history of psychology: aristotle, before 30 bc
DESCRIPTION
History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC. Greek naturalist and philosopher who theorized about learning, memory, motivation, emotion, perception, and personality. Ren é Descartes: 1596-1650. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC
Greek naturalist and philosopher who theorized about learning, memory, motivation, emotion, perception, and personality.
![Page 2: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
René Descartes: 1596-1650
Originated the concept of Dualism, viewed mind and body as interactive machines.
Stated that the mind could follow body and vice versa.
Proposed the idea of both voluntary and involuntary behavior.
Ruled out areas other than the brain for mental functioning.
![Page 3: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
John Locke: 1632-1704
Knowledge should be acquired by careful observation.
No innate ideas: all knowledge comes from experience or
reflection. Mind is a blank slate written on
by experience (tabula rasa).
![Page 4: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Charles Darwin: 1850s
Studied the evolution of finches and expands
his study to include humans.
Opposed religious teachings of the time by suggesting that man was a common ancestor to lower species.
![Page 5: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Birth of Psychology Wilhelm Wundt:
Father of Psychology
1879: Leipzig, Germany. Intended to make psychology a reputable science.
Many American psychologists eventually went on to study in Leipzeig.
![Page 6: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Wilhelm Wundt: Father of Psychology
Most of his experiments on sensation and perception.
Did not think that high order mental processes could be studied
experimentally. Trained in medicine and philosophy. Wrote many books about
psychology, philosophy, ethics, and logic.
![Page 7: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Can you read this?
This is bcuseae the huammn mnid deos
not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the word as a wlohe. Amzanig, huh?
![Page 8: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
IntrospectionLooking inward at one’s
own mental processes.
Because it is not objective, it fails miserably.
![Page 9: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
E.B. Titchener
Wundt’s student. Taught at Cornell University.
Studied nature of mental experiences.
Structuralism: Analyze sensations, images and feelings
into their most basic elements.
![Page 10: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
William James: 1842-1910
Claimed that searching for building blocks was a waste of time
because brain and mind are constantly changing: focused on function.
Functionalism. Underlying causes and practical consequences of certain behaviors and mental strategies: “Stream of Consciousness.”
Expanded psychology to animal behavior.
![Page 11: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Herman Ebbinghaus1885
Published classic studies on
memory, nonsense syllables, learning
curve.
![Page 12: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
American Psychological Association (APA)
Founded in 1892: the governing body of all research not conducted by
universities.
![Page 13: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Eclecticism Utilizing of diverse theories and
schools of thought. Mosaic, no single approach can
create the whole picture. Unlikely for psychology to ever have
a unifying paradigm. Grand theories replaced by more
specific ones.
![Page 14: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Fields in Psychology Group activity:
![Page 15: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Schools of Pscyhology
![Page 16: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
song
![Page 17: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Gestalt School Based on the idea that perceptions
are more than the sums of their parts
Instead of “parts”, they are wholes that give shape, or meaning, to the parts.
Ex: the previous song
![Page 18: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Psychological Perspectives Today
![Page 21: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Behavioralism
Behavioral Perspective: Focus on the influence of environment on behavior.
All behavior is observable and measurable.
![Page 22: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Behaviorism Ivan Pavlov, 1849-1936. Russian experimenter who
showed automatic/involuntary behavior in learned responses to specific stimuli in the environment.
Created “Classical Conditioning.”
![Page 23: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Behaviorism John Watson, 1913. Psychology can never be as
objective as chemistry or biology. Consciousness is not that easy.
“I can take a child and make him into anything, a beggar, a
doctor, a thief.”
![Page 24: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Behaviorism B.F. Skinner, 1950’s. Dismissed importance of inherited
traits and instincts about human behavior. Private events can be studied as long as they are treated as a form of behavior, many experiments with learning and memory.
Believed that all behavior is a result of rewards and punishments in the past.
![Page 25: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Behavioristic Theory Social Learning Theory: How people
acquire new behaviors by observing and imitating others (modeling).
Criticisms: Excluded all behavior that cannot be seen. All behavior cannot be explained by rewards and punishments. Treats people like robots as if they have no free-will.
