history of the global amdar programme...it was big and heavy. but e\൮ough were installed to prove...

$: History of the Global AMDAR Programme...It was big and heavy. But e\൮ough were installed to prove the concept. It worked well to get the Meteorological data from the aircraft in$
WMO

History of the Global Aircraft-Based Observations

Programme (ABOP)

Friends and Partners of Aviation Weather(FPAW) Special Session, 11 Oct 2017

WMO; Observing and Information Systems Department

Presenter

Presentation Notes

This presentation is made available from the WMO CBS Expert Team on Aircraft-Based Observations (ET-ABO)

The NWS began regularly scheduled aircraft weather observations in 1919. Pilots flew unpressurized small aircraft into unknown weather conditions, making the task dangerous. They were not paid unless they reached an elevation of 13,500’, and received a bonus for each 1,000’ thereafter.

Aircraft Weather Observations1919 ~ 1940

●1919: U.S. NWS begins collecting Aircraft Observations

Presenter

Presentation Notes

NWS = National Weather Service of the USA

Aircraft Weather Observations1919 ~ 1940

●1919: Attaching a Meteograph to the Wing of a Bi-Plane

Weather Balloons Replace Aircraft in the Early 1940s

Sensors are Reasonably: • Accurate• Reliable• Available• Low Unit Cost

But are:• Manpower Intensive• Single Use/Expendable• Expensive Over Time• A Hazard to Aviation

●Early 1940s: Aircraft soundings were discontinued with the advent of Weather Balloons with Radiosondes

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Radiosondes began in the mid 1930s, and reached operational status in the early 1940s.

Weather Balloons with Radiosondes 1940s to Today

●1940s – Today: Weather Balloons with Radiosondes are still considered the standard for In-Situ Upper Air Meteorological ObservationsBut Radiosonde Programs are :

• Low Spatial Resolution • Low Temporal Sampling (00Z & 12Z)• Expensive and Unsustainable• Unreliable in many Regions• Deteriorating with no signs of improving

Resulting in:• Infrequent Reports in some Regions• Low Availability of Quality Data• Limits to Modern Forecasting

Presenter

Presentation Notes

For 75 years Radiosondes have been the standard for Upper Air Observations, launched around the world at 00Z and 12Z. However, due to the high recurring cost and manpower required, much of the earth is poorly sampled with this method. The red and brown dots in this graphic shows that much of Africa, So America, and parts of Asia simply do not launch radiosondes at the agreed frequency. So in reality, we have a very poor set of Observations for the Upper Atmosphere. That will always limit the performance of our NWP forecast models.

Interest in Aircraft Weather Observations Returns in the 1970s

Aircraft Sensors are: • Accurate• Very Reliable• Increasingly Available• Already Sampling• At Many Locations• With No Extra Equipment

But Require:• Data Communications• New methods of Quality Monitoring• New Systems for Operations

●1970s: Modern Navigation and Communication systems renewed the interest in Aircraft reporting of Meteorological Observations

1970s: Interest and Research in Aircraft Observations Returns

Presenter

Presentation Notes

With the advent of modern aircraft, another opportunity becomes available – Again. That’s Aircraft Based Observations. In order to achieve efficient flight, these aircraft now have high quality sensors for Pressure, Temperature, Wind Speed and Wind Direction. That is 4 of the 5 meteorological parameters. And by the 60’s and 70’s there were thousands of aircraft flying around much of the world. The main thing needed was a data communications methodology to get the data from the aircraft.

Aircraft to Satellite Data Relay(ASDAR)

B747-100

C-141 Cargo*FGGE = First Global GARP ExperimentGARP = Global Atmospheric Research Programme

Prototype-ASDAR●1978- 1979: Automated Aircraft

Weather Observations were first used in the Global Weather Experiment FGGE* to relay Wind and Temperature data● Prototype-ASDAR (USA)

●17 Systems Installed● 16 commercial B747s● 1 US Air Force C-141● Later re-installed in commercial

aircraft, outside USA (KLM, LH)

Presenter

Presentation Notes

So research and development began, with attempts to use the standard Data Collection Platform capabilities of most GeoSync MetSats.

ASDAR (cont.)

