history of the macedonian people, institute of national history

8/12/2019 History of the Macedonian People, Institute of National History

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INSTITUTE OF NATIONAL HISTORY

HISTORY OF THE MACEDONIAN PEOPLE

MACEDONIA IN THE PREHISTORIC TIME --- post 2

MACEDONIA IN THE ANCIENT WORLD --- post 3-41. Histoi!"# "$% &'o&"p(i! )o%'s o* t(' A$!i'$t M"!'%o$i" +t(' o#%'st (istoi!"#'!o%s ")o,t M"!'%o$i"2. T(' 't($o&'$'sis o* t(' A$!i'$t M"!'%o$i"$s3. T(' #"$&,"&' o* t(' A$!i'$t M"!'%o$i"$s4. T(' '#i&io$ o* t(' A$!i'$t M"!'%o$i"$s. T(' M"!'%o$i"$ E/p'os *o/ t(' A&'"%"s %0$"st0. T(' )"tt#'s *o t(' M"!'%o$i"$ T(o$'

. T(' &ot( o* t(' M"!'%o$i"$ St"t' t(' 5i$& P(i#ip II o* M"!'%o$i".1. T(' st"t' o* P(i#ip II " p""%i&/ o* so!i"# "$% po#iti!"# s0st'/ o* A$!i'$tM"!'%o$i".2. Mi#it"0 "$% po#iti!"# "!(i'6'/'$ts o* P(i#ip II.3. T(' )'"7t(o,&( o$ t(' t'ito0 o* t(' H'##'$i! Ti)'s.4. Po#iti!"# sp''!('s o* D'/ost('$'s8 Iso!"t's "$% A's!(i$'s (istoi!"# t'sti/o$0")o,t t(' "$t"&o$is/ )'t''$ M"!'%o$i" "$% t(' H'##'$i! !it0-st"t's.. A$!i'$t o#% o* t(' H'##'$i! !it0-st"t's %i6i%'% )'t''$ p(i#ipo/0s's "$%

p(i#ipop(0#s.. M"!'%o$i" - %o/i$"$t (istoi!"# *"!to o* t(' "$!i'$t o#%.9. T(' )"tt#' o* !("'o$'" t(' (istoi!"# t,$i$& poi$t i$ t(' "$!i'$t Wo#%:. T(' po#iti!"# "!ti6it0 o* D'/ost('$'s i$ t(' p'io% o* A#';"$%' III o* M"!'%o$i""$% A$tip"t'

ALE


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1. T'itoi"# p"titio$ o* M"!'%o$i"2. R')'##io$ o* A$%is!,s +14:149 =C3. M"!'%o$i" - t(' *ist Ro/"$ po6i$!' o$ t(' ="#7"$4. T(' $' t'$%'$!i's o* t(' M"!'%o$i"$s *o 'sto"tio$ o* t(' st"t'. M"!'%o$i" t(' *ist C(isti"$ !o,$t0 i$ E,op'

. M"!'%o$i" i$ t(' p'io% o* t(' Ro/"$ Ci6i# W"s +4:31 =C. M"!'%o$i" i$ t(' p'io% o* P"; Ro/"$"

MACEDONIA =ETWEEN EAST AND WEST I@@ !'$t,0 --- post 91. M"!'%o$i" i$ t(' p'io% o* T't"!(02. M"!'%o$i" i$ t(' p'io% o* Co$st"$ti$' I +333 "$% (is s,!!'ssos3. T('o%osi,s I +3:3: "$% M"!'%o$i"4. M"!'%o$i" )'t''$ =0B"$ti,/ "$% t(' W'st'$ Ro/"$ E/pi'.

