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History of the Digital Mobile Radio Systems in NTT & DoCoMo
The University of Electro-Communications
Nobuo Nakajima
2
Progress of the Mobile Radio Systems
3 G
IMT-2000
1979 1992 2001 2010 2020
5G
LTE-advanced?
2 G
Digital
1 G
Analog
3.9 - 4 G
LTE,-advanced
Every 10 years
Access FDMA TDMA CDMA OFDMA, Frequency Scheduling
Frequency 800 MHz 2 GHz 3 GHz > 3 GHzmillimeter wave
Terminal Portable phone Smart phone
3
Access Scheme for 1-4th Generation
FDMA TDMA CDMA
Frequency
Time
Time
Freq
ue
ncy
Frequency Scheduling
TimeFr
equ
ency
Time
Freq
uen
cy
1st Generation
1G Development History
1980 20001990
NTT
‘79 ‘93
PDC(800M)
‘01
IMT-2000
‘94
PDC(1.5G)
‘95
PDC(Half rate)
2.4k
FEC
9.6k
ARQ
28.8k
By 3 time slots
‘97
PDC Packet
i-mode
By PDC-P
‘99
CDMA by DDI
‘98
NTTHigh Capacty
‘86
‘92
NTT DoCoMo
started
‘89
J-TACS by
IDO, Cellular
Analog to Digital
(Replace)
5
1G 2G 3G
384k
- Okumura Hata Curve/Empirical Formula -
Propagation Loss Estimation
Base Station Antenna HeightMobile Station Antenna HeightUrban Area
Distance
Free space loss
Frequency
Pro
pag
atio
n L
oss
PropagationLoss
1G Technologies and Specifications
Frequency
Access Scheme
Applied Technologies
Beginning(1979)
Last Stage(1986)
800 MHz Band
Analog FDMA
Channel Separation 25 kHz 12.5 kHz(Interleaving)
Diversity ReceptionFor BS and MS
Base Station Beam Tilting
AMPS30 kHz
Robust
Interferencereduction
HigherCapacity
(100,000 SubscriberFor Metropolitan Area)
Smaller Cells
Antenna Diversity
Trunk lid Antenna
Roof Top Antenna
In-room Antenna
Sleeve Antenna #1
Sleeve Antenna #2
Trunk lid Diversity Antenna Portable Phone Diversity Antenna
Built-inAntenna
WhipAntenna
9
Interference Reduction by Beam Tilting
Phase
ShifterWithout TiltWith Tilt
ReceivingLevel
Rel
ativ
e R
ecei
vin
g Le
vel (
dB
)
Distance
Without tilt
With tilt
Distance
Tilting Effect
Experimental Result
Antenna
10
Smaller Cells
1979
1995
11
6000cc10kg
1st Mobie Terminal
Mobile Terminals by NTT
1985 1987
Shoulder Phone(3 kg)
Portable Phone(900 cc, 900 g)
1979
VehicularTerminal(10,000 cc10 kg)
1989
MicrTAC(211 cc)by Motorola
1991
Mova (140 cc)
2nd Generation
14
2nd Generation Digital System
Development in the World
USA:FDMABy Motorola, Lucent
Purpose: High Capacity, Data CommunicationCommon Interface (Europe)
Japan:FDMABy NTT
EuropeGSM (Group Special Mobile)Competition(TDMA, CDMA, Frequency Hopping,,,,,)
3ch TDMA
8chTDMA
3 InternationalStandards
cdmaOneWas added
Ericsson proposed to TIA
PDC and IS-54(Digital APMS)
Access Scheme
Speech CODEC
PDC IS-54
3ch TDMA
Channel Separation 25 kHz
V-CELP (Motorola)11.2 kbps
PSI-CELP (DoCoMo)5.6 kbps
CELP13 kbps
CountermeasureFor Multipath Fading
30 kHz
Antenna Diversity(Both Direction)
Equalizer
Mobile Terminal Dual ModeSingle Mode
Modulation Pi/4 shift QPSK
Hardware Tech.
