History of LeadershipHistory of Leadership

Understanding LeadershipUnderstanding Leadership

By:By:

Crawford, Brungardt, and Crawford, Brungardt, and MaughanMaughan

Eras of LeadershipEras of Leadership

TribalTribal Pre-ClassicalPre-Classical ClassicalClassical ProgressiveProgressive Post-ProgressivePost-Progressive

Tribal LeadershipTribal Leadership

Role of coordinator and skilled Role of coordinator and skilled expertexpert

Directive and task-orientedDirective and task-oriented Leaders were “elected” based on Leaders were “elected” based on

size, strength, and agilitysize, strength, and agility Leadership based on fearLeadership based on fear Family leadershipFamily leadership

Implications for Tribal Implications for Tribal LeadersLeaders

Brute force accepted, fear-basedBrute force accepted, fear-based Survival skills rule, but social skills Survival skills rule, but social skills

are a plusare a plus Coordinator, skilled expertCoordinator, skilled expert

Implications for Tribal Implications for Tribal FollowersFollowers

Failure to follow leads to deathFailure to follow leads to death Follower’s role important for tribal Follower’s role important for tribal

successsuccess Long-term power derived from Long-term power derived from

survival skillssurvival skills

Pre-Classical LeadershipPre-Classical Leadership

Concerned with spiritualityConcerned with spirituality Claimed divinityClaimed divinity Death was fearedDeath was feared Kings and queensKings and queens

Implications for Pre-Implications for Pre-Classical LeadersClassical Leaders

Spiritually or magically endowedSpiritually or magically endowed Male dominantMale dominant Kings and church in collusionKings and church in collusion Brutality and oppression justifiedBrutality and oppression justified

Implications for Pre-Implications for Pre-Classical FollowersClassical Followers

Subservient roleSubservient role Vessels to be filled with spiritual Vessels to be filled with spiritual

teachings or lawteachings or law Subhuman treatment acceptedSubhuman treatment accepted Follow because of or through fearFollow because of or through fear

Classical LeadershipClassical Leadership

Production at minimal costsProduction at minimal costs StabilityStability Workers are inefficientWorkers are inefficient Do what it takes to get the job doneDo what it takes to get the job done Division of laborDivision of labor Organize, control, command, Organize, control, command,

decide, and manipulate for resultsdecide, and manipulate for results

Implications for Classical Implications for Classical LeadersLeaders

Production at all costsProduction at all costs Labor is infiniteLabor is infinite Leaders lead and divide laborLeaders lead and divide labor Organize, control, command, Organize, control, command,

decide, and manipulate for resultsdecide, and manipulate for results

Implications for Classical Implications for Classical FollowersFollowers

Hard work expected, and “builds Hard work expected, and “builds character”character”

Chaos is the downfall of the policy-Chaos is the downfall of the policy-driven organizationdriven organization

No one is indispensableNo one is indispensable Workers considered lazy and Workers considered lazy and

inefficient inefficient

Progressive LeadershipProgressive Leadership

The change gameThe change game Increase qualityIncrease quality Total Quality Management (TQM)Total Quality Management (TQM) EmpowermentEmpowerment

Implications for Implications for Progressive LeadersProgressive Leaders

Stability no longer the keyStability no longer the key Change game, TQM, and re-Change game, TQM, and re-

engineeringengineering Change agent, visionary for Change agent, visionary for

transformational changetransformational change Empowerment is the mantra, Empowerment is the mantra,

“Unlock the potential of everyone”“Unlock the potential of everyone”

Implications for Implications for Progressive FollowersProgressive Followers

Everyone has a worth valueEveryone has a worth value Collaboration means more power Collaboration means more power

for followers, shared powerfor followers, shared power Intimate involvement with total Intimate involvement with total

organizational changeorganizational change Needs met on management’s Needs met on management’s

termsterms

Post-Progressive Post-Progressive LeadershipLeadership

Addresses the post-industrial worldAddresses the post-industrial world Must be sensitive to the demands Must be sensitive to the demands

of the information society and post of the information society and post Cold War worldCold War world

Social change modelsSocial change models

Implications for Post-Implications for Post-Progressive LeadersProgressive Leaders

Answers to issues in the post-Answers to issues in the post-industrial worldindustrial world

New democratic agendaNew democratic agenda Social change, collaboration, and Social change, collaboration, and

risk leadership modelsrisk leadership models

Implications for Post-Implications for Post-Progressive FollowersProgressive Followers

Collaboration and agenda building Collaboration and agenda building are the new roles of the followerare the new roles of the follower

Equal partner in the leadership Equal partner in the leadership relationshiprelationship

Followers’ needs metFollowers’ needs met