MACEDONIA AND THE SLA@S +t(' /i%%#' o* t(' @I !'$t,0 t(' /i%%#' o* I

MACEDONIA THE CRADLE OF THE CULTURAL AND SPIRITUALPROCESES +*o/ t(' /i%%#' o* t(' I< to t(' /i%%#' o* t(' < !'$t,0 --- post 11. Co$st"$ti$'-C0i# "$% M't(o%i,s "$% t(' !'"tio$ o* t(' *ist S#"6i! "#p(")'t i$M"!'%o$i"2. T(' "!ti6it0 o* C#'/'$t "$% N",/ "$% t(' *o/"tio$ o* t(' O(i% Lit'"0 S!(oo#3. T(' =o&o/i# /o6'/'$t i$ M"!'%o$i"

THE CREATION OF THE MEDIE@AL STATE IN MACEDONIA --- post 111. T(' ,pisi$&s "&"i$st =,#&"i" "$% =0B"$ti,/ "$% t(' !'"tio$ o* t(' st"t'2. S"/,'# t(' s0/)o# o* t(' po' o* t(' M"!'%o$i"$ st"t'3. T(' )"tt#' "t ='#"si!" +1144. T(' ,#' o* "6i#o R"%o/i "$% o($ @#"%is#"6 "$% t(' '$% o* t(' st"t'. T(' !(""!t' "$% t(' i%'$tit0 o* t(' st"t'

MACEDONIA =ETWEEN THE =YANTINE AND OTTOMAN EMPIRE +


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4. T(' Otto/"$ *',%"#is/. D'/o&"p(i! !("$&'s.1 Co#o$iB"tio$.2 Is#"/iB"tio$. So!i"# st,!t,' o* t(' pop,#"tio$

. D'!#i$' o* t(' E/pi' "$% !("$&'s i$ t(' ti/"#i-sip"(i s0st'/9. T(' p'io% o* "$"!(0 "$% )"$%it0:. T(' 'sist"$!' "&"i$st t(' Otto/"$ ",t(oit01. O(i% A!()is(opi!11. T(' !,#t,' "$% t(' #i*'st0#'

MACEDONIA IN THE


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4. T(' =,#&"i"$ A!tio$ Co//itt''. A/s st,&' i$ M"!'%o$i" *o/ 1:41 to 1:4.1. Po#iti!"# "$% /i#it"0 p'p""tio$s o* t(' N"tio$"# Li)'"tio$ Mo6'/'$t +NLM*o t(' st,&' "&"i$st t(' o!!,pi's.2. I$t'$si*i!"tio$ o* t(' "/ st,&'

.3. T(' #i)'"t'% t'ito0 %,i$& 1:43.4. E/p("siBi$& o* t(' po&"/ o)'!ti6's o* t(' #i)'"tio$ st,&'.. T(' Co$6o!"tio$ I$iti"ti6' =o"% *o t(' A$ti-*"s!ist Ass'/)#0 *o t(' N"tio$"#Li)'"tio$ o* M"!'%o$i" +ASNOM.. M"!'%o$i"$ N"tio$"# Iss,' "$% t(' ="#7"$ St"t's "t t(' '$% o* 1:43. '/"$-=,#&"i"$ !"/p"i&$ i$ t(' *ist ("#* o* 1:44. T(' "tt'/pts o* t(' o!!,pi's to !",s' !i6i# " i$ M"!'%o$i"9. T(' ';p"$sio$ o* t(' /i#it"0 "!tio$s "$% t(' $' /i#it"0 t'itoi"# %i6isio$ o*M"!'%o$i" %,i$& t(' s,//' o* 1:44:. M"!'%o$i"$ ,$i*i!"tio$ iss,' %,i$& t(' S'!o$% Wo#% W"1. T(' !o$stit,tio$ o* t(' M"!'%o$i"$ st"t' +1:44

