-do. Jeulmun or Comb-pattern Pottery is found after 7000 BC, and pottery

with comb-patterns over the whole vessel is found concentrated at sites in west-central Korea, where

a number of settlements such as Amsa-dong existed. Jeulmun pottery bears basic design and form similarities to that of Mongolia,

and the Amur and Sungari river basins of Manchuria and the Jmon culture in Japan. [18][19]

umun Pottery Period

Main article: Mumun pottery period

rchaeological evidence demonstrates that agricultural societies and the earliest forms of social-political complexity emerged in the

umun Pottery Period (c. 1500300 BC).[20]

eople in southern Korea adopted intensive dry-field and paddy-field agriculture with a multitude of crops in the Early Mumun

eriod (1500850 BC). The first societies led by big-men or chiefs emerged in the Middle Mumun (850550 BC), and the first

ostentatious elite burials can be traced to the Late Mumun (c. 550300 BC). Bronze production began in the Middle Mumun and

ecame increasingly important in ceremonial and political society after 700 BC. Archeological evidence from Songguk-ri,

aepyeong, Igeum-dong, and elsewhere indicate that the Mumun era was the first in which chiefdoms rose, expanded, and

collapsed. The increasing presence of long-distance trade, an increase in local conflicts, and the introduction of bronze and iron

etallurgy are trends denoting the end of the Mumun around 300 BC.[20]

Gojoseon and Jin State
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-mumun-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igeum-donghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daepyeonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songguk-rihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-mumun-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumun_Pottery_Periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumun_pottery_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dmonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungari_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsa-donghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeju-dohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit-Comb_Ware_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Choe_and_Bale-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_potteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeulmun_pottery_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Connor-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Eckert-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Sin-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Norton-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Eckert-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Connor-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chungcheong-dohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeonggihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_P%27yonganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hamgyonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Norton-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#In_Koreanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Specialized_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Bibliographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#The_division_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Japanese_rulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Korean_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Foreign_invasionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Culture_and_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Political_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Joseonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Goryeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Later_Three_Kingdomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Balhaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsa-donghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KoreanEarthenwareJar4000BCEAmsa-DongNearSeoul.jpg


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Korea in 108 BC.

Korean Bronze Age sword. Seoul,

National Museum of Korea.

Main article: Gojoseon

Main article: Jin (Korean state)

Gojoseon was the first Korean kingdom,located in the

north of the peninsula followed by the state of Jin in the

south of the peninsula.

The founding legend of Gojoseon, which is recorded in

the Samguk Yusa (1281) and other medieval Korean

books,[21] states that the country was established in 2333

BC by Dangun, said to be descended from heaven.[22]

While no evidence has been found that supports

whatever facts may lie beneath this, the account has

played an important role in developing Korean national

identity.[23]

The first kingdom of Gojoseon with verifiable historical evidence is Gija Joseon, which was

ounded in the 12th century BC by a descendant of the Chinese Shang Dynasty's royal family named Gija, and lasted until 194 BC.

he relevant records can be found inRecords of the Grand Historian in 91 BC,Book of Han in AD 111,Book of the Later

an in the 5th century andRecords of the Three Kingdoms in the 3rd century. The existence (there is little archeological evidence

ertaining to the issue) and the role of Gija in Korean history (whether Gija replaced the central government of an existing state,ounded the first Korean state, or was ensconced in a peripheral region) became controversial in the 20th century. [11]

he historical Gojoseon kingdom was first mentioned in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC,[24][25] and by about the 4th

century BC it had developed to the point where its existence was well known in China. [26][27] Around 4th Century BC, its capital

oved to Pyongyang.[28][29]

n 194 BC, King Jun fled to Jin state after a coup by Wiman, who founded Wiman Joseon. Later the Han Dynasty defeated the

iman Joseon and set up Four Commanderies of Han in 108 BC. There was a significant Chinese presence in northern parts of the

orean peninsula during the next century, and the Lelang Commandery persisted for about 400 years until it was conquered by

Goguryeo. Around 300 BC, a state called Jin arose in the southern part of the Korean peninsula. Very little is known about Jin, but

t established relations with Han China and exported artifacts to the Yayoi of Japan.[30]

Around 100 BC, Jin evolved into theSamhan confederacies.[31]

any smaller states sprang from the former territory of Gojoseon such as Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye, Goguryeo and Baekje. The

hree Kingdoms refer to Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla, although Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy existed into the 5th and 6th

centuries respectively.

he Jin State, which was historically simultaneous, was located in the South of the Peninsula, but historic records are scarce, and it

s not easy to figure out how much of a state this was.[citation needed]

etallurgy

he Bronze Age is often held to have begun around 900-800 BC in Korea, [6] though the transition to the Bronze Age may have

egun as far back as 2300 BC.[7] Bronze daggers, mirrors, and weaponry have been found, as well as evidence of walled-town

olities. Rice, red beans, soybeans and millet were cultivated, and rectangular pit-houses and increasingly larger dolmen burial sites

are found throughout the peninsula.[32] Contemporaneous records suggest that Gojoseon transitioned from a feudal federation of

alled cities into a centralised kingdom at least before the 4th century BC.[33] It is believed that by the 4th century BC, iron culture

as developing in Korea as the warring states of China pushed refugees east and south.

