history of missions lesson 13 - korea, japan, lady missionaries
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Korea and Japan Missions, Lady missionariesTRANSCRIPT
Missions History of Missions
Dr. Robert PattonMissionary to Suriname,
South America
Tierra del Fuego – Allen Gardiner
Former Navy commander, had a burden for missions, first east African coast (Natal) and Paraguay
Then the Patagonian Indians of Tierra del Fuego – fierce and uncivilized
First attempt unsuccessful Second attempt – had to move
boat, lost some supplies, starved to death
Allen Gardiner, modern picture of Puerto Williams
Tierra del Fuego
Second attempt with schooner Allen Gardiner to start school in Falkland Islands for young people
Seemed successful – but 8 persons murdered, one escaped
Third attempt with new group was successful. Students came, they were received better
Tierra del Fuego
Now there is a vibrant church of several thousand Patagonians in the are
William Brett – Guiana
William Brett worked in the 19th century with different groups of Indians – Caribs, Waraoons, Arawaks – especially the latter
Eventually a witchdoctor was saved from the Arawaks, followed by 5 others and eventually about 5000 Indians accepted the Lord
William Brett
He learned 4 Indian languages, did studies in language and wrote information, and translated the larger part of the New Testament into the different languages!
Arawak Indians
Barbrooke Grubb – Paraguay
Anglican missionary Barbrooke Grubb had success reaching the fierce Lengua Indians in the Chaco region of Paraguay
The area is swamp, jungle and tropical sun; very difficult. He learned 4 languages, worked with 4 different Indian groups, and started villages. A number accepted Christ
Barbrooke Grubb
Once he was shot at short range by an Indian guiding him intent on stealing his equipment. He managed to pull out the arrow and walked 70 miles for help. The Indian claimed that he was killed by a jaguar. When the truth came out, his own village executed the Indian. A small revival occurred
Muslim Evangelism
Original evangelism was confrontational – Raymond Lull & Henry Martyn
Later - more positive approach with friendship – Zwemmer
Major obstacles to Islam
Outright rejection of trinitarianism Association of religion and politics Association of Christianity and
western culture Basic antagonism since the
Crusades Close-knit family ties
Samuel Zwemmer
13th of 15 children of a reformed pastor from Holland, Michigan. Trained at Hope College, surrendered to missions
He started a new board with James Castine, raised support for each other
1895 he courted Ann Wiles, from a different mission – and had to pay her transportation costs…
Samuel Zwemmer
Two young daughters died within 8 days of each other
By 1905, he had 4 stations going Returned to USA, became traveling
secretary for the Student Volunteer Movement and field secretary for the Reformed Church foreign missions
Samuel Zwemer
Samuel Zwemmer
He returned to Cairo and was influential among students and faculty in the universities there.
William Borden worked with him for four months, but died of meningitis
Samuel Zwemmer
Finally he taught as professor at Princeton Seminary 1929-1937, and then retired to teach missions in New York City from 1937-1950
Saw no more than 12 converts, but brought need to evangelize the Muslim world to the west.
He edited Muslim World for 40 years
Temple Gairdner
Brilliant student at Oxford, rejected by some for his desire to reach the Muslims. Saw some saved, but also some turned back & rejected Christ
Married, lived in Cairo. Both he and his wife were gifted musicians. He was both evangelistic and apologetic; he wrote dramas – mission board disapproved
Temple Gairdner
He was deluged with administrative work; tried to bring peace among the missionaries & had good relationships with Coptic Christians
Once had a rebellion among Muslim converts.
Died age 55 with lung problems
Constance Padwick
Initially denied as missionary because of poor health, eventually served in Muslim lands 40 years
Worked with Gairdner – a missiologist who used biography – wrote about Henry Martyn
She wrote literature for Muslims, but also for Christians re Muslims
Constance Padwick
She emphasized loving relationships to try reaching Muslims
She wrote of Lyman MacCallum, who had bridged the gap as a true friend of Muslims; of Lilias Trotter who left her love of art to minister and saw some saved; Lillian Trasher, who broke an engagement to serve Muslims till death
Maude Cary
Born in Kansas in 1878; mother talented musician & Bible Instructor
Went to Gospel Missionary Union, then as a missionary to Morocco in 1901; competitive but learned to put aside pride.
Interesting – women were strong to get on the field, but criticized about being strong willed and independent
Maude Cary
She was engaged 6 years to George Reed, who finally left unmarried for Sudan
She returned for first furlough age 47, cared for both parents till their deaths
She with 3 other missionary ladies kept 3 stations open during World War II
Maude Cary
Age 71, she was assigned to open a new area; she began a Bible Institute with a young single lady assisting
More recruits came for GMU, and for several years, the work flourished after France left till 1967, when the government stopped all foreign missionaries. She died the same year
Korea
Catholic work was in the 19th century, but with great opposition, and the French retaliated.
