history of oceanography
TRANSCRIPT
Micronesian - Polynesian colonization of Pacific Ocean Islands
• 5000 – 1000 BP Micronesian & Polynesian colonized Pacific Islands
• Advanced Open Ocean Navigation• Double Hull Canoes
Mediterranean Cultures
• 6000 BP Egyptians boats with oars
• 3100-2850 BP Phoenicians travel through Mediterranean & up to England– Mediterranean wide maritime trade– Coastal settlements– Coastal navigation
•http://www.mauigateway.com/~donjusko/final.htg/murexbrandaris_trunculus.jpg
•http://www.loretonh.nsw.edu.au/religion
Mediterranean Cultures
• 6000 BP Egyptians boats with oars
• 3100-2850 BP Phoenicians travel through Mediterranean & up to England– Mediterranean wide maritime trade– Coastal settlements– Coastal navigation
• Greek and Roman Civilizations
Middle Ages
• Chinese Invent Magnetic Compass• Vikings and Basque Travel to N.
America• Arabs cross navigate Indian Ocean• Christopher Columbus “Discovers”
America• Juan Sebastian Elcano – First Round the
World voyage (24 of 260 sailors)
• James Cook’s Voyages (chronometer)
Edward Forbes (1840’s)• Bottom Dredging in E. Mediterranean
• 8 Depth zones, based on different organisms
• AZOIC Zone below 600m– Azoic Theory – Too cold, too dark, no oxygen– No Life
Challenger Expedition(1872 – 1876)
• HMS Challenger• 226’ fixed rig Corvette• 230 crewmembers; 7 Scientists• 125000 km
• Objectives– Map Ocean’s bottom– Investigate the Azoic Zone– Search for ‘Primitive Organisms’ (stable environment)
– Study Bathybeus haecklii (Huxley); “primordial slime”
Challenger Expedition(1872 – 1876)
• Scientific Results - 50 Volumes (23 Years) – Extensive Bathymetric Maps– No Azoic zone– Found temperature variability in deep waters
(not all 4 oC)– No Evidence of “primitive fauna”– Description of 4717 new species– Bathybeus haecklii = Alcohol precipitate of
carbon sulphate– Discovery Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Marianas
Trench
Ocean Resources
• Fisheries• Transportation & Trade• Military Use• Offshore Oil, Gas & Minerals• Recreation & Aesthetics
Law of the Sea Treaty - 1973• Territorial Seas - 12 nm• Procedures for Ocean boundaries• Right of Free Passage through Straits• Exclusive Economic Zones
– 200 nm– Can extend out to 350nm– Jurisdiction over:
• Fisheries• Pollution• Scientific Research• Mineral Resources
Pro
du
ctio
n (
mil
lion
ton
nes
)
50
100
1800 1840 1880 1920 1960 2000
Year
EE
Zs
Cla
ims
Global Trend in Fishery Landings