ProtoThree Kingdoms

Main article: ProtoThree Kingdoms of Korea

he ProtoThree Kingdoms period, sometimes called the Several States Period (),[34] is the time before the rise of the

hree Kingdoms of Korea, which included Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje, and occurred after the fall of Gojoseon. This time period

consisted of numerous states that sprang up from the former territories of Gojoseon. Among these states, the largest and most

nfluential were Dongbuyeo and Bukbuyeo.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukbuyeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongbuyeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojoseonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekjehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto%E2%80%93Three_Kingdoms_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Kim_and_Bae-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Connor-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_confederacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekjehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekjehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okjeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyeo_kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yayoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_(Korean_history)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelang_Commanderyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Commanderies_of_Hanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiman_Joseonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiman_Joseonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiman_of_Gojoseonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_(Korean_state)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Jun_of_Gojoseonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Hwang-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Hanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Hanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gija_Joseonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samguk_Yusahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_(Korean_state)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojoseonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_(Korean_state)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojoseonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Korea-Neolithic.age-Sword-01.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:History_of_Korea-108_BC.png


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ProtoThree Kingdoms, c. 1 CE.

Gold buckle of the ProtoThree

Kingdoms period

Goguryeo at its height, in 476 CE.

An example of a Goguryeo tomb

mural.

uyeo and other Northern states

Main articles: Buyeo kingdom, Okjeo, and Dongye

fter the fall of Gojoseon, Buyeo arose in today's North Korea and southern Manchuria, from about the 2nd century BC to 494.

ts remnants were absorbed by Goguryeo in 494, and both Goguryeo and Baekje, two of

he Three Kingdoms of Korea, considered themselves its successor.[35]

lthough records are sparse and contradictory, it is thought that in 86 BC, Dongbuyeo (East

uyeo) branched out, after which the original Buyeo is sometimes referred to as Bukbuyeo

(North Buyeo). Jolbon Buyeo was the predecessor to Goguryeo, and in 538, Baekje

enamed itselfNambuyeo (South Buyeo).[36]

Okjeo was a tribal state that was located in the northern Korean Peninsula, and was

established after the fall of Gojoseon. Okjeo had been a part of Gojoseon before its fall. It

ever became a fully developed kingdom due to the intervention of its neighboring kingdoms.

Okjeo became a tributary of Goguryeo, and was eventually annexed into Goguryeo by

Gwanggaeto Taewang in the 5th century.[37]

ongye was another small kingdom that was situated in the northern Korean Peninsula.

ongye bordered Okjeo, and the two kingdoms faced the same fate of becoming tributariesof the growing empire of Goguryeo. Dongye was also a former part of Gojoseon before its

all.[38]

Samhan

Main articles: Samhan, Mahan confederacy, Jinhan confederacy, and Byeonhan

confederacy

Sam han (,) refers to the three confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan.

he Samhan were located in the southern region of the Korean Peninsula. [39] The Samhan

countries were strictly governed by law, with religion playing an important role. Mahan was

he largest, consisting of 54 states, and assumed political, economic, and cultural dominance.

yeonhan and Jinhan both consisted of 12 states, bringing a total of 78 states within the Samhan. The Samhan were eventually

conquered by Baekje, Silla, and Gaya in the 4th century.[40]

Three Kingdoms Era

Main article: Three Kingdoms of Korea

Goguryeo

Main article: Goguryeo

Goguryeo was founded in 37 BC by Jumong

(posthumous name Dongmyeongseong).[41] Later,

King Taejo centralized the government. Goguryeo

was the first Korean kingdom to adopt Buddhism as

the state religion in 372, in King Sosurim's

reign.[42][43]

Goguryeo reached its zenith in the 5th century, when

King Gwanggaeto the Great and his son, King Jangsu,

expanded the country into almost all of Manchuria and part of inner Mongolia, and took the

present-day Seoul from Baekje. Gwanggaeto and Jangsu subdued Baekje and Silla during

their times.[43]

Goguryeo later fought and defeated massive Chinese invasions in the Goguryeo-Sui War of

598 614, which contributed to Sui's fall, and continued to repel the Tang dynasty under
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Gilt-bronze Incense Burner

of Baekje

Down-sized replica of the famous

80 meter tall pagoda at

Hwangnyongsa Temple which

was destroyed by the Mongols.

several generals including Yeon Gaesomun and Yang Manchun (see GoguryeoTang War).[44][45]

owever, numerous wars with China exhausted Goguryeo and it fell into a weak state. After internal power struggles, it was

conquered by allied Silla-Tang forces in 668.[46]

aekje

Main article: Baekje

aekje's foundation by King Onjo in 18 BC[47] as stated in the Samguk Sagi, followed those of

Goguryeo and Silla.

he Sanguo Zhi mentions Baekje as a member of the Mahan confederacy in the Han River basin

(near present-day Seoul). It expanded into the southwest (Chungcheong and Jeolla provinces) of

he peninsula and became a significant political and military power. In the process, Baekje came

nto fierce confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies in the vicinity of its

erritorial ambitions.

t its peak in the 4th century in the reign of King Geunchogo, it had absorbed all of the Mahan

states and subjugated most of the western Korean peninsula (including the modern provinces of

Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, and Jeolla, as well as part of Hwanghae and Gangwon) to a centralizedovernment. Baekje acquired Chinese culture and technology through contacts with the Southern Dynasties during the expansion of

ts territory.[48]

aekje played a fundamental role in transmitting cultural developments, such as Chinese characters, Buddhism, iron-making,

advanced pottery, and ceremonial burial into ancient Japan.[49] Other aspects of culture were also transmitted when the Baekje

court retreated to Japan after Baekje was conquered. Baekje was defeated by a coalition of Silla and Tang Dynasty forces in

660.[50]

Silla

Main article: Silla

ccording to legend, the kingdom Silla began with the unification of six chiefdoms of the

inhan confederacy by Bak Hyeokgeose in 57 BC, in the southeastern area of Korea. Its

erritory included the present-day port city of Busan, and Silla later emerged as a sea power

esponsible for destroying Japanese pirates, especially during the Unified Silla period.[51]

Silla artifacts, including unique gold metalwork, show influence from the northern nomadic

steppes, with less Chinese influence than are shown by Goguryeo and Baekje. [52] Silla

expanded rapidly by occupying the Nakdong River basin and uniting the city-states.

y the 2nd century, Silla was a large state, occupying and influencing nearby city states. Silla

ained further power when it annexed the Gaya confederacy in 562. Silla often facedressure from Gougryeo, Baekje and Japan, and at various times allied and warred with

aekje and Goguryeo.

n 660, King Muyeol of Silla ordered his armies to attack Baekje. General Kim Yu-shin,

aided by Tang forces, conquered Baekje. In 661, Silla and Tang moved on Goguryeo but

ere repelled. King Munmu, son of Muyeol and nephew of Kim, launched another campaign

n 667 and Goguryeo fell in the following year.[53]

Gaya

Main article: Gaya confederacy

Gaya was a confederacy of small kingdoms in the Nakdong River valley of southern Korea, growing out of the Byeonhan

confederacy of the Samhan period. Gaya's plains were rich in iron, so export of iron tools was possible and agriculture flourished. In

he early centuries, the Confederacy was led by Geumgwan Gaya in the Gimhae region. However, its leading power changed to

aegaya in the Goryeong region after the 5th century.
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Bulguksa Temple is a UNESCO

World Heritage Site.

Balhae stele at the National

Museum of Korea.

Constantly engaged in war with the three kingdoms surrounding it, Gaya was not developed to form a unified state, and was

ltimately absorbed into Silla in 562.[54]

orth and South States

Main article: North South States Period

he term North-South States refers to Unified Silla and Balhae, during the time when Silla controlled the majority of the Korean

eninsula while Balhae expanded into Manchuria. During this time, culture and technology significantly advanced, especially innified Silla.

nified Silla (Later Silla)

Main article: Unified Silla

Main article: Silla-Tang War

fter the unification wars, the Tang Dynasty established outposts in the former Goguryeo,

and began to establish and administer communities in Baekje. Silla attacked Tang forces in

aekje and northern Korea in 671. Tang then invaded Silla in 674 but Silla drove the Tang

orces out of the peninsula by 676 to achieve unification of most of the Korean peninsula.[55]

nified Silla was a time when Korean arts flourished dramatically and Buddhism became a

arge part of culture. Buddhist monasteries such as the World Heritage Sites Bulguksa temple

and Seokguram Grotto are examples of advanced Korean architecture and Buddhist

nfluence.[56] Other state-sponsored art and architecture from this period include

wangnyongsa Temple and Bunhwangsa Temple.

Silla began to experience political troubles in late 8th century. This severely weakened Silla and soon thereafter, descendants of the

ormer Baekje established Hubaekje. In the north, rebels revived Goguryeo, beginning the Later Three Kingdoms period.

nified Silla lasted for 267 years until King Gyeongsun surrendered the country to Goryeo in 935, after 992 years and 56

onarchs.[57]

alhae

Main article: Balhae

alhae was founded only thirty years after Goguryeo had fallen. It was founded in the northern

art of former lands of Goguryeo by Dae Joyeong, a former Goguryeo general.[58] Balhae

controlled the northern areas of the Korean Peninsula, much of Manchuria (though it didn't

occupy Liaodong peninsula for much of history), and expanded into present-day Russian

rimorsky Krai. Balhae styled itself as Goguryeo's successor state. It also adapted the culture of

ang Dynasty, such as the government structure and geopolitical system. [59]

n a time of relative peace and stability in the region, Balhae flourished, especially during the reigns

of the third Emperor Mun (r. 737793) and Emperor Seon. However, Balhae was severely

eakened by the 10th century, and the Khitan Liao Dynasty conquered Balhae in 926.[59] Tens

of thousands of refugees, including Dae Gwang-hyeon, the last Crown Prince, emigrated to

Goryeo.[14]

o historical records from Balhae have survived, and the Liao left no histories of Balhae. While

Goryeo absorbed some Balhae territory and received Balhae refugees, it compiled no known

istories of Balhae either. The Samguk Sagi ("History of the Three Kingdoms"), for instance,

ncludes passages on Balhae, but does not include a dynastic history of Balhae. The 18th century Joseon dynasty historian Yu

eukgong advocated the proper study of Balhae as part of Korean history, and coined the term "North and South States Period" to

efer to this era.[59]

ater Three Kingdoms
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Celadon Incense

Burner from the

Korean Goryeo

Dynasty (918

1392), with

kingfisher colorglaze.