1.1 T(' '#'!tio$ o* t(' ASNOM %'#'&"t's1.2 T(' Fist M''ti$& o* ASNOM "$% its %'!isio$s1.3 Co/p,ti$& t(' P#"t*o/ o* ASNOM1.4 Co$stit,ti6' "!ts o* ASNOM1. Po!#"/"tio$ o* t(' 's,#ts *o/ ASNOM1. T(' P'si%i,/ o* ASNOM i$ t(' po!'ss o* i/p#'/'$t"tio$ o* its 'so#,tio$s"$% %'!isio$s1. T(' 'spo$s' to t(' Fist M''ti$& o* ASNOM "$% t(' i/p#'/'$t"tio$ o* its'so#,tio$s11. Li)'"tio$ o* M"!'%o$i" +@"$!(' Sto!('68 P(.D.12. P"ti!ip"tio$ o* t(' M"!'%o$i"$ A/0 i$ t(' #i)'"tio$ "!tio$s o* Y,&os#"6i"13. M"!'%o$i"$ st"t' i$ t(' p'io% *o/ 1:44 to 1:413.1 T(' Fist M''ti$& o* ASNOM "s " sti/,#,s o* t(' *,t(' &ot( o* t(' N"tio$"#Li)'"tio$ A/0 o* M"!'%o$i"13.2 P'p""tio$s "$% t(' S'!o$% M''ti$& o* ASNOM13.3 T(' "!ti6iti's o* t(' P'si%i,/ o* ASNOM %,i$& t(' *ist /o$t(s o* 1:413.4 T"$s*o/"tio$ o* ASNOM i$ t(' P'op#'s P"#i"/'$t "$% t(' '#'!tio$ o* t(' *isto6'$/'$t o* t(' D'/o!"ti! F'%'"# M"!'%o$i"14. T(' '%,!"tio$"#8 !,#t,"# "$% '#i&io,s #i*' +1:411:44

AEEAN MACEDONIA DURIN THE SECOND WORLD WAR --- post 24

1. T(' o!!,p"tio$ "$% s'p""tio$ o* t(' A'&'"$ p"t o* M"!'%o$i"2. T(' M"!'%o$i"$ A$ti-*"s!ist O&"$iB"tio$s3. M"!'%o$i"$ /i#it"0 ,$its4. M"!'%o$i"$ po#iti!"# o&"$iB"tio$s "$% t(' "ttit,%' o* t(' ''7 Co//,$ist P"t0to"%s t(' M"!'%o$i"$ $"tio$"# iss,'. T(' #i)'"tio$ o* t(' A'&'"$ p"t o* M"!'%o$i". D'*'"t o* ELAS. T(' !,#t,"# "$% '%,!"tio$"# )'$'*its *o t(' M"!'%o$i"$s *o/ t(' A'&'"$ p"t o*M"!'%o$i"

PIRIN MACEDONIA DURIN THE SECOND WORLD WAR --- post 2

1. T(' p'p""tio$s8 t(' )'&&i$& "$% t(' !o,s' o* t(' Upisi$&2. T(' "/'% st,&' %,i$& 1:43

4


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3. M"ss oi$i$& t(' "/ st,&' %,i$& i$1:444. Att'/pts *o ,$i*i!"tio$

FEDERAL MACEDONIA IN THE YUOSLA@ FEDERATION 1:44-1::1 --- post 2

1. A%/i$ist"ti6' "$% !'$t"#isti! p'io% +1:4-1:32. Co$%,!ti$& t(' ';p'i/'$t s'#*-/"$"&'/'$t +1:3-1:3. P'io% o* t(' po#iti!"# #i)'"#is/8 %'#'&"tio$ s0st'/8 p#"$$'% '!o$o/0 +1:1-1::14. T(' %isi$t'&"tio$ o* SFR o* Y,&os#"6i" "$% t(' i$%'p'$%'$!' o* t(' R'p,)#i! o*M"!'%o$i"

INDEPENDENT REPU=LIC OF MACEDONIA --- post 21. Disso#,tio$ o* Y,&os#"6i"2. St'ps to"% i$%'p'$%'$!'3. Wo#%i%' R'!o&$itio$4. T(' W"0 to "%s t(' U$it'% N"tio$s

. 5oso6o !is's. O$ t(' '%&' o* t(' i$t'-'t($i! ". O(i% A&''/'$t "$% t(' '6'$ts "*t' t("t9. NATO s,//it i$ =,!("'st:. M"!'%o$i"$ /i$oit0 i$ t(' $'i&()oi$& !o,$ti's