Efficient Linear Amp. (MS)
Common Power Amplifier (BS)
16
Time
TDMA Frame
Reason of 3ch TDMA
CONT
- Minimum Time Slot Number -
Transmit Receive Monitor
Measure Receiving Levels from Surrounding Base Stations for MAHO (Mobile Assisted Hand Over)
Minimum Bandwidth for Multipath fading Countermeasure
Pi/4 shift QPSK
Constellation Spectrum
Measured Delay Spread
BasinArea
Urban Area
Delay Spread
Acc
um
ula
tio
n
Feed Forward Ultra Linear Common Power Amplifier (SAFF: Self Adjusting Feed forward)
SAFF
Without SAFF
Pilot Signal
Main AMP
Detect Distortion
Coupler
Controller PilotDetection
SubAMP
Spectrum
Coupler Coupler
30 channels, Total 30 W
From Massive and Lossy Filter Bank
to Common Power Amplifier
Antenna
1G
Filter BankMODEM
Power Amplifier
2GAntenna
MODEM
UltraLinerPowerAmplifier
20
MODEM
Efficient Liner Power Amplifier
For Mobile Terminal
Binary Data
MOD
EnvelopDCAmplifier
F-ClassAmplifier
Power Supply
Power Efficiency : 40 %
2G Development History
1980 20001990
NTT
‘79 ‘93
PDC(800M)
‘01
IMT-2000
‘94
PDC(1.5G)
‘95
PDC(Half rate)
2.4k
FECData Speed: 9.6k
ARQ
28.8k
By 3 time slots
‘97
PDC Packet
i-mode
By PDC-P
‘99
CDMA by DDI
‘98
NTTHigh Capacty
‘86
‘92
NTT DoCoMo
started
‘89
J-TACS by
IDO, Cellular
Analog to Digital
(Replace)
22
1G 2G 3G
384k
Propagation Loss + 6dB
Soft Decision for Error Correction
Propagation Loss versus Frequency
0
10
20
30
-10
-20
-30
100 M 1 G 10 G
Frequency (Hz)
Re
lative
Lo
ss (
dB
)
2G 3G 5G 8G
2G
3G
4G
1G
Pager
3rd Generation
25
USA:Enhancement of cdmaOne
High Speed (2Mbps), New ServicesNationwide Unified Standard
Japan:W-CDMA
EuropeUMTS
cdma2000
W-CDMA
3 InternationalStandard
China:TDD type CDMA
TDS-CDMA
3rd Generation System
Development in the World
Purpose:
W-CDMA versus IS-95
Access Scheme
Spreading Code
W-CDMA (UMTS) IS-95
CDMA
Base StationSynchronization
No By GPS
Bandwidth 5 MHz 1.25 MHz
OrthogonalFor any spreading factor
OrthogonalFor same spreading factor
3rd Generation
EV-DO, HSPA
28
Re
ce
ivin
g L
eve
l (d
B) User A
User B
User C
Round Robin
Maximum CIR
Proportional
Fair
Th
rou
gh
pu
t
HSPA ( High-Speed Packet Access )
Best Effort
14.4 Mbps by 5 MHz Bandwidth !
Channel Assign
3.9 - 4th Generation
Unified International Standard
By 3GPP
LTE versus W-CDMA
LTE W-CDMA
Dominant Access Scheme
Packet Circuit Switch
MaximumTransmission Bitrate
Down: 100 MbpsUp : 50 Mbps
Down: 14 MbpsUp : 7 Mbps
Transmission Delay < 5 msec > 10 msec
Bandwidth 1.4M, 3M, 5M, 10M, 15M, 20M
5M only
Multiplexing OFDM CDMA
Scheduling Every 1 msec No
Antenna MIMO, Diversity Diversity
Review for Technological Improvements
Transmission Bitrate
2.4k
1k
28.8k
384k
3.6M
100M
>=1G
2G 3G 3.9 – 4G 5G
1M
1G
14M
Tra
nsm
issio
n B
itra
te
Guarantee Best Effort
32
Spectrum Efficiency
From National Broadband Plan (FCC)
10kbps 100kbps 1Mbps 10Mbps
Guarantee BEST EFFORT
Transmission bitrate
Spec
tru
m E
ffic
ien
cy
Spectrum Efficiency10
1
0.1
0.01
1k 1M 1G
GPRS
W-CDMA
HSPA
LTE
Transmission Bitrate = Spectrum Efficiency 2
Future
2 times / a year → 256 times at 2020
Novel ideas and technologies are necessary against such
huge traffic demands.
Traffic Explosion
37
Cell Size will be Reduced
200
100
400
1k
4k
10k
0 2 10k 1M 100M 10G
1
2345
Frequency (GHz)
Transmission Bitrate (Hz)
Output 250mWFade Margin 5.3dB
Max
Ran
ge (
m)
2k
40
64k
HSDPA 3.6M
HSDPA 7.2M
100M
1G
1980 2000 2020
Vehicular phone
Portable phone
Smart phone
Line
Wearable
voice
M2M
Entertainment
IoT
Virtual Reality
Future Service and Human Interface
Tele-Existence
38
39
Nobuo Nakajima
Thank you for listening and Congratulationfor Prof. Adachi’s New Life!