![Page 26: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Psychoanalytic Theory Focus on how unconscious motives
influences behavior. All behavior is meaningful, and
much of it is controlled by digging below the surface to uncover the roots of personality.
Sigmund Freud!!! (Da MAN!)
![Page 27: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud, 1856-1939. Studied neurology, but wanted to
be a medical researcher, forced into being a private physician.
Became convinced that patients difficulties were due to mental rather than physical problems.
Proposed that distress due to problems that dated back to childhood.
![Page 28: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Siggy Freud Psychoanalysis: Freud’s method for
treating people with emotional problems, free association.
Unconscious: Nearly all of our impulses are sexual and aggressive in nature. Because we cannot accept them in our conscious, thoughts find their expression in dreams, slips of the tongue that appear as accidents, and even jokes.
![Page 29: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Psychoanalytic Theory Aggressive energy: Basic human
instinct lodged in unconscious; the duty of society is to get people to channel their aggressive energy into productive activity. If not, aggression is released and violent activities occur.
![Page 30: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Psychoanalytic Theory
Hidden Desires: Freud stated that people are “cesspools
of hidden desires.” Unresolved Conflicts: If these
occur in childhood, this will cause fixations in later life. (Stages)
![Page 31: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Psychoanalytic Theory Freud’s Stages: Oral (Birth - 1 yr.),
anal (1 yr.), phallic (4 yrs. - separates males/females), latency (Puberty), genital (adult)
3 Personalities: Id, Ego, Superego: Id: Wants/Desires, Basic primal
instincts. “Pleasure Principle” Ego: “Reality Principle” Superego: Conscious mind. “Do the
right thing.”
![Page 32: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Psychoanalytic Theory: Criticisms
Does not focus on observable behavior, negative viewpoint of mankind
because actions are provoked by unconscious thoughts, cannot be scientifically proven or disproven.
Ignores political and social explanations of people’s problems.
Currently focuses on perceptions, memories, and thinking in our unconscious (Psychodynamic theory).
![Page 33: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Humanistic Theory
1950’s-60’s: Emphasize free-will, people not completely
ruled by environment or past experience, able to control
one’s own choices and destinies to achieve full
human potential.
![Page 34: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Humanistic Theory Abraham Maslow:
Hierarchy of Needs: People’s struggle is to be the best they possibly can,
known as self-actualization. Carl Rogers: Former minister;
believed all people strive for perfection; some interrupted by a bad environment.
![Page 35: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Humanistic Theory Human Potential: Everyone striving
to reach their highest potential. Criticisms: Believes all people are
good and that people have the ability to heal themselves. Too vague, more of a philosophy for life than a psychology.
![Page 36: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Biopsychological (Neurobiological)
Focuses on the influence of biology on behavior Seeks to understand the nervous system. All
actions, feelings associated with the nervous system.
Wilhelm Wundt: Expected psychology to rest almost solely on Anatomy and Biology. Interested in how bodily events interact with events in the external environment to produce perceptions, memory and behavior. Roger Sperry won Nobel-Prize for his Split-Brain research.
![Page 37: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Biopsychological (Neurobiological)
Nervous System: Responsible for our behavior; Specifically abnormal and immediate responses.
Anatomy/Biology: Solely responsible for human behavior.
Criticisms: Ignores mental processes. Explains too little of human behavior, rejects environmental influences.
![Page 38: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Cognitive Theory Thinking: Focuses on how mental
thoughts affect behavior. Studies how we attend, perceive, think,
remember, solve problems and arrive at beliefs.
Know what’s going on in people’s heads first, then applies it to their behavior.
Jean Piaget: studies children’s cognitive development.
![Page 39: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Cognitive Theory Thought Processes: Can infer mental
processes from observable behavior.
Remember Gestalt Psychology: means “pattern” or “whole.” Studies how people interpret sensory information in order to acquire knowledge.
“The whole is larger than the sum of its parts”
![Page 40: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Cognitive Theory: Criticisms
Downplays emotion, too mentalistic, hard to decide between competing cognitive explanations.