MACEDONIA IN THE PREHISTORIC TIME

O$ t(' t'ito0 o* M"!'%o$i" "$ "!ti6' #i*' is '&ist''% '6'$ i$ t(' '"#i'st st"&'s o*t(' (,/"$ p'(isto0. T(' !#i/"t'8 &'o/op(o#o&08 "$% ot(' $"t,"# *"!tos o$ t('

(o#' t'ito0 o* M"!'%o$i" '' p'!o$%itio$s *o 'st")#is(/'$t o* "$ o&"$iB'%#i*' "$% *o t(' !'"tio$ o* %i**''$t !,#t,'s (os' '6o#,tio$ ("% " !o$ti$,o,s !o,s'


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*o/ t(' p'io% o* t(' *ist "&i!,#t,"# !o//,$iti's to t(' '$% o* t(' Io$ A&'. T('"!('o#o&i!"# "$% "$t(opo#o&i!"# 's'"!('s o* t(' "ti*"!ts *o/ t(' *ist s'tt#'/'$tsi$ M"!'%o$i" "' ('' t(' )"si! 7$o#'%&' (i!( is !,!i"# *o t(' ';p#"$"tio$ o*t(' oi&i$ o* t(' #"t' pop,#"tio$s "s '## "s t(' oi&i$ o* t(' (istoi!"# "$% !,#t,"#i$*#,'$!'s "$% /o6'/'$ts !"/' *o/.

T(' t'ito0 o* M"!'%o$i" is sit,"t'% i$ t(' !o' o* t(' ="#7"$?s $"t,"# !osso"%s"$% !o$$'!ts t(' to #"&'st !,#t,"# sp(''sJ t(' A'&'"$ "$% t(' A$"to#i"$8 "s t('$,!#'i o* t(' o#%'st *"/i$& "$% sto!7-)''%i$& !o//,$iti's8 o t(' i$$' p"t o* t('="#7"$ P'$i$s,#" "$% t(' Mi%%#' E,op'. T(' $"t,"# o,t's "#o$& t(' i6' 6"##'0s("6' t(' p"ti!,#" o#' *o/ t(is "sp'!tK t(' 6"##'0 o* t(' i6' @"%"8 (i!( oi$s t('6"##'0 o* t(' i6' Mo"6" '$")#'s !o//,$i!"tio$ o* t(' A'&'"$ Wo#% "$% P"$o$i"(i#' St,/'s($i!"8 t(o,&( #o' '"!('s o* t(' i6' St,/" /"7's " #i$7 )'t''$so,t('$ T("!' "$% t(' *o$t p"t o* t(' Mi%%#' Asi". T(' 6"##'0 o* t(' i6' Di/

oi$s t(' so,t('$ A%i"ti! !o"st#i$'. T(' &'"t i$*#,'$!' !o/'s *o/ t(' o,t's o$ t('/o,$t"i$ !,6's o* t(' /"ssi*s "o,$% t(' '&io$ o* O(i% "$% P'sp" (i!( !o$$'!t

t(is '&io$ it( t(' A#)"$i"$ !,#t,'s "s '## "s t(' Oso&o6o Mo,$t"i$ "$%M"#'s('6s7i P#"$i$i8 (i!( !o$$'!t M"!'%o$i" it( t(' /i%%#' '"!('s o* t(' i6'St,/" "$% C'$t"# =,#&"i".