Power Supply

Data Acquisition & Processing;

SatelliteTransmitter

Prototype-ASDAR●1978- 1979: Prototype-ASDAR

● Large and Heavy Equipment● Thus additional cost for extra fuel

consumption due to weight and antenna drag

● Data communication via Geostationary Meteorological Satellites● Meteosat, GOES, GMS● From 80N to 80S

Satellite Antenna

Presenter

Presentation Notes

That research produced the first prototype Aircraft to Satellite Data Relay, (Prototype-ASDAR). It was big and heavy. But enough were installed to prove the concept. It worked well to get the Meteorological data from the aircraft in “near real-time.”

Aircraft to Satellite Data Relay 2nd Generation (ASDAR 2G)

ASDAR 2nd Generation

DPU STU

Satellite antenna

ASDAR Second Generation

●1982: ASDAR 2nd Generation● 10 WMO Member Nation Collaboration

●1991: ASDAR 2G● Smaller and Lighter Equipment● Reducing added fuel consumption cost

● Data communication still via Geostationary Meteorological Satellites ● Meteosat, GOES, GMS

● 23 Systems Installed Worldwide● 7 airlines● SAA, Air Mauritius, SAUDIA, Aerolineas

Argentinas, KLM, LH, BA● Last ASDAR-2G decommissioned 2006● Air Mauritius B767-200ER

Presenter

Presentation Notes

So…. A second generation of ASDAR was commissioned, ASDAR-2G. It was smaller and lighter, and after years of work a few more were installed. But it still had its share of issues.

ASDAR 2G (cont.)

ASDAR-2G Equipment in the E-Bay

ASDAR 2G installation in KLM B747-200

Antenna on top of aircraft

Additional Cockpit Circuit Breakers

Reviewing the Installation

Frank Grooters (KNMI)

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Here is a few pictures from the ASDAR-2G time period. You can see Mr. Frank Grooter, from KNMI in The Netherlands. He’s still one of the leaders in the Aircraft Based Observations initiatives.

FGGE

Only Non-Automated AIREPs and PIREPs

Automated Reporting starts with FGGE

Aircraft Data Volume1960 – 1995

1960 – 1995: Early Years, Automated Reports start with FGGE

1960 – 1995: 0 to ~20,000 Daily Obs (in 35 years)

Note: All data volumes are approximate and based on limited available information, especially from the early years.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

This is the Volume of Data provided from aircraft, measured in Daily Observations. From 1960 to 1978 everything was manually done. Nothing Automated at all. Then in 78/79 the protptype-ASDAR systems were installed, which started the first automated reporting. From there you can see the volume of data begin to rise. In the early 1990s you can see that ASDAR-2G helped to increase that to as many as 20,000 Observations per Day. *FGGE = First Global GARP Experiment; where GARP = Global Atmospheric Research Programme

Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR)

AMDAR●1985: Early AMDAR Development● Software-only Solution● Data acquisition from standard Aircraft Wx Sensors● Using Modern aircraft Flight Management Computer

● Based on Aviation and Meteorological Standards● ACARS Data Communications● Global Coverage via HF, VHF, & SatComm● Network Providers: ARINC, SITA; with Cross-Network sharing

SITAARINC (RC)

Presenter

Presentation Notes

But in the mid/late 80s a solution was developed that only required software to be loaded on the Flight Management System computers. That enabled Aircraft to report Meteorological Observations without the addition of new hardware, which helped tremendously. The system is knowns as AMDAR, Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay. The U.S. contribution to AMDAR is called the MDCRS program. AMDAR was possible due to the aviation industry development of the Aircraft Communications And Reporting System (ACARS), which allowed aircraft to have much easier air-to-ground datalinks. ACARS grew to provide nearly global coverage through the providers, ARINC or SITA, via HF, VHF, or SatComm networks.

AMDAR (cont.)

AMDAR 1985 - 2000●Australia/SW Pacific

(Australian Bureau of Meteorology)● 1985 - ANSETT● 1990 - Qantas

●North America(U.S. FAA, NOAA/NWS – MDCRS)● 1990 – 1994: American, Delta,

Northwest, United● 1994 – 2000: UPS, Southwest

●Europe (E-AMDAR)● 1993 KLM, 1995 Air France● 1998 British Airways, SAS● 1999 Lufthansa● 2000 Finland

●Asia● 1999 - China Southern● 2000 - Japan Airlines

●Africa● 2000 - South African Airways

●South America● None

1985 – 2000: Slow Growth organized by WMO “AMDAR Panel”* Some Dates Approximate

Presenter

Presentation Notes

As a result, between 1985 and 2000 the AMDAR network began to grow. By 2000 there were 17 Airlines reporting into AMDAR.

