History of Political ScienceAula 9

Ciencia Politica AE

King, Keohane and Verba (1994: 7)"Scientific research is designed to make . . .

inferences on the basis of empirical information about the world.“

Pergunta: Ciência política é uma ciência?

Varieties of Political Science

• Clifford Geertz's (1973) "thick description" style of political science and

• Womack's (1968) study of the Mexican peasant leader Zapata, at the simple display-of-evidence extreme;

• Downs (1957) Riker (1962), and Olson (1965) at the inferential-deductive extreme.

• Hirschman (1970) : biography of the peasant leader explanatory and policy implications;

Commonality = Falsifiable through contrary

evidence or logical flaws.

Greek Foundations

• Greece of Herodotus (c. 484-425 bce ) = world in which analysis of political ideas and ideals, and speculation about the properties of different kinds of polities and the nature of statesmanship and citizenship, become part of conventional wisdom.

• Independent Greek city states, • common historical and mythological memories, • inter-city trade and diplomacy, alliances and

warfare= information and speculation about varieties of

governmental and political arrangements, economic, defense and foreign policies

Plato vs Aristotle(Ideal vs Empirical)

Plato (428-348 bce ) Republic, Statesman and Laws = 1st classic of political science

Propositions about justice, political virtue, the varieties of polity and change

Aristotle (and Polybius), anticipate contemporary speculation about democratic transition and consolidation

Republic of Plato

• Republic = ideal regime where knowledge and truth make rule of virtue

(+ four other regimes):• Timocracy (honor & military glory >)• Oligarchy (wealth vs honor)• Democracy (corruption of oligarchy)• Tyranny (corruption of democracy)

Aristotle´s Politics

Inductive, Descriptive, Historical (vs idealist & deductive Plato)

Book I: Village State, slavery, family, authority, morality

Bool II: vs extreme unity of Plato, property, common meals, women

Book III: Citizen, economy-polity, justice, 5 types of kingship, law, philosopher-king

Book IV: IV: Tasks of political theory, types of constitutions, oligarchy, democracy,

aristocracy, tyranny, executive, judiciary, deliberative powers

Book V: Const. change, equality, justice, overthrow of govt., factions

Book VI: How constitutions function, democracy, preservation of oligarchy,

officialdom

VII: Virtue and property, active vs philosophical life, state, geography, education,

culture…

VII: Education, culture, sport, citizenship

Polybius

Roman state builders & virtues of THE MIXED CONSTITUTION

Combination of monarchic, aristocratic and democratic principles

In: Consulate, Senate, and Assembly(new institutionalism?)

2 Permanent Q’s

"What are the institutional forms of polity?“– Typologies, 1, few, many…

"What are the standards we use to evaluate them?"

LEGITIMACYJUSTICE

“Natural Law”

Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)

Mixed constitution = justice and stability via conformity to divine and natural law.

– Israel of Moses (balance = elders and tribal leaders

– Roman Republic (balance = mix of Assembly, Senate and Consulate)

** COMBINE FORMS OF GOVERNMENT VS HUMAN WEAKNESS AND CORRUPTION **

Italian Renaissance

Venice: Empire & Freedom via:Monarchic Doge

Aristocratic Senate Democratic Great Council

Machiavelli: Prince/Discourses“If must commit evil to secure greater good, then do it quickly and all at once…”

Maquiavel... e a Série Ciências Sociais na Adminstração FSJ-EAESP

Curso de Análise PolíticaCDAPG...

http://eaesp.fgvsp.br/pt/ensinoeconhecimento/departamentos/FSJ

ÍndicePréfacio, Kurt Mettenheim

Introdução, Antonio Valverde

 

I Política Exterior Florentina

1 Discurso Proferido ao Magistrado dos Dez Sobre a Situação de Pisa

2 Providências para a Reconquista de Pisa

3 Notícias das Medidas Adotadas pela República Florentina para Pacificar as Facções de Pistóia

4 Sobre a Situação de Pistóia

5 Descrição do Modo Adotado pelo Duque Valentino para Matar Vitellozzo Vitegli, Oliverotto Pagolo e o Duque de Gravina Orsini

6 Palavras que Devem ser Ditas sobre a Provisão do Dinheiro com um Pouco de Proêmio e de Desculpas

7 Do Modo de Tratar os Povos Rebelados do Valdichiana

II Armas

8 Discurso sobre a Ordenação do Estado de Florença para as Armas

9 Provisões da República de Florença para Instituir o Magistrado dos Nove Oficiais da Ordenança e Milícia Florentina

10 Parecer para a Eleição do Capitão das Infantarias da Ordenança Florentina

11 Escrito sobre o Modo de Reconstruir a Ordenança

 III França e Alemanha

12 Sobre a Natureza dos Gauleses

13 Nota para Alguém que será Embaixador em França

14 Retrato das Coisas de França

15 Discurso sobre as Coisas da Alemanha e sobre o Imperador

16 Discurso sobre as Coisas da Alemanha e sobre o Imperador

17 Retrato das Coisas da Alemanha

...

