History of the History of the Environmental Environmental

Movement in the Movement in the United StatesUnited States

Pattern of Resource UsePattern of Resource Use

First People of North AmericaFirst People of North America

25,000 years ago25,000 years ago Native Native

AmericansAmericans Nomadic culturesNomadic cultures Viewed Viewed

themselves as themselves as one with natureone with nature

Used resources Used resources but did not but did not abuse the abuse the resourceresource

The Exploitation The Exploitation YearsYears

1620-19001620-1900

The Roots of AbuseThe Roots of Abuse The First ColonistsThe First Colonists 3 “Things” that would 3 “Things” that would

change the continentchange the continent• GunGun• AxeAxe• WheelWheel

Manifest Destiny – Manifest Destiny – man is controller of man is controller of land, not part of the land, not part of the landland

Westward ExpansionWestward Expansion

Myth of SuperabundanceMyth of SuperabundanceRaid of ResourcesRaid of Resources

Raid of the Wildlife Raid of the Wildlife Raid of Eastern Raid of Eastern

ForestsForests Raid of Wisconsin Raid of Wisconsin

ForestsForests Raid of MineralsRaid of Minerals Cattle Barons and Cattle Barons and

Sod BustersSod Busters

Early Philosophers of ConservationEarly Philosophers of Conservation Henry David Henry David

Thoreau: wildlife Thoreau: wildlife areasareas

George Perkins George Perkins Marsh: Man and Marsh: Man and Nature (1864)Nature (1864)

Early Activists and ActionsEarly Activists and Actions

John Wesley John Wesley Powell: Powell Powell: Powell Report – first Report – first advocate to advocate to regulate land useregulate land use

Yellowstone Yellowstone National Park National Park Created (1872) by Created (1872) by President GrantPresident Grant

The Conservation The Conservation YearsYears

(1900 – 1942)(1900 – 1942)

The BeginningsThe Beginnings

President Harrison – President Harrison – passed a law stating passed a law stating that the President that the President could set aside lands could set aside lands for national parks and for national parks and national forestsnational forests

Extremely crucial Extremely crucial legislation for the legislation for the environmentenvironment

Early LeadersEarly Leaders

John Muir (1838-1914: John Muir (1838-1914: Sierra ClubSierra Club

Gifford Pinchot (1865 Gifford Pinchot (1865 – 1946): 1– 1946): 1stst Chief U.S. Chief U.S. ForesterForester

Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt (1901 – 1909): Boone (1901 – 1909): Boone and Crocket Cluband Crocket Club

Reclamation Act: put Reclamation Act: put Powell’s ideas into Powell’s ideas into effecteffect

Park ServicePark Service

National Park National Park Service created in Service created in 19161916

Stephen Mather: 1Stephen Mather: 1stst Head of Park Head of Park ServiceService

Citizen Conservation GroupsCitizen Conservation Groups

Sierra ClubSierra Club AudubonAudubon Wilderness SocietyWilderness Society

Decline of Private LandsDecline of Private Lands

FDR and Renewed Conservation FDR and Renewed Conservation InitiativesInitiatives

Tennessee Valley Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) – Authority (TVA) – 11stst Land Land Restoration ProjectRestoration Project

FDR (cont.)FDR (cont.)

Soil Conservation Soil Conservation Society (SCS) – Society (SCS) – professional soil professional soil conservationists to conservationists to prevent erosion prevent erosion and loss of soil and loss of soil nutrientsnutrients

FDR (cont.)FDR (cont.)

Civilian Conservation Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) – planted Corps (CCC) – planted trees, erosion control, trees, erosion control, nature trails, etc.nature trails, etc.

Federal program to Federal program to give the unemployed give the unemployed men jobs during the men jobs during the depressiondepression

FDR (cont.)FDR (cont.)

Eastern National Eastern National Forest CreatedForest Created

Wisconsin (1934)Wisconsin (1934)• NicoletNicolet• ChequamegonChequamegon

FDR (cont.)FDR (cont.)

Taylor Grazing Act Taylor Grazing Act – controlled use of – controlled use of public landpublic land

WW IIWW II

Close of the Conservation EraClose of the Conservation Era

The Environmental EraThe Environmental Era(1948 - ???)(1948 - ???)

Aldo LeopoldAldo Leopold

Environmental Environmental PhilosophyPhilosophy

““Sand County Sand County Almanac”Almanac”

Longtime Longtime Wisconsin educator Wisconsin educator and residentand resident

Awakening of Environmental Awakening of Environmental PhilosophyPhilosophy

Rachel Carson: Rachel Carson: “Silent Spring”“Silent Spring”

Paul Ehrlich’s: Paul Ehrlich’s: “Population Bomb”“Population Bomb”

Decade of Unrest (1960’s)Decade of Unrest (1960’s)

Racism and Racism and VietnamVietnam

Santa Barbara Oil Santa Barbara Oil SpillSpill

Cyuahoga River Cyuahoga River Burns: ClevelandBurns: Cleveland

A View from SpaceA View from Space

Grass Roots Movement ExplodesGrass Roots Movement Explodes

Nixon’s Nixon’s Environmental Environmental Message to CongressMessage to Congress

Supported political Supported political regulation of the regulation of the environmentenvironment

Earth DayEarth Day

First Earth Day First Earth Day 19701970 Gaylord NelsonGaylord Nelson

• Wisconsin Governor Wisconsin Governor and Senatorand Senator

11stst teach in on the teach in on the environmentenvironment

April 22April 22

““Environmental Decade” LegislationEnvironmental Decade” Legislation

Wilderness Act: 1964Wilderness Act: 1964 Wild and Scenic Wild and Scenic

Rivers Act: 1968Rivers Act: 1968 National National

Environmental Policy Environmental Policy Act: 1969Act: 1969

The Clean Air Act: The Clean Air Act: 19721972

The Clean Water Act: The Clean Water Act: 19721972

Legislation (cont.)Legislation (cont.)

Pesticide Control Pesticide Control Act: 1972Act: 1972

Endangered Endangered Species Act: 1973Species Act: 1973

Resource Resource Conservation and Conservation and Recovery Act: 1976Recovery Act: 1976

Surface Mining Surface Mining Control and Control and Reclamation Act: Reclamation Act: 19771977

Legislation (cont.)Legislation (cont.)

Alaska Lands Bill: Alaska Lands Bill: 19801980

Superfund: 1980Superfund: 1980

Institutionalizing Environmental Institutionalizing Environmental ProtectionProtection

Environmental Environmental Protection Agency Protection Agency (EPA): federal(EPA): federal

Wisconsin Wisconsin Department of Department of Natural Resources Natural Resources (DNR): state(DNR): state

Future Projections and PredictionsFuture Projections and Predictions

Global 2000Global 2000 Global Future: Time Global Future: Time

to Actto Act North-SouthNorth-South World Development World Development

ReportReport The Next 2000 YearsThe Next 2000 Years The Ultimate The Ultimate

ResourceResource