The Gyeongbokgung Palace

Main article: Later Three Kingdoms

he Later Three Kingdoms (892 936 CE) consisted of Silla, Hubaekje ("Later Baekje"), and Taebong (also known as

ugoguryeo, "Later Goguryeo").[60] The latter two, established as Unified Silla declined in power, claimed to be heirs to Baekje

and Goguryeo.

aebong (Later Goguryeo) was originally led by Gung Ye, a Buddhist monk who founded Later Goguryeo. Gung Ye was actually a

son of King Gyeongmun of Shilla. When Gung Ye was born, there was an omen that he would be a cause of Shilla's downfall, and

hus Gyeongmun ordered his newborn to be killed. Gung Ye's nurse however, ran away with him and raised him. [61] The unpopular

Gung Ye was deposed by Wang Geon in 918. Wang Geon was popular with his people, and he decided to unite the entireeninsula under one government. He attacked Later Baekje in 934 and received the surrender of Silla in the following year. In 936,

Goryeo conquered Hubaekje.[62]

Goryeo

Main article: Goryeo

Goryeo was founded in 918 AD and became the ruling dynasty of Korea by 936. "Goryeo" was named

as Wang Geon deemed the nation as a successor of Goguryeo.[63] The dynasty lasted until 1392, and it is

the source of the English name "Korea."[64][65]

During this period laws were codified, and a civil service system was introduced. Buddhism flourished,

and spread throughout the peninsula. The development of celadon pottery flourished in the 12th and 13th

century.[66] The publication of Tripitaka Koreana onto 81,258 wooden blocks[67] and the invention of

movable-metal-type printing press attest to Goryeo's cultural achievements.

In 1231 the Mongols began their campaigns against Korea and after 25 years of struggle, Goryeo relented

by signing a treaty with the Mongols. For the following 80 years Goryeo survived as a tributary ally of the

Mongol-ruled Yuan Dynasty in China.[68]

In the 1350s, the Yuan Dynasty declined rapidly due to internal struggles, enabling King Gongmin to

reform the Goryeo government.[69]

Gongmin had various problems that needed to be dealt with, includingthe removal of pro-Mongol aristocrats and military officials, the question of land holding, and quelling the

growing animosity between the Buddhists and Confucian scholars.[70]

he Goryeo dynasty would last until 1392. Taejo of Joseon, the founder of the Joseon Dynasty, took power in a coup in 1388 and

after serving as a power behind the throne for two monarchs, established the Joseon Dynasty in 1392.[71]

oseon

Main article: Joseon Dynasty

olitical history

n 1392, the general Yi Seong-gye, later known as Taejo, established the Joseon

ynasty (13921897), named in honor of the ancient kingdom Gojoseon[72] and

ased on idealistic Confucianism-based ideology.[73]

aejo moved the capital to Hanyang (modern-day Seoul) and built Gyeongbokgung

alace. In 1394 he adopted Neo-Confucianism as the country's official religion, and

ursued the creation of a strong bureaucratic state. His son and grandson, King

aejong and King Sejong the Great, implemented numerous administrative, social,

and economical reforms and established royal authority in the early years of the

dynasty.[74]

nternal conflicts within the royal court, civil unrest and other political struggles plagued the nation in the years that followed,

orsened by the Japanese invasion of Korea between 1592 and 1598. Toyotomi Hideyoshi marshalled his forces and tried to

nvade the Asian continent through Korea, but was eventually repelled by righteous armies, Korean Army and Navy, and assistance

rom Ming China. This war also saw the rise of the career of Admiral Yi Sun-sin with the "turtle ship". [75]
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One of the earliest

photographs depicting

yangban Koreans, taken

in 1863.

Korean Embassy to Japan, 1655, attributed to Kano

Toun Yasunobu. British Museum.

s Joseon was striving to rebuild itself after the war, it suffered from the invasions by the Manchu in 1627 and 1636. Different

iews regarding foreign policy divided the royal court, and ascensions to the throne during that period were decided after much

olitical conflict and struggle.[76]

period of peace followed in the 18th century during the years of King Yeongjo and King Jeongjo, who led a new renaissance of

he Joseon dynasty, with fundamental reforms to ease the political tension between the Confucian scholars, who held high

ositions.[77][78]

owever, corruption in government and social unrest prevailed in the years thereafter, causing numerous civil uprisings and revolts.

he government made sweeping reforms in the late 19th century, but adhered to a strict isolationist policy, earning Joseon theickname "Hermit Kingdom". The policy had been established primarily for protection against Western imperialism, but before long

oseon was forced to open trade, beginning an era leading into Japanese colonial rule. [79]

Culture and society

oseon's culture was based on the philosophy of Neo-Confucianism, which emphasizes morality,

ighteousness, and practical ethics. Wide interest in scholarly study resulted in the establishment of

rivate academies and educational institutions. Many documents were written about history,

eography, medicine, and Confucian principles. The arts flourished in painting, calligraphy, music,

dance, and ceramics.[80]

he most notable cultural event of this era is the promulgation of the Korean alphabetHangulby

ing Sejong the Great in 1446.[81] This period also saw various other cultural, scientific and

echnological advances.[82]

uring Joseon, a social hierarchy system existed that greatly affected Korea's social development.