Protestants began about 1880 and had great success
Dr. Horace Allen
Changed from missionary MD to diplomat for Korea
He opened a hospital with success after successfully treating the king’s nephew
He helped diplomatically set commercial interests in Korea
He later worked for the US government, but clashed with President Roosevelt
Horace Allen
After dismissal from the US Government, he went into private practice, but was a strong supporter of Korean independence
Henry Appenzellar
Raised Reformed, became a Methodist, married a Baptist wife
He strongly advocated American Anglo-Saxon culture, but Korean independence
Very busy – started a school, was a pastor, much administrative and supervision work for the mission
Henry Appenzellar
He was instrumental in many schools and churches for the Methodists
Henry Appenzellar
Presbyterians and Methodists met to divide up the country for work, though they worked together on translation
In 17 years, they had 47 churches. There was opposition from the
government He died age 44 trying to save a Korean
colleague after his ship crashed into another
Horace Underwood
Very formal, aware of competition between Presbyterians and Methodists
Anne Ellers served as a nurse as the queen’s “doctor” She was followed by Lillias Horton, an MD who married Underwood. He did some translation work as well as opening an orphanage.
Later 4 men traveled 200 miles for him to baptize them, which he did
John L. Nevius
Although he was a missionary to China, and only spent 2 weeks in Korea, he revolutionized Korean evangelism
His father died when he was young, and he was brought up Dutch Reformed, became serious and attended Princeton Seminary
John L. Nevius
Arrived in China in 1853, stayed 40 years. He worked to train itinerate evangelists
Old method – find advanced natives & train them as Bible agents, evangelists, colporteurs, heads of stations – paying them. New – train them leaving them in their original homes & employments
Nevius method
1. Missionary personal evangelism through wide itineration
2. Self-propagation – every believer a teacher of someone, and a learner from someone else more fitted
Self-government- every group under their own chosen unpaid leaders; circuits with paid helpers will become pastors
Nevius method
Self-support – all chapels provided by believers
Systematic Bible study for every believer under his group leader and circuit leader
Strict discipline with enforced Bible penalties
Nevius method
Co-operation and union with other bodies
Non-interference in lawsuits General helpfulness where possible in
the economic life problems of the people Under Samuel Moffat and others, the
church grew despite (or because) of persecution
William Smith Clark
Set up agricultural institute in Sapporo, Japan, and saw 16 converted boys – the most prominent Kanzo Uchimura
Kanzo – father was samurai & Confucian scholar. Trained as Confucian.
Turned off by sectarianism, started a church which was independent
Kanzo Uchimura
Pride in Japan; saw America had other talents, but not in religion – too money and numbers conscious
Wrote 22 volume commentary
Charles and Lettie Cowman
They became missionaries after a affluent lifestyle in the USA. Called under A.B. Simpson, left affluence, and were in Holiness movement
Very tightly organized, used crusade method, tried to present the gospel to every home
Charles died of heart attack 1924
Lettie Cowman
Wrote Streams in the Desert during husband’s sickness
They founded Oriental Mission Society, and eventually Lettie was president for 7 years. She eventually wrote 9 books
She worked to present the gospel to all nations from 1936 till her death in 1949 at age 90
Miscellaneous groups
The Anglicans had success both among the Eskimos of Canada and the Chaco and Lenguas of Paraguay.The Catholics, after severe setbacks from the French Revolution, began to regroup during the middle of the 19th century
Missions 20th Century Imperialism and colonialization
was coming to an end, and nationalism was rising
Marxism came to the fore WWI & WWII showed the moral
weakness of the west Missionaries and white men were
seen as both deliverer and destroyer
Missions 20th Century Bible Institutes began with a desire to keep the
faith pure with most denominations affected by modernism, attacking the deity of Christ and embracing the scientific method
Neo-orthodoxy became prominent in Europe and USA
Faith missions started, and evangelized Europe and Latin America
The base of missions shifted from Europe to North America, especially USA as it became prominent
Missions 20th Century
Churches were invaded by liberalism and the social gospel - including the mission field
Woman’s rights and women in professions radically changed
Many single women volunteered as missionaries
Single lady missionaries
Opportunities to serve opened up as an alternative to ministry at home, considered a man’s occupation
Rapid growth in many areas over 40 years – hospitals, schools, etc.
They sensed a call from God and the opportunity to make a difference
Early 20th century
Seemed like classic missions tapered off, but many specialized groups started in medicine, education, radio, translation, agriculture, etc.