Aircraft Data Volume1986 – 2003

1986 – 2003: Adoption of AMDAR Increases Data Steadily

1986 – 2003: 5,000 to 140,000 Daily Obs(+28x in 18 years)

Note: All data volumes are approximate and derived from limited available information, especially from the early years.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

By 2003 AMDAR had reached 150,000 Observations per Day. That volume was steadily rising and the rate of increase is clearly much greater than the previous 25 years.

WMO

Aircraft-Based Observations Programme (ABOP)

15

● 2004: Global AMDAR Programme Grows● AMDAR Panel Strengthening Global Collaboration● WMO Central Support and Coordination Increasing

● 2007: WMO Restructuring benefits AMDAR● WMO Headquarters Appoints AMDAR Technical Coordinator● Transfers AMDAR from WMO Commission for Aeronautical

Meteorology to WMO Commission for Basic Systems (CBS)● Becomes Expert Team on Aircraft Based Observations (ET-AIR)● ET-AIR and AMDAR Panel meet Jointly● Harmonisation/Standardisation under WWW => WIGOS/WIS

● 2009: WMO Declares AMDAR “Mature” Programme● Temp and Wind Data Quality Suitable for Operational Applications

Aircraft-Based Observations Programme 2000 - 2017

2000 – 2017: ABOP Globally Organized and Growing Rapidly

Presenter

Presentation Notes

In the early 2000s AMDAR was becoming more well recognized within the WMO community as a valuable data source for basic Upper Air Observations. As a result, WMO begins to provide greater support for the globally coordinated AMDAR program and begions to integrate AMDAR into the WMO Commission for Basic Systems (CBS).

Growth in ABOP Data 2003 – 2010

Based on reports received by the Canadian

Meteorological Centre

2010

2003 – 2010: Slow But Steady Growth in ABOP Data

2003 – 2010: 140,000 to 210,000 Daily Obs(+1.5x in 7 years)

Note: From approximately 2003 the current WMO ABOP system for measuring data volumes has been used.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

In these years, the volume of data reported by AMDAR continued to steadily rise. By 2010 it had achieved over 200,000 Observations per Day.

WMO

Aircraft-Based Observations Programme (ABOP)

17

● 2012: ABOP Fully Integrated into WMO Structure● Transitions to “Aircraft-Based Observations” (ABO)● ABO includes AMDAR, ADS-B/C, Mode-S, & all forms of Aircraft Obs

● ABO formally becomes a WMO Observation “Programme” (ABOP)● With responsibilities split between CBS and CIMO

● WMO CBS Expert Team on Aircraft-Based Observing Systems (ET-ABO)● Regional Implementation Strategy, Outreach, Publications, Education, Training

● WMO CIMO Expert Team on Aircraft-based Observations (ET-AO)● Technical Development, Tech Evaluations, Tech Standards, and Tech Support

Aircraft-Based Observations Programme 2000 - 2017

2000 – 2017: ABOP Globally Organized and Growing Rapidly

Presenter

Presentation Notes

In 2012 AMDAR transitions to become known as the Aircraft-Based Observations Programme (ABOP) and becomes a formal Observation System within the WMO Infrastructure.

ABOP Today

ABOP in 2017● A Growing Global ABO Infrastructure

● 1 ABO Global Data Centre (USA)● 1 ABO Data Quality Evaluation Center (Europe)● 2 ABO Optimization Systems (Europe, Australia)● ABOP Focal Points in many WMO Member Nations● Contributing to WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS)

● 14 National/Regional Operational Programs● 40 Airlines providing daily ABO data● 10,200+ Aircraft and growing● 870,000 Observations/Day to WIGOS

● Programs Adding New Data Types and Sources● Water Vapour Sensors and Turbulence Reporting● Partnerships for new ABO Sources

2017: ABOP Globally Organized and Growing Rapidly

Presenter

Presentation Notes

As a result the ABOP of today has a growing infrastructure, with 14 National or Regional programs and data from 40 partner airlines. The number of aircraft reporting has risen to over 10,000 aircraft and the data volume has surpassed 850,000 Observations per Day.