he king and the royal family were atop the hereditary system, with the next tier being a class of civil

or military officials and land owners known asyangban, who worked for the government and lived

off the efforts of tenant farmers and slaves.

middle class,jungin, were technical specialists such as scribes, medical officers, technicians in

science-related fields, artists and musicians. Commoners, i.e. peasants, constituted the largest class in

oseon. They had obligations to pay taxes, provide labor, and serve in the military. By paying landaxes to the state, they were allowed to cultivate land and farm. The lowest class included tenant farmers, slaves, entertainers,

craftsmen, prostitutes, laborers, shamans, vagabonds, outcasts, and criminals. Although slave status was hereditary, they could be

sold or freed at officially set prices, and the mistreatment of slaves was forbidden.[83]

hisyangban focused system started to change in the late 17th century as political, economic and social changes came into place.

y the 19th century, new commercial groups emerged, and the active social mobility caused theyangban class to expand, resulting

n the weakening of the old class system. The Joseon government ordered the freedom of government slaves in 1801. The class

system of Joseon was completely banned in 1894.[84]

oreign invasions

Main articles: Japanese invasions of Korea (15921598), Second Manchu invasion of Korea, French campaign against

Korea (1866), United States expedition to Korea, and Geomun Island Incident

oseon dealt with a pair of Japanese invasions from 1592 to 1598 (Imjin

Waror the Seven Years war). Prior to the war, Korea sent two

ambassadors to scout for signs of Japan's intentions of invading Korea.

owever, they came back with 2 different reports, and while the politicians

split into sides, little proactive measures were taken.

his conflict brought prominence to Admiral Yi Sun-sin as he contributed to

eventually repelling the Japanese forces with the innovative use of his

nvention, the turtle ship, a massive, yet swift, ramming/cannon ship fitted

ith iron spikes and, according to some sources, an iron-plated

deck[85][86][87]). The use of the hwacha was also highly effective in repelling

he Japanese invaders from the land.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwachahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Roh_2004.2C_13-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Turnbull_2002.2C_244-86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Hawley_2005.2C_195f.-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_Sun-sinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imjin_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomun_Island_Incidenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_campaign_against_Korea_(1866)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Manchu_invasion_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangbanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejong_the_Great_of_Joseonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_pottery_and_porcelainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Confucianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeongjo_of_Joseonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeongjo_of_Joseonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Manchu_invasion_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Manchu_invasion_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon_Tongsinsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KoreanEmbassy1655KanoTounYasunobu.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangbanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koreans_oldest_pic_3.jpg


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Switchboard during the Korean

Empire period (1902).

Subsequently, Korea was invaded by the Manchus in 1627 and again in 1636, after which the Joseon dynasty recognized the

suzerainty of the Qing Empire.

uring the 19th century, Joseon tried to control foreign influence by closing the borders to all nations but China. In 1853 the USS

South America, an American gunboat, visited Busan for 10 days and had amiable contact with local officials. Several Americans

shipwrecked on Korea in 1855 and 1865 were also treated well and sent to China for repatriation. The Joseon court was aware of

he foreign invasions and treaties involving Qing China, as well as the First and Second Opium Wars, and followed a cautious policy

of slow exchange with the West.

n 1866, reacting to greater numbers of Korean converts to Catholicism despite several waves of persecutions, the Joseon courtclamped down on them, massacring French Catholic missionaries and Korean converts alike. Later in the year France invaded and

occupied portions of Ganghwa Island. The Korean army lost heavily, but the French abandoned the island.

he General Sherman, a American-owned armed merchant marine sidewheel schooner, attempted to open Korea to trade in

1866. After an initial miscommunication, the ship sailed upriver and became stranded near Pyongyang. After being ordered to leave

y the Korean officials, the American crewmen killed four Korean inhabitants, kidnapped a military officer and engaged in sporadic

ighting that continued for four days. After two efforts to destroy the ship failed, she was finally set aflame by Korean fireships laden

ith explosives.

n response, the United States confronted Korea militarily in 1871, killing 243 Koreans in Ganghwa island before withdrawing. This

ncident is called the Sinmiyangyo in Korea. Five years later, the reclusive Korea signed a trade treaty with Japan, and in 1882

signed a treaty with the United States, ending centuries of isolationism.

n 1885, United Kingdom occupied Geomun Island, and withdrew in 1887.

fter a rapidly modernizing Japan forced Korea to open its ports in 1876, it successfully challenged the Qing Empire in the Sino-

apanese War (18941895). In 1895, the Japanese were involved in the murder of Empress Myeongseong,[88] who had sought

ussian help, and the Russians were forced to retreat from Korea for the time.