P"#'o$to#o&i!"# ';p#o"tio$s '6'"# t(' *"!ts ")o,t t(' #i*' %,i$& t(' p'io% o*P"#'o#it( "$% M'so#it'8 i$ p"ti!,#" i$ P'##"&o$i"8 "t t(' "'" o* @'#'s8 i$ t(' !"6' o*M"7"o6'! "t t(' !"$0o$ o* t(' i6' ="),$" "$% i$ t(' '&io$ o* S(tip8 ('' t('/"t'i"# poo* o* t(' *ist )o$' "$% sto$' /"%' '"po$s "$% too#s "' %is!o6''% +pi$s("p'%8 sto$' /"%' too#s o* t(' /"$ (,$ts/"$K i$ t(' ),i"# %is!o6''% $'" S(tip8" s7'#'to$ o* " /"$ "s *o,$%8 (os' "&' %"t's *o/ 0'" : =C. T(' "ti*"!ts*o/ t(' M'so#it(i! A&' +)'t''$ t(' 0'" 18 "$% 8 =C s,!( "sJ ";'s8("//'s8 *#i$t /"%' 7$i6's8 !,s(i$& sto$'8 p'st#'s8 /ot"s8 $''%#'s8 )o$' /"%' "$%(o$ /"%' !(is'#s8 po6' t(' ';ist'$!' o* t(' *ist *"/i$& "$% sto!7-)''%i$&!o//,$iti's.

T(' /"p o* t(' "!('o#o&i!"# #o!"tio$s s(os t(' ';ist'$!' o* $'"#0 1 N'o#it(i!"#sit's +*o/ t(' p'io% o* t(' 0'" 83 to 382 =C8 /"i$#0 s'tt#'/'$ts p#"!'% o$*'ti#' #"$% "#o$& t(' i6' 6"##'0s "$% "t t(' /o,$t"i$ )"sis o* t(' 6"##'0s o*P'##"&o$i"8 S7op'8 5,/"$o6o8 St,/i!"8 R"%o6is( "$% Po#o&. S,!( '6i%'$!'s "'"#so *o,$% i$ t(' '&io$ o* O6!(' Po#' "$% O(i% ="si$. I$ '"st'$ M"!'%o$i"8 so-!"##'% AB'$)'&o6o "$% @s($i7 &o,p is !(""!t'isti! it( t(' '#'/'$ts o* t('

'po$0/o,s s'tt#'/'$ts "$% #"t' N'o#it(i! !,#t,' !"##'% A$&'#!i t(' 6i##"&' o*'#'$i7o6o. I$ t(' /,#ti-#"0''% s'tt#'/'$ts t(' #i*' "s o&"$iB'% i$ oo%'$ (o,s'so$ >,"%"$' o '!t"$&,#" )"s'8 it( %o,)#'-o oo* !o"t'% it( /,% "$% !o#o'%i$ (it' o '%8 so/'ti/'s %'!o"t'% it( p#"sti! o$"/'$tsK i$ '"!( (o,s' t('' "s" sto6'8 " *i'p#"!'8 "$% "'#0 so/' !,#t o)'!ts +T,/)" M"%B"i. T(' '6i%'$!' o*T,/)" M"%B"i !o$*i/s t(' %'$s' !o$st,!tio$ o* t(' s'tt#'/'$ts i$ (i!( (o,s's"' &o,p'% "o,$% " !o//o$ s"$!t,"0 "$% it( '>,"# oi'$t"tio$. At t(' '&io$ o*O(i% t(' s'tt#'/'$ts ("6' " %i**''$t "sp'!t. N"/'#08 t('' "' pi#'-%'##i$&s8 (i!("' "$"#o&o,s o* t(' A%i"ti! !,#t,'s.

It is s,ppos'% t("t t(' i$(")it"$ts o* t(' P'-A$!i'$t M"!'%o$i" '' /"i$#0 %'"#i$&

it( *"/i$& +!,#ti6"tio$ o* !''"# &"i$s "$% &oi$& o* #'&,/i$o,s p#"$ts8sto!7)''%i$& +s(''p8 pi&s8 &o"ts "$% #i6'sto!7 "s '## "s *is(i$& "$% (,$ti$&. T('


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pott'0 po%,!tio$ "s $ot o$#0 *o %o/'sti!8 '6'0%"0 #i6i$& p,pos's +i$ t(' '"#0N'o#it(i! p'io% t(' pott'0 "s /"i$#0 o,&(#0 /"%'8 /o$o!(o/' o '% !o#o'%8%'!o"t'% it( o$"/'$ts "$% &'o/'ti!"# /oti*s i$ (it' !o#o A/p(o" "$% %''po6"# %is('s ),t &'"t "tt'$tio$ "s p"i% o$ t(' "tisti! "$% 'st('ti! ';p'ssio$+6"i't0 o* s("p's "$% pott'0 o* )i&&' siB' o!!,'%8 s/"## '"t('$"'8 ,&s8