World War II caused a pause, and then they pushed ahead
Single lady missionaries
Mabel Francis Ann Marie Javouhey Lottie Moon Ann Carmichael Gladys Aylward Helen Roseveare
Single lady missionaries
Roman Catholic Ann Marie Javouhey formed a group of nuns in Africa, with about 900 before her death – Sisters of St. Joseph They were successful in Senegal
She ended up with over 1000 sisters scattered in 140 locations
Ann Marie Javouhey
Single lady missionaries
A black lady went to Hawaii as a servant of missionary couple, but taught as well in 1820s
Cynthia Farrar worked 34 years in Bombay in 1860s
Adele Fields 1839-1916
Engaged and almost died on shipboard; her groom died in Bangkok seven months earlier 10 days after she sailed
She eventually left after conflicts with the director in several areas, including personal separation
She was befriended by missionaries in China
Adele Fields 1839-1916
Engaged and almost died on shipboard; her groom died in Bangkok seven months earlier 10 days after she sailed
She eventually left after conflicts with the director in several areas, including personal separation
She was befriended by missionaries in China
Adele Fields 1839-1916
She taught Bible women thoroughly and then sent them out, to return after a few weeks for additional stories
She wrote the stories of many of the women, with enormous appeal.
She trained other women to take over
Her last years were spent traveling, teaching and in science
Mabel Francis
Fiance died; she began preaching age and age 19 felt called to missions.
Joined the Christian & Missionary Alliance age 29 in Japan
Joined by her brother, started 22 churches
Later joined by widowed sister who taught while she preached
Mabel Francis
During the war, she was in a concentration camp. Afterwards she did humanitarian work. She was in a key position to help the occupation troops reach the lost during the early occupation of Japan after World War II
Mabel Francis
She was grieved that the USA missed the chance to send 1000 missionaries to Japan
Age 83, she was given the highest award given in Japan to a foreigner
Book on life of Mabel Francis
Charlotte Lottie Diggs Moon
Lottie Moon - Well educated and cultured as her family was - mom widowed, but a brother and sister were MD’s. She ran the plantation while other family members were involved in the civil war. Brilliant student especially in languages
She followed he younger sister to China as a missionary at age 32 after teaching school.
Her first years were difficult in China, and she was frustrated, lonely and bored teaching girls.
She turned down a suitor who was theologically liberal and ended up teaching at Harvard
Charlotte Lottie Diggs Moon She then moved into the interior in
Pingu and work alone. She was totally frustrated at not
having equal opportunities and vote as men
She was finally able to see some men saved and a church started under a Chinese pastor, who baptized over 1000. She felt that women could reach Chinese women. She adopted Chinese dress & customs
Lottie Moon
1890-1912 she did evangelistic work part time, and part time trained new missionaries and counseled Chinese women
Her greatest effectiveness was in her writing, raising up funds and women for missions
She became depressed, starved to death at age 72 while sharing her meager rations with the Chinese in a famine
Charlotte Lottie Diggs Moon Her work of funds from the USA
and recruiting women continued after her death.
Millions of dollars are still raised each year by a special Christmas offering through the Southern Baptist Mission
Charlotte D. Moon
Amy Carmichael 1867-1951
Amy Carmichael - initially wealthy, father died leaving a big debt when she was 18, and the oldest in the family.
She worked in the city mission in Belfast, Ireland. She was heavily influenced by the Keswick Movement.
Age 24, she went to Japan as a missionary for 15 months, then to Ceylon and then home
Amy Carmichael 1867-1951
She finally went to India, and founded Dohnavur to rescue “temple children” sold into prostitution, widows and orphans. They worked together in ministry. She had others forsake family and marriage, forming the Sisters of the Common life.
Those working with her should not associate with other missionaries.
Amy Carmichael
Amy Carmichael 1867-1951
She believed she had a divine mission from God. She was very Victorian in life, and contempt for non-Christian practices.
She had a bad fall and was an invalid for the last 20 years of her life
She remained single and worked with other women 50 plus years until her death at age 83.
Joanna Veenstra
She is an example of many ordinary but sacrificial lady missionaries
Her mother was early a widow when she was two. After going to Christian school, she was a secretary at age 14.
She got training in Calvin College and as a midwife, and went to Africa
Joanna Veenstra
She developed a school for young men to become evangelists
She believed she must be a firm boss – maternalism
She was appreciated for her medical work and teaching, but died after routine surgery at age 39
Johanna Veenstra
Gladys Aylward
Gladys Aylward was originally refused because she had trouble learning.
Born in London, and as a poor domestic started service age 14.
She dreamed eventually of being a missionary but was turned down age 27
Saving money, she went by rail across Siberia to help Jennie Lawson in China
Gladys Aylward
She had a harrowing ride by train, had to walk back from the war zone, but eventually got to Japan, and then with help to China.
She worked with muleteers, learning the language and working hard.
After the missionary’s death, she was made official foot inspector.
Gladys Aylward
She became effective, and even quelled a prison riot
She became a Chinese citizen, and an effective spy. She fell in love with Linnen, a Chinese soldier, but never married
In 1940, she crossed the border to Siam with 100 children
Gladys Aylward
She finally returned to England, and became very famous, but remained humble throughout her life
Gladys Aylward
Gladys Aylward