Korean Empire

Main article: Korean Empire

Further information: Gwangmu Reform

s a result of the Sino-Japanese War (18941895), the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki

as concluded between China and Japan. It stipulated the abolition of traditional

elationships Korea had with China, the latter of which recognised the complete

ndependence of Joseon and repudiated the former's political influence over the latter.

n 1897, Joseon was renamed the Korean Empire, and King Gojong became Emperor

Gojong. The imperial government aimed to become a strong and independent nation by

mplementing domestic reforms; strengthening military forces, developing commerce and

ndustry, and surveying land ownership. Organizations like the Independence Club also

allied to assert the rights of the Joseon people, but clashed with the government whichroclaimed absolute monarchy and power.[89]

ussian influence was strong in the Empire until being defeated by Japan in the Russo-Japanese War (19041905). Korea

effectively became a protectorate of Japan on 17 November 1905, the 1905 Protectorate Treaty having been promulgated without

mperor Gojong's required seal or commission.[90][91]

ollowing the signing of the treaty, many intellectuals and scholars set up various organizations and associations, embarking on

ovements for independence. In 1907, Gojong was forced to abdicate after Japan learned that he sent secret envoys to the Second

ague Conventions to protest against the protectorate treaty, leading to the accession of Gojong's son, Emperor Sunjong. In 1909,

ndependence activist An Jung-geun assassinated It Hirobumi, the Resident-General of Korea, for Ito's intrusions on the Korean

olitics.[92][93] This prompted the Japanese to ban all political organisations and proceed with plans for annexation.

apanese rule

Main article: Korea under Japanese rule
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-hoare_pares_japanese_rule-92http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident-General_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Jung-geunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Sunjong_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Secret_Emissary_Affairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-91http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulsa_Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-89http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Gojong_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonosekihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangmu_Reformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-myeongseong-88http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Myeongseong_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomun_Island_Incidenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinmiyangyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireshipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Opium_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Opium_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Manchu_invasion_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Manchu_invasion_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_switchboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Switchboard_during_the_Korean_Empire.jpg


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Korean Liberation Army.

n 1910 Japan effectively annexed Korea by the JapanKorea Annexation Treaty, which along with all other prior treaties between

orea and Japan was confirmed to be null and void in 1965. While Japan asserts that the

reaty was concluded legally, this argument is generally not accepted in Korea because it

as not signed by the Emperor of Korea as required and violated international

convention on external pressures regarding treaties.[94][95] Korea was controlled by

apan under a Governor-General of Korea until Japan's unconditional surrender to the

llied Forces on 15 August 1945, with de jure sovereignty deemed to have passed from

he Joseon Dynasty to the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea.[92]

fter the annexation, Japan set out to repress Korean traditions and culture, develop and

mplement policies primarily for the Japanese benefit.[92] European-styled transport and

communication networks were established across the nation in order to extract the resources and labor; these networks were

ostly destroyed later during the Korean War. The banking system was consolidated and the Korean currency abolished. The

apanese removed the Joseon hierarchy, destroyed much of the Gyeongbokgung palace and replaced it with the Government office

uilding.[96]

fter Emperor Gojong died in January 1919, with rumors of poisoning, independence rallies against Japanese invaders took place

ationwide on 1 March 1919 (the March 1st Movement). This movement was suppressed by force and about 7,000 were killed by

apanese soldiers and police.[97] An estimated 2 million people took part in peaceful, pro-liberation rallies, although Japanese

ecords claim participation of less than half million.[98] This movement was partly inspired by United States President Woodrow

ilson's speech of 1919, declaring support for right of self-determination and an end to colonial rule for Europeans.[98] Nocomment was made by Wilson on Korean independence, perhaps as a pro-Japan faction in the USA sought trade inroads into

China through the Korean peninsula.

he Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was established in Shanghai, China, in the aftermath of March 1 Movement,

hich coordinated the Liberation effort and resistance against Japanese control. Some of the achievements of the Provisional

Government include the Battle of Chingshanli of 1920 and the ambush of Japanese Military Leadership in China in 1932. The

rovisional Government is considered to be the de jure government of the Korean people between 1919 and 1948, and its

egitimacy is enshrined in the preamble to the constitution of the Republic of Korea. [99]

Continued anti-Japanese uprisings, such as the nationwide uprising of students in November 1929, led to the strengthening of

ilitary rule in 1931. After the outbreaks of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937 and World War II Japan attempted to exterminate

orea as a nation. The continuance of Korean culture itself began to be illegal. Worship at Japanese Shinto shrines was made

compulsory. The school curriculum was radically modified to eliminate teaching in the Korean language and history. [92] The Korean

anguage was banned and Koreans were forced to adopt Japanese names,[100] and newspapers were prohibited from publishing in

orean. Numerous Korean cultural artifacts were destroyed or taken to Japan.[101] According to an investigation by the South

orean government, 75,311 cultural assets were taken from Korea.[101][102]

Some Koreans left the Korean peninsula to Manchuria and Primorsky Krai. Koreans in Manchuria formed resistance groups

nown as Dongnipgun (Liberation Army); they would travel in and out of the Sino-Korean border, fighting guerrilla warfare with

apanese forces. Some of them would group together in the 1940s as the Korean Liberation Army, which took part in allied action

n China and parts of South East Asia. Tens of thousands of Koreans also joined the Peoples Liberation Army and the National

evolutionary Army.

uring World War II, Koreans at home were forced to support the Japanese war effort. Tens of thousands of men[103] were

conscripted into Japan's military. Around 200,000 girls and women, some from Korea, were engaged in sexual services, with the

euphemism "comfort women". Previous Korean "comfort women" are still protesting against the Japanese Government for

compensation of their sufferings.[104][105][106]

The division of Korea

Main article: Division of Korea

t the Cairo Conference on November 22, 1943, it was agreed that "in due course Korea shall become free and independent; [107]

at a later meeting in Yalta in February 1945, it was agreed to establish a four-power trusteeship over Korea. [108] On August 9,