A/p(o"-s8 !,ps o$ (i&(8 !o$'-s("p'% #'&8 pott'0 p"i$t'% it( %"7 )"$&'o/'ti!"# #i$'s (i#' t(' !,#t !'"/i! o)'!ts '' /"%' i$ "tis"$ o7s(ops.A/o$& t(' '#i&io,s "ti*"!ts t(' %o/i$"$t D'it0 is t(' o%%'ss o* F'ti#it0 T(' =i&Mot('8 " s!,#pt,' o* " o/"$?s )o%0 i$ t'"!ott"8 (os' #o p"t t"$s*o/s i$tot(' *o/ o* (o,s'K t(is ,$i>,' Mi%%#' N'o#it(i! 'p's'$t"tio$ o* t(' o%%'ss *o/t(' @"##'0 o* S7op' is " pot'!to o* t(' (o/' "$% t(' *"/i#0K t(' !,#ts o* *i' "$%%o/'sti! "$i/"#s '' "#so 'sp'!t'% "$% t('0 '' "## '#"t'% to so/' '#i&io,s it'si$ t(' s"$!t,"i's. T(' #"t' N'o#it(i! A&' is " p'io% ('$ )i& so!i"# !("$&'s )'&"$.T('0 '' !",s'% )0 t(' %'/o&"p(i! /o6'/'$ts o* t(' $'i&()oi$& "'"?s

pop,#"tio$s.

T(' t"$sitio$ ti/' *o/ N'o#it( to M't"# A&' is '## 7$o$ "s E$'o#it( +*o/ t(''$% o* t(' I@ to t(' '$% o* t(' Mi##'$$i,/ =C "$% is !o$$'!t'% it( t(' &'"t/i&"tio$s t("t '' !",s'% )0 t(' /o6'/'$ts o* t(' St'pp' "$% No/"%i! I$%o-E,op'"$ p'op#'s8 (i!( s'tt#'% t(' ="#7"$ P'$i$s,#" "$% "ssi/i#"t'% it( t('",to!(t(o$o,s pop,#"tio$. T(is !",s'% t(' !'"tio$ o* $' p'(istoi! 't($o-!,#t,"#'$titi's o* " sp'!i*i! /"t'i"# !,#t,' t("t is t'sti*i'% )0 /"$0 "!('o#o&i!"# poo*s. As" 's,#t o* "$ i$t'$si6' ,s' o* !opp' t(is p'io% is !"##'% Copp' A&'. T(' !opp' "s,s'% *o po%,!tio$ o* ''#08 '"po$s8 "$% too#s "$% !o$ti),t'% to t('%'6'#op/'$t o* t"%'. T(' p'op#' *o/ t(is p'io% '' /"i$#0 *"/i$&8sto!7)''%i$& "$% (,$ti$&. T(' R'&io$"# C,#t,"# o,p o* S(,p#'6"! ="7"$o,/$o i$ P'##"&o$i"8 (i!( is !o$$'!t'% it( t(' #o!"#iti's "t t(' 6"##'0 o*5,/"$o6o +N"&oi!("$' "$% "#so t(' 6"##'0 o* E"st ='&"#$i!"8 is p"ti!,#"#0i$t''sti$&K so/' E$'o#it(i! s'tt#'/'$ts "' %is!o6''% $'" t(' Fot'ss 5"#' i$S7op'8 i$ P'##"&o$i"8 "t t(' O(i% "$% P'sp" ="si$8 "$% "t t(' '&io$ o* 5o!("$i.T(' s'tt#'/'$ts '' !o$st,!t'% ,s,"##0 o$ so/' (i&(' p#"t*o/s t,/)"8 "$%'' $"t,"##0 pot'!t'%. T(' ';!'ptio$s "' t(' pi##-%'##i$&s "t t(' O(i% L"7'.