• IV Florença Pós-República• 18 Alocação Feita a um Magistrado• 19 Aos Palleschi: Atentem bem para este Escrito • 20 Sumário do Governo da Cidade de Lucca• 21 Discursus Florentinarum Rerum Post Mortemiunioris Laruentii

Médicis• 22 Memorial a Raffaello Girolami, Quando no dia 23 de Outubro

Partiu • para Espanha [como Embaixador junto do] Imperador •  • V A Defesa de Florença• 23 Relação de uma Visita Feita para Fortificar Florença• 24 Provisão para a Instituição do Cargo dos Cinco Provedores dos • Muros da Cidade de Florença

Contract Theory & Liberalism

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)State of Nature Leviathan (english civil war, state)

John Locke Submit to Govt Welfare & Liberty

J.J. RusseauOrigin of Inequality Freedom

Forms of Government in History

• Montesquieu 18th/19th Century• Hegel

• Weber 19th/20th Century• Durkheim

Community Society : GOVT?

Question of Democracy

• John Stuart Mill – Liberal Development:

Education/Participation/Women

• Tocqueville– Civil Society: Mass vs Individual Liberty

• Ostrogorski– Party Organizations:

• Wilson– Reform Government: vs party machines/immigrants

• Michels – Social Democracy? = Mass Politics

20th Century: Chicago School

• Vs Liberal-Reformism (Wilson) • 1910s/1920s US = vs machines/parties

• Mirriam & Gosnell: Voter Survey in Chicago• Laswell = Psychology/Mass Communication

Propaganda Technique in the World War (1927)Psychopathology and Politics (1930) World Politics and Personal Insecurity (1935) Politics: Who Gets What, When, and How (1936)World Revolutionary Propaganda (1939)

Behavioral & ComparativeRevolution 1945-

• US Foreign Policy 1945+– International Relations

• Realism vs Liberalism

– Comparative Politics• Area Studies (Title 6 DOD):

– Cuban Revolution Centers for Latin American Studies

– Vietnam Centers for Asian Studies– USSR (1968 revolts) Centers for E European

Studies– African Independence Centers for African Studies

1954-1972 = SSRC Committee on Comparative Politics

• Gabriel Almond; “Politics of Developing Areas.”

• Stein Rokkan; Comparative Party Systems• Hans Daalder; “Political Development”• Samuel Finer; Military Coups/History of Govt• Richard Rose; Parliamentary vs Presidential• Giovanni Sartori; Party Systems• Charles Tilly; Western European States/Civil

Society

Comparative Theory

• Political Development– Karl Deutsch “Political Gap”

• Economic Development Social Mobilization

POLITICAL GAP Political Institutions

POLITICS = INCLUSION OF SOCIAL CLASSES INTO POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

Transitions from Authoritarian Rule

• O’Donnell/Schmitter/Whitehead (1986)

• Spain/Portugal/Greece 1970s• Latin America 1980s• USSR 1990s

BRAZIL = PARADIGMA DE NOVA DEMOCRACIA…

Political Science?

• Max Weber– “Politics as a Vocation.”

• Professionalization/parties & elections• Norms/ideals vs empirical analysis

– “Science as a Vocation.” • Professionalization of academia• Objectivity: Suspend judgment to Study

Pluralism

• As US tradition– Liberalism Pluralism: Competing

Interest Groups = mass politics/democracy• Charles Lindblom,

» “The Science of Muddling Through”» “Politics and Markets”

• Robert Dahl» “Polyarchy” (2 regimes: Democracy /

Totalitarian)» “We won” when USSR fell…

Pluralist Political Science

• Marxism, New Left Review, Florestan Fernandes

• Feminism, • Post-Modernism, Foucault, power…

• Rational Choice– Mancur Olsen “Logic of Collective Action”

• Statistical Modeling

Basic Definitions

Politics = Behavior directed toward state1) Capacity of A B2) Capacity of A reconcile AZ

State = Permanent organization with monopoly of legitimate use of force within given territory. (Max Weber)

VS “committee of bourgeoise domination...” (Marx)

Ex: minimal definition vs descriptive definition

Explore Political Science

• American Political Science Associationwww.apsanet.org

• International Political Science Associationwww.ipsa.org

• Associacao Brasileira de Ciencia Politicawww.abcp.org.br

• www.gv.br material :Goodin & Klingemann, New Handbook of Political

Science....

IPSA / APSA Portals

International Political Science Association

www.ipsaportal.net

Political Science Research Onlinewww.politicalscience.org