1945, Soviet tanks entered northern Korea from Siberia, meeting little resistance. Japan surrendered to the Allied Forces on August

15, 1945.

he unconditional surrender of Japan, combined with fundamental shifts in global politics and ideology, led to the division of Korea
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-108http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-107http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Conference_(1943)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-105http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-104http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_womenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-103http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_Liberation_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongnipgunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsky_Kraihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-102http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Newsweek-101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Newsweek-101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-hoare_pares_japanese_rule-92http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shintohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_War_(1937-1945)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoon_Bong-Gilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chingshanlihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Ki-Baik_Lee_1984.2C_pp._340-344-98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-Ki-Baik_Lee_1984.2C_pp._340-344-98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1st_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Gojonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-96http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeongbokgunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-hoare_pares_japanese_rule-92http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-hoare_pares_japanese_rule-92http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-94http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Annexation_Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Korean_Liberation_Army.JPG


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Liberation of Korea

American soldiers climbing a sea

wall in Incheon during a decisive

moment in the timeline of the

Korean War.

nto two occupation zones effectively starting on September 8, 1945, with the United States administering the southern half of the

eninsula and the Soviet Union taking over the area north of the 38th parallel. The Provisional Government was ignored, mainly due

o American perception that it was too communist-aligned.[109] This division was meant to be temporary and was first intended to

eturn a unified Korea back to its people after the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and Republic of China could

arrange a single government.

In December 1945, a conference convened in Moscow to discuss the future of Korea.[110] A

and a joint Soviet-American commission was

established. The commission met intermittently in

Seoul but deadlocked over the issue of establishing a

national government. In September 1947, with no

solution in sight, the United States submitted the

Korean question to the United Nations General

Assembly.

Initial hopes for a unified, independent Korea quickly

evaporated as the politics of the Cold War and

opposition to the trusteeship plan from anti-

communists resulted in the 1948 establishment of two separate nations with diametrically

opposed political, economic, and social systems. On December 12, 1948, the General

ssembly of the United Nations recognised the Republic of Korea as the sole legalovernment of Korea.[111] In June 25, 1950 the Korean War broke out when North Korea

reached the 38th parallel line to invade the South, ending any hope of a peaceful

eunification for the time being. After the war, the 1954 Geneva conference failed to adopt a

solution for a unified Korea. Beginning with Syngman Rhee, a series of oppressive autocratic

overnments took power in South Korea with American support and influence. The country

eventually transitioned to become a market-oriented democracy in 1987 largely due to popular demand for reform, and became a

developed economy by the 2000s. Due to Soviet Influence, North Korea established a communist government with a hereditary

succession of leadership, with ties to China and Russia.

ee History of North Korea and History of South Korea for the post-war period.

See also

List of Korea-related topics

List of monarchs of Korea

Military history of Korea

National Treasure of South Korea

Prehistory of Korea

Timeline of Korean history

Korean nationalist historiography

otes

1. ^ abc Carter J. Eckert, el., "Korea, Old and New: A History", 1990, pp. 2

2. ^ abc Christopher J. Norton, "The Current state of Korean Paleoanthropology"

(http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/Faculty/Bae/pdfs/2000_Norton_Korean%20Paleoanthropology_JHE.pdf) , (2000),

Journal of Human Evolution, 38: 803-825.

3. ^ ab Hyong-sik Sin, "A Brief history of Korea", 2005, p. 17

4. ^ ab Chong Pil Choe, Martin T. Bale, "Current Perspectives on Settlement, Subsistence, and Cultivation in Prehistoric Korea"

(http://harvard.academia.edu/MartinTBale/Papers/824264/Current_Perspectives_on_Settlement_Subsistence_and_Cultivation_In_Pre

historic_Korea) , (2002), Arctic Anthropology, 39: 1-2, pp. 95-121.

5. ^ Carter J. Eckert, el., "Korea, Old and New: A History", 1990, pp. 9

6. ^a

b

c

d

Mary E. Connor, "The Korea, A global studies handbook", 2002, pp. 97. ^ ab Jong Chan Kim, Christopher J Bae, Radiocarbon Dates Documenting The Neolithic-Bronze Age Transition in Korea

(http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/Bae/pdfs/2010_Kim%20and%20Bae_C14.pdf) , (2010), Radiocarbon, 52: 2,

pp. 483-492.

8. ^ Hyong-sik Sin, "A Brief history of Korea", 2005, p. 19

9. ^ Ki-Baik Lee, A New History of Korea, 1984, p. 14, 167.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_ref-Lee_9-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_ref-8http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/Bae/pdfs/2010_Kim%20and%20Bae_C14.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_ref-Kim_and_Bae_7-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_ref-Kim_and_Bae_7-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_ref-Connor_6-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_ref-Connor_6-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_ref-Connor_6-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_ref-Connor_6-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_ref-Eckert_2_5-0http://harvard.academia.edu/MartinTBale/Papers/824264/Current_Perspectives_on_Settlement_Subsistence_and_Cultivation_In_Prehistoric_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_ref-Choe_and_Bale_4-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_ref-Choe_and_Bale_4-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_ref-Sin_3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_ref-Sin_3-0http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/Faculty/Bae/pdfs/2000_Norton_Korean%20Paleoanthropology_JHE.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_ref-Norton_2-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_ref-Norton_2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_ref-Norton_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_ref-Eckert_1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_ref-Eckert_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_ref-Eckert_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_nationalist_historiographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Korean_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Treasure_of_South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Korea-related_topicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_North_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rheehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-111http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_reunificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-110http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#cite_note-109http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_parallel_northhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incheonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lopez_scaling_seawall.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prison_Release_of_Korean_activists.JPG


