history of missions lesson 10 africa 19th century
DESCRIPTION
This slide show covers the major advances in Christian missions during the 19th centuryTRANSCRIPT
Missions History of Missions
Dr. Robert PattonMissionary to Suriname,
South America
Other missionaries in Asia John Clough evangelized at the Lone
Star mission at Ongole, with perhaps 1,000,000 converts eventually. This mission was saved by prayer with revival starting 13 years after they arrived.
Concentrated on the villages, used native structure, and native evangelists.
NT Times article
James and Isabella Thoburn
James – methodist bishop with wife Isabella, his sister – educator Major problems for education –
with caste structure and no desire to educate women
First taught women in regular school
Later opened the first woman’s college
James Thoburn
Later expanded into Burma, Singapore and the Philippine Islands,
African Missions – 19th century
More success long term - perhaps 50% sub-Sahara Africa = Christian
More cost - the white man’s grave Initially South Africa, then along
the coastal regions, and eventually both coasts of east and west Africa.
African Missions – 19th century
Much tied with commercial enterprise, colonial expansion, European civilization
Problems combining with colonialism .Trade - .Exploration .Lack of appreciation of culture. However
much culture needed to be changed - headhunting, cannibalism, slavery, etc.
Many missionaries opposed misuse of Africans
Western ethocentricism
Viewed Africans as virtually sub-human
Tied this with lack of Christianity Much destruction of African
culture, but some practices, like witchcraft, twin murder, and cannibalism & slavery needed to be stopped
Great benefit from translation
Initial attempts were on the west coast
Many missionaries died of disease. There were works in Sierra Leone, Ghana, and Nigeria both at Lagos and later in Ibadan
One man who had success was Thomas Freeman, son of African father and English mother raised in England. He survived and was effective in Ghana and Nigeria after the loss of his first wife
Thomas Freeman
Niger explored
Monroe Park explored the Niger River and opened the area up for development
Mungo Park, explorer Niger River
South Africa
Dr. John Theodore Vanderkamp, Dutch physician, worked with primarily the Hottentots about 1800 and married an African wife – opposition by whites
John Phillip – supporter of the rights of the black man, with strong supporters in England as well
Robert Moffat
Robert Moffat - South Africa - evangelist, translator, educator, diplomat, explorer
Raised in a poor Presbyterian home in Scotland – 1795. Ran away to sea age 14, and then learned to be a gardener
Originally turned down by London Missionary Society, he worked as a gardener for the director and took lessons from him
Robert Moffat
He went to South Africa with 3 others; three years later, Mary joined him as his wife at age 24.
He finally received permission to travel several hundred miles north. He returned with Afrikaner, a former terror as a Hottentot, now a Christian.
He started a mission station at Kuruman
Robert Moffat
Over 16 years, 500 acres under cultivation, and 700 lived at Kuruman
Buchana tribe was resistant, but Moffat was a good diplomat helping negotiate peace with other tribes.
Polygamy was a major problem, and growth was slow
Robert Moffat
For years, he did not learn the language. He finally did, and began translation very slowly over 29 years.
When printers refused to print it, he learned to print himself
Later he was able to teach/preach, and many got saved.
Robert & Mary Moffatt
Robert Moffat
Had a notable meeting with Moselakatse, a feared chief
Had 10 children; 7 survived, and 5 became African missionaries
After 53 years, they returned to England; Mary died a few months later, but Robert lived another 13 years.
Kuruman & Moffat Mission
David Livingstone
David Livingstone worked 14 hours a day in textile, but still went to evening classes, studying till midnight.
He loved science. His family left the Anglican church for an independent chapel. Initially he wanted to go to China
He had background in theology and medicine
David Livingstone
Accepted by the London Missionary Society, the opium war stopped him from going to China.
He met Robert Moffat and decided to go to Africa.
He was unimpressed by the missionaries at Kuruman – arguing.
He traveled much over 3 years
David Livingstone
Went to set up a station at Mabosta with Roger Edwards and wife, who had been 10 years at Kuruman.