ABOP Today (cont.)

●Australia/SW Pacific● 4 Airlines reporting

●North America● 11 Airlines reporting

●Europe (E-AMDAR)● 14 Airlines reporting

ABOP in 2017

●Asia● 8 Airlines reporting

●Africa● 1 Airline reporting

●South America● 2 Airlines reporting

2017: 40 Airlines and 10,200 Aircraft over Six Continents

Growth in Number of Aircraft Reporting into ABOP

2012 – 2017: Dramatic Growth in Aircraft Reporting

2012 – 2017: 3,000 growing to 10,200+ Aircraft(+3.4x in 5 years)

Added Large # of Aircraft reporting

via ADS-C

Presenter

Presentation Notes

The dramatic increaase in number of aircraft reporting is due to the addition of a large set of aircraft reporting via ADS-C from the U.S. Network. These metrics are regularly generated by the Canadian Meteorological Center, but there may be some confusion regarding the ADS-C aircraft. That is being investigated by the WMO ABOP team.

Growth in ABOP Data2010 – 2017

2010 – 2017: Dramatic Growth in ABOP Data

2010 – 2017: 210,000 to 870,000 Daily Obs(+4.4x in 7 years)

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Interesting to note that while there was a dramatic increase in the number of aircraft in late 2016, due to the addition of data from aircraft reporting via ADS-C, there is not a proportional increase in the data volume. This mainly just indicates that the number of observations from ADS-C reporting aircraft is lower than those reporting via other methods.

24 Hours of ABOP Data

Graphics Courtesy of NOAA/ESRL/GSD

Note: Only 2.9% of the ABOP Data is shown in the Graphic

Presenter

Presentation Notes

While this looks like a lot of flights reporting, in reality only about 3% of the data is visible. If it was all displayed, it would be way too cluttered to see. Yet, there is still a lot of “white space” evident, where no aircraft are reporting into ABOP. For example most of Africa, Central Asia, SW Pacific, and even Canda are poorly sampled at this time.

Growing Number of ABOP Aircraft Reporting Water Vapour Measurements

2012 – 2017: Slow Growth in Water Vapour Measurement

Solid lines on Left Axis, Dashed lines

on Right Axis

2012 – 2017: 50 to 145 Aircraft(+2.9x in 5 years)

ABOP Reporting of High Quality Water Vapour Measurements

Graphics Courtesy of NOAA/ESRL/GSD

Note: Only 3.6% of the ABOP WVM Data is shown in the Graphic

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Obviously there is a lot of white space where Water Valour Measurements are needed.

Growth in ABOP Data1960 – 2017

1960 – 2017: ABO Data is Getting Bigger Every Day

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Because the previous charts may have had difering scale for the Data Volumes, we have put those into one consolidated chart to show the growth of ABO in the Modern Era. In recent years there has been a tremedous increase in the volume of data collected from ABOP. And this is just the traditional point observations of Temperature, Winds, and a few with Water Vapour and Turbulence. If the newer technology systems like onboard Wx radar are added, the volume will skyrocket and quickly become the “Big Data” of the sky.

WMO

ABOP2018 and Beyond

26

● Greater Expansion into Developing Nations/Regions● South America, Africa, Southern Asia● With Greater Regional Collaboration

● Greater Integration of New Technologies● Water Vapour Measurement and Turbulence Reporting● ADS-C, ADS-B Wx, Mode-S, Broadband SatComm● Aircraft Wx Radar

● Greater Use of Public Private Partnerships● Airlines/WMO/Rockwell Collins● Airlines/WMO/Panasonic● IATA/WMO● Other New PPPs

● Continuously Increasing Data Volume and Quality

Aircraft-Based Observations Programme 2018+

2018+: Strong ABO PPPs Benefitting Aviation

Thank You for your attention!

www.wmo.int

Questions?http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/GOS/ABO/AMDAR/

history of the global amdar programme...it was big and heavy. but e\൮ough were installed to prove...

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