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10. ^ Michael J. Seth, "A history of Korea: from antiquity to the present, 2011, p.17

11. ^ ab Kyung Moon Hwang, "A History of Korea, An Episodic Narrative", 2010, pp. 4

12. ^ Keith Pratt, "Everlasting Flower: A History of Korea", 2006, pp. 63-64

13. ^ Mark Peterson, Phillip Marguelies, "A brief history of Korea", 2010, pp. 35-36

14. ^ ab Kim Jongseo, Jeong Inji, et. al. "Goryeosa (The History of Goryeo)", 1451, Article for July 934, 17th year in the Reign of

Taejo

15. ^ Forced Annexation (http://joongangdaily.joins.com/200108/30/200108300144080739900090809081.html)

16. ^ http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo/homo_2.htm

17. ^ Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp. 812)

18. ^ Miriam T. Stark (2005, p137)19. ^ Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp. 2326)

20. ^ ab Sarah M. Nelson (1993, pp. 110116)

21. ^ See alsoJewang Ungi (1287) andDongguk Tonggam (1485).

22. ^ Kyung Moon hwang (2010),A History of Korea: An Episodic Narrative, p. 2.

23. ^ Mary E. Connor, "The Korea, A global studies handbook", 2002, pp. 10

24. ^ "" (http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=14543) (in Korean). Naver/Doosan Encyclopedia. http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?

docid=14543.

25. ^ Mark Peterson, Phillip Marguelies, "A brief history of Korea", 2010, p. 6

26. ^ Carter J. Eckert, el., "Korea, Old and New: History", 1990, pp. 11

27. ^ Ki-Baik Lee, A New History of Korea, 1984, p. 14.

28. ^(Korean) Gojoseon territory (http://enc.daum.net/dic100/contents.do?query1=b01g4157b001) at Encyclopedia of Korean Culture

29. ^ Timeline of Art and History, Korea, 1000 BC-1 AD (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/04/eak/ht04eak.htm) , MetropolitanMuseum of Art

30. ^ Yayoi Period History Summary (http://www.bookrags.com/history/worldhistory/yayoi-period-ema-06/) , BookRags.com;

Japanese Roots (http://www2.gol.com/users/hsmr/Content/East%20Asia/Japan/History/roots.html) , Jared Diamond,Discover19:6

(June 1998); The Genetic Origins of the Japanese (http://www2.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/japanorigin.htm) , Thayer Watkins

31. ^ Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp. 9295)

32. ^ Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa Dolmen Sites (http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/977) , UNESCO

33. ^ Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp. 8285)

34. ^(Korean) Proto-Three Kingdoms period (http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=120316) at Doosan Encyclopedia

35. ^ Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp. 109116)

36. ^(Korean) Buyeo (http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=254242&v=43) at Encyclopedia of Korean Culture

37. ^ Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp. 128130)

38. ^ Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp. 130131)

39. ^(Korean) Samhan (http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=86824) at Doosan Encyclopedia

40. ^ Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp. 135141)

41. ^(Korean) Goguryeo (http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=12449) at Doosan Encyclopedia

42. ^(Korean) Buddhism in Goguryeo (http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=722626) at Doosan Encyclopedia

43. ^ ab Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp. 199202)

44. ^ Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp. 214222)

45. ^ Three Kingdoms (http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/history/three_kingdoms.htm) Asian Info Organization

46. ^ Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp 224225)

47. ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2007, pp. 886889)

48. ^ Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp. 202206)

49. ^ Korean Buddhism Basis of Japanese Buddhism (http://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php?idx=580) , Seoul Times, 2006-

06-18; Buddhist Art of Korea & Japan (http://www.asiasocietymuseum.org/buddhist_trade/koreajapan.html) , Asia Society Museum;

Kanji (http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2046.html) , JapanGuide.com; Pottery(http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761568150_4/Pottery.html) , MSN Encarta; History of Japan

(http://www.japanvisitor.com/index.php?cID=359&pID=334&cName=Japanese) , JapanVisitor.com;Archived

(http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1257012851343397) 2009-10-31.

50. ^ Baekje history (http://baekje.chungnam.net/english/index.jsp) , Baekje History & Culture Hall

51. ^ Kenneth B. Lee (1997, pp. 4849)

52. ^ Sarah M. Nelson, (1993, pp. 243258)

53. ^ Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp. 222225)

54. ^ Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp. 159162)

55. ^ Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp. 241242)

56. ^ Seokguram Grotto and Bulguksa Temple (http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/736) , UNESCO

57. ^ Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp. 266269)

58. ^(Korean) Dae Joyeong (http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=14170) at Doosan Encyclopedia59. ^ abc Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp. 244248)

60. ^(Korean) Later Three Kingdoms (http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=260575&v=43) at Encyclopedia of Korean

Culture

61. ^ http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_koreanstory_detail.htm?No=35144

62. ^ Goryeo Dynasty (http://koreanhistory.info/Koryo.htm) , Korean History information!
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