Attacked and mauled by a lion He married Mary Moffat, and then
moved twice over the next 2-3 years
David Livingstone
Sculpture Livingstone mauled by a lion
David Livingstone
Travel with Livingstone was difficult, and Mary suffered temporary paralysis after the death of their 4th child. His in-laws were incensed when he took her on another trip with her fifth child.
Finally he left his wife and family in England. She had a very difficult 5 years in near poverty.
David Livingstone He became world-famous exploring
across the Zambesi river, and discovering Victoria falls
He vigorously opposed the slave trade
David Livingstone statues both sides of Victoria Falls
David Livingstone He became world-famous exploring
across the Zambesi river. Six months from the beginning, they came out at Luanda. He then reversed the direction though with many attacks of fever.
He found Victoria falls and arrived on the east coast in May 1856.
After heroic speaking engagements, he left the LMS for the British government
David Livingstone
He found the Zambesi was not navigable, but encouraged a missionary group to come to the Shire River, off the east coast.
The mission was a disaster, and Mackenzie, the leader died with many other missionaries, including Livingstone’s wife Mary
David Livingstone
His third trip started in 1865 to try to find the source of the Nile River. He did witness on his travels, and was distressed about the slave trade
He was often very sick, had supplies stolen, and it was rumored that he had died. A reporter, Henry Stanley, sought and finally found him
Stanley finds Livingstone
David Livingstone
He died about 1 year after Henry Stanley departed while at prayer
His body was dried and taken 1500 miles to the coast after his heart was removed
He was buried at Westminster Abbey with 78 year old Robert Moffat in front of the body…
Henry Stanley Henry Stanley - claimed to be saved
while traveling with Livingstone. He had a rough upbringing, ran away to the USA, was adopted by a rich man, took his name, and bounced around during the civil war, was wounded & imprisoned, and later captured by pirates.
He explored from Mombasa to the Congo River mouth, losing most of the men with him.
Henry Stanley
He had another disastrous trips up the Congo presumably for the Belgian king. His reputation was tarnished by the behavior of others with him.
He eventually settled in England, married, and was involved in politics. We was made a knight for his explorations
Henry Stanley
Albert Lloyd and pygmies
Shortly after Stanley’s trips began to describe pygmies, Albert Lloyd, a CMS missionary was sick and decided to return to Europe via the great Congo forest. While there he had several contacts with pygmies, and thus raised the possibility of future work with them.
Pygmies
Pygmies
Pygmies
Frederick Arnot
A Scottish missionary who knew Livingstone’s history and wanted to follow in his footsteps
He opened the area of the Garaganze, a huge area of southeastern Congo near the heads of the Congo and Zambezi Rivers. He explored Angola, Zambia and Eastern Congo, finding the beginning of the Congo & Zambezi rivers
Frederick Arnot
He spent most of his time reaching the people under the famous chief Msidi (Msiri), intelligent but cruel, who had 500 wives.
Arnot opened the area to other later missionaries. King Leopold exploited and annexed the area to Congo.
Msiri was killed by soldiers
Boma of Msiri – note the skulls of enemies on the poles
Francois Coillard
French missionary who also explored much of the interior of central Africa, traveling on ox-cart with his wife some of the time.
He suffered much but was greatly helped by the Christian king Kwame to the area of King Liwanake and the Barotse people
He opened the area upstream from Victoria Falls
King Lewanika
King Kwama III
George Grenfell
George Grenfell, Cornish missionary went to the Cameroons, Africa age 25
Two years later, he returned to marry his wife; she died one year later in Africa; he remarried a West Indian lady who accompanied him on his trips
He buried four of his own children He assembled the boat Peace and
traveled on the Congo River
George Grenfell
He had worked as a mechanic early in life. When an offer was made for a steamship, he assembled it in England, tested it, broke it into several hundred pieces weighing 65 lbs, shipped it to Congo, carried it to the interior, and reassembled it with the help of an accompanying engineer
George Grenfell
George Grenfell – many missionaries died, including his own daughter
He saw unspeakable atrocities by the native tribes.