Strong approach today.
![Page 41: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Sociocultural Psychology
Examines how cultural and political (religious) experience effect our everyday life.
Gender influences of behavior. Job opportunities to influence people’s goals and ambitions.
![Page 42: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Sociocultural Psychology
It is NOT intrapsychic: Within the mind or self.
Cultural Values/Political Systems: How norms and social influences affect behavior.
![Page 43: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Sociocultural Psychology Ambition/Goals/Values:
Environments influence on one’s long-term ambitions.
Criticisms: Underestimated personal and overestimated social influences on our behavior. Makes broad generalizations about ethnic groups and cultures.
![Page 44: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Jobs in Psychology
![Page 45: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Clinical Psychologists Help people with psychological
problems, such as anxiety, depression, or severe psychological disorders
Clinical psychologist help their clients overcome problems and adjust to the demands of life.
They also help people with problems in their relationships, addictions, or weight control.
![Page 46: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Clinical Psychologists continued….
Clinical psychologists are trained to evaluate psychological problems through use of interviews and psychological tests
Then they help clients understand and resolve their problems by changing ineffective or harmful behaviors.
![Page 47: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Psychiatrists A psychiatrist is a MEDICAL
DOCTOR. They specialize in treatment of
psychological problems and can PRESCRIBE MEDICATION
![Page 48: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Counseling Psychologists Typically treat people with adjustment problems
rather than those with serious psychological disorders Ex:
Struggling making a decision about ones career Having difficulty making friends Having conflicts with family members, teachers,
employers, etc Dealing with parents’ divorce
Counseling psychologists help people identify their goals, overcome adjustment problems, and meet challenges
![Page 49: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
School Psychologists
School psychologists help identify and help students with problems by talking with teachers, parents, and the student themselves.
They may also administer tests such as intelligence tests and achievement tests.
School psychologists help identify and assist students with special needs, learning difficulties or disorders, and students who may be academically gifted.
In many school districts school psychologists help place students in certain classes to help them be successful
![Page 50: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Education Psychologists They are concerned with helping students learn, but focus
more on planning and instructional methods for an entire system
They are concerned with theoretical issues that relate to how we measure student abilities, learning, and development
They help decide which tests are most effective in determining student success.
They also help consider how certain items on tests or certain instructional methods in the classroom account for student differences and promote their success.
![Page 51: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Developmental Psychologists
Study the changes that occur throughout a person’s lifespan
Include: Physical changes emotional changes Cognitive changes social changesThey also look at how heredity (genes) and the environment influence a person’s
development
![Page 52: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Personality Psychologists Identify characteristics or traits Looks for different traits people
have and then study these traits They share this information with
clinical psychologists who are interested in the origins of certain psychological disorders
![Page 53: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Social Psychologists Concerned with people’s behavior in social situations Look at how men and women act in same settings/
different settings What attracts people to one another Why people tend to conform to groups standards and
expectations How people change in groups What effects prejudice Why people act aggressive or why people help others
in certain situations
![Page 54: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Experimental Psychologists Conduct research into basic human
processes such as the nervous system
Engage in basic research Has no immediate application, but is
done for its own sake Their findings are often put into
practice by other psychological specialists.
![Page 55: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Industrial Psychologists Focus on people and work Improve working conditions Job satisfaction Help people who have problems on
the job
![Page 56: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Environmental Psychologists Focus on the way in which people
influence and are influenced by their environment.
![Page 57: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Consumer Psychologists Study behaviors of shoppers to
explain and predict their behavior
![Page 58: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Forensic Psychologists Work within the criminal justice system Can testify about the psychological competence of a
defendant They may be called to explain how psychological
problems can give rise to certain criminal behaviors Help select police officers Train police officers in handling dangerous
situations such as suicide threats, hostage crises, and family violence
![Page 59: History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062808/568152f6550346895dc11234/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Health Psychologists May study the effects of stress on
health problems such as headaches and heat disease
Try to explain why some people follow doctors advice and some disregard it
Help people adopt helpful lifestyle changes such as exercising