history of latin america
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History of Latin America. Colonizing Latin America. Lasted for over four hundred years, from 1492 to 1898 Two motivations: Trade Spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions. Spanish Set up four Viceroyalties: New Spain New Granada Peru La Plata. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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HISTORY OF LATIN AMERICA
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COLONIZING LATIN AMERICA Lasted for over four
hundred years, from 1492 to 1898
Two motivations:1. Trade2. Spread of the
Catholic faith through indigenous conversions
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Spanish Set up four Viceroyalties:
1. New Spain2. New Granada 3. Peru4. La Plata
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SOCIAL HIERARCHY IN LATIN AMERICAPenninsulares
(men born in Spain)Creoles
(Spaniards born in Latin America)Mestizos
(mixed European & Indian ancestry)Mulattos
(mixed European & African ancestry)Indians
(of little economic value)Africans
(majority enslaved)
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THE ECONOMY IN COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA based on the ideas of “Mercantilism”• Africans & American Indians used as slave
labor• Lands are used for natural resources
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ROAD TO REVOLUTION1. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas
2. Creole discontent
3. Motivated by the “successful” American and French Revolutions.
4. Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal in fighting in other wars (the Napoleonic Wars)
5. Economic policies benefited Europeans at the expense of the native Latin Americans
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EnlightenmentThinkers
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Creole Discontent
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Inspiration of American & French Revolutions
Declaration of Independence, 1776
Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the
Citizen, 1789
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Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal In Fighting Napoleonic
Wars
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Latin American Revolutions
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Toussaint L’OuvetureLeads a Revolution
in Haiti(1804)
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Haiti French colonyDate of Independence: 1804Independence Leaders: Toussiant-Louverture (former slave) Jean-Jaques Dessalines (Toussaint’s
general)Haitian Independence:
1791: slave revolt1801: Toussaint seized 2/3 of Haiti (frees slaves)1802: French troops arrive & agreement made to stop revolution1804: Dessalines starts revolution again and declares independence
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MEXICO Spanish colonyDate of Independence:Independence Leaders: Miguel Hidalgo (priest/revolutionary leader) José María Morelos (priest/revolutionary leader) Agustín de Iturbide (Mexican general)
Mexican Independence: 1810: Hidalgo leads Mexican mestizos & Indians
in revolt 1811: Hidalgo captured & killed, Morelos
assumes leadership 1815: Morelos killed 1820: Iturbide names himself emperor 1823: Mexico becomes a republic
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The “Muscle” of the RevolutionBolivar coming
from the North.
José de St. Martín and Bernard O’Higgins cross the
Andes Mountains.
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Bolivar & San Martin Fight for Independence
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Spanish colonyDate of Independence: 1816
Independence Leaders: Jose de San Martin (Spanish military officer)
Argentiaian Independence: 1816= Creole colonist rebel & seize government 1816= Martin declares independence
Argentina
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Spanish colonyDate of Independence: 1817
Independence Leaders: Jose de San Martin Bernardo O’Higgins (military officer)
Chile Independence: 1817= San Martin leads his army across the Andes into Chile 1817= Joins forces with O’Higgins and defeat the Spanish and declare independence
Chile
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Simón Bolivar:
The “Brains”of theRevolution Creole leader of
the revolutions in Venezuela.
Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United States.
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Spanish colonyDate of Independence: 1821/1822Independence Leaders: Simon Bolivar (Venezuelan - Creole/military general)
Gran Columbia Independence: 1811= Venezuela declares independence 1811-1821= Revolts against Spanish 1821= Bolivar wins independence 1821= Rebellion goes to Columbia, Ecuador,
& Panama 1822= Bolivar elected president; the new nation
called Gran Columbia established
Venezuela, Columbia, and Panama
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Bolivar’s Accomplishment
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Spanish colonyDate of Independence: 1824
Independence Leaders: Jose de San Martin Simon Bolivar
Peruvian Independence: 1821= San Martin takes army to Lima, Peru to drive out the remaining Spanish1822= San Martin joins Bolivar/combines
army 1822= San Martin leaves for Europe1822= Carries rebellion to Columbia, Ecuador,
and Panama1822= Bolivar defeats Spanish at Battle of
Ayacucho
Peru
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Simón Bolivar Meets José de San Martin
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Spanish colonyDate of Independence: 1825Independence Leaders: Simon BolivarBolivian Independence: 1824= Bolivar drives out the remaining Spanish
from Peru1825= Upper Peru separates and names itself Bolivia (after Simon Bolivar)
Bolivia
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Bolivar’s Failure After uniting
Venezuela, Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of Latin America
He died a year later, with his goal of uniting all of South America unfulfilled!
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Brazil Freed from Portugal The Portuguese royal family
escaped Napoleon by fleeing to Brazil.
Pedro I set up a new, independent kingdom in 1821 when his father returned to Portugal.
Pedro II assumed full power after Pedro I abdicated his throne.