The Belgian government was also a problem
Still he saw much success with revival at his own mission station at Bolobo
George Grenfell
He did extensive exploration of the Congo River basin as well as some mountains, and was awarded a medal by the Royal Geographic Society prior to his death
George Grenfell
William Sheppard
Black American missionary well educated as a Presbyterian missionary. He was paired with a white missionary, Lapsley, who died shortly after they started work
He had a good personality and was received by Africans as a dignitary
He revealed atrocities from the Belgian government, including “hand collecting”
Sheppard portrait, with Africans, Lapsley chapel
William Sheppard
Was hailed a hero by opposing King Leopold
He was an explorer and appreciated African art
Had adulterous affairs and a child in Africa
Repented and was reinstated as a pastor in the USA with his family
Johann Krapf
German missionary, brilliant in languages as a youth, trained as a pastor, and went to Ethiopia as a missionary
He had a stormy beginning, especially with the old style of their Christianity; learned Amharic
Eventually all missionaries were thrown out of Ethiopia
Johann Krapf
He moved to Kenya, and with a fellow missionary saw Mt. Kilimanjaro and Mt. Kenya
He started a mission in Mombasa, lost his wife and child to malaria, and moved to a higher climate
He made a number of dictionaries, and translated parts of the Bible into a number of languages
Johann Krapf, pioneer Anglican in Kenya
Alexander Mackay - Well educated engineer from Scotland four of 8 missionaries died within 2
years – two murdered, two of malaria, and two returned home broken in health
He opened a 230 mile road to Lake Victoria
He went to Uganda, and did much translation work.
Alexander Mackay - Arabs & Roman Catholics opposed
and tried to kill him. He translated to the Buganda
language under protection of King Mtesa, but later opposed by his murderous son
He was a skilled engineer - finally kicked out of Uganda, he went to Tanganyika on Lake Victoria.
Alexander Mackay
Bishop James Hannington
Alexander Mackay - Catholic and Protestant natives fought; finally
the country was divided. The Catholic Lavargarie was very effective
Bishop James Hannington, a bold man who coming to Mackay’s aid was slain by Mwanga’s men. He unfortunately chose the wrong route to Uganda. He said: “Tell the king that I have bought this road with my own blood”
Finally new king Mwanga expelled Mackay; he died of malaria at age 40
Alexander Mackay - He was replaced after death by Alfred R.
Tucker, a very godly and successful Anglican bishop – 65,000 believers then. Believed in racial equality
One of his African workers, Apolo Kivebulaya, was very effective & untouched by seeking power
Bishop Alfred Tucker
The chiefs were often key
The attitudes of the chiefs often determined what happened in missions.
For example, Kwama, the chief of Buchanaland, was instrumental in helping the Christian faith in that area.
His grandson is now the president of Botswana
Mary Slessor Her father was an alcoholic; she was
second of 7 children. She initially worked to support her mother and family, but became active in the Presbyterian (she was Scottish) church.
She went to Calabar at age 27 as a single lady. Initially worked at Duke Town teaching in the mission. After 3 years and a furlough, moved to Old Town 3 miles to the interior. She lived simply in a mud hut, ate African food, and sent most of her salary home .
Mary Slessor
Mary Slessor She taught school, cared for children,
fought witchcraft and twin births. She brought a baby Jamie with her on her second furlough. After recovering from sickness, her mother and sister died shortly after her departure, and another sister died.
She was very lonely, but she started to go to the interior – Okoyong – with the help of King Eyo.
An outstanding peacemaker, she was made vice-consul from Britain
Mary Slessor
Charles Morrison, a much younger missionary proposed marriage. She accepted, but on the terms of his living with her in Okoyong. His health would not permit this, and the marriage did not occur
Mary Slessor
Mary Slessor She had already been busy with
hospital work and saving twins. She then went to the Okoyong
tribe for 25 years. She acted as a judge, and was eventually made vice-consul.
Then with some of her adopted children, she moved among the Ibo people with great success until her death at age 66.
Assessment of Africa
There were great problems in Sub-Sahara Africa Burials – killing wives, slaves Cannibalism Twin deaths Trial by ordeal Slavery Witchcraft
Africa, cont.
The cost in missionaries was very high Some murdered Some killed by animals More killed by malaria and other
tropical diseases Progress initially was slow, but
later faster But now 50% or more are
Christians