T(' %is!o6''% "ti*"!ts o* s/"## p#"sti! o)'!ts %'/o$st"t' t(' i!( spiit,"#it0 "$%'#i&io,s #i*' o* t(is !,#t,"# &o,p. D,' to )' /'$tio$'% "' t(' *o##oi$& '6i%'$!'sJoo/op(i! st"t,'s8 /"#' "$% *'/"#' ';"/p#'s *o/ =,#i!('6o8 " s/"## !'"/i!st"t,' o* /"#' toso i$ sitti$& positio$ *o/ o6#'6o +$'" S7op' so-!"##'% A%"/

*o/ M"!'%o$i"8 s/"## *'/"#' st"t,'tt's i$ sitti$& positio$ *o/ C$o),7i "$%="7"$o ,/$o8 sto$' s!'pt' *o/ S(,p#'6"! +" poo* o* t(' I$%o-E,op'"$ oi&i$o* t(' pop,#"tio$8 " !opp' ";' it( " )#"%' "$% !i!,#" op'$i$& +@"$is(t"8 5"6"i8t(' "'" o* Pi#'pK t(' ''#0 /"%' o* s('##s )'#o$&s ('' "s '##8 /o%'#'% )"!'#'ts"$% s'"#s8 t("t po6' t(' !o//,$i!"tio$s o* t(is !,#t,"# &o,p it( t('M'%it'"$'"$ p'op#'s.

T(' =o$B' A&' "t t(' A'&'"$ "$% M"!'%o$i"$ t'ito0 )'&"$ '"#i' i$ !o/p"iso$it( t(' "'"s i$ t(' $ot(. Most o* t(' '6i%'$!' *o/ t(is p'io% is *o,$% i$ t('6"##'0 o* P'##"&o$i" +)'*o' "$% "*t' t(' 0'" 1: =C ';'/p#i*i'% i$ t(' !,#t,"#&o,p !"##'% A/'$o!(o0. T(' "!('o#o&i!"# *i$%i$&s o* t(is !,#t,"# &o,p "'

si/i#" it( t(' *i$%i$&s *o/ 6"io,s ';!"6"tio$ p#"!'s i$ A'&'"$ M"!'%o$i" "$%p"ti!,#"#0 it( t(os' %,& i$ t(' 6"##'0 o* t(' i6' @"%" "$% i$ t(' Disti!t o*


8/181

T('ss"#o$i!". Sp'!i"# si/i#"it0 o* t('s' *i$%i$&s "s !o$*i/'% it( t(' *i$%i$&s i$A#)"$i"8 s,!( "s t(' /o%'#s o* t(' !,ps8 (i!( !o$t"i$'% to ("$%#'s "$% t(' "ss'st("t '' o$#0 it( o$' ("$%#'. T('s' &o,ps "' so/'(o !o$$'!t'% it( t(' o,&(&"0 !'"/i!s "$% t(' "0 it "s %'!o"t'%. Fo/ t(' *i$%i$&s o* "/s "$% too#s8

p'op#' '' /"i$#0 *"/i$&8 sto!7)''%i$&8 (,$ti$& "s '## "s %oi$& "tis"$ +pott'08

tist t';t,'8 '"6i$& t';t,'. T(' s'tt#'/'$ts '' #"&' "$% !o$st,!t'% o6' t('p'6io,s E$'o#it(i! s'tt#'/'$tsK so/' t"!'s o* $'!opo#is's '' "#so %is!o6''%!o$t"i$i$& ),$t %'"% )o%i's8 "$% i$ @"os( $'" Pi#'p t('' is " $'!opo#is o,tsi%'t(' s'tt#'/'$t it( &"6's !isti8 (i!( '' *'$!'% "$% p"6'% it( sto$' p#"t's.

Fo/ t(' '"#0 )o$B' p'io% i$ M"!'%o$i" " /'&"#it(i! o)s'6"to0 is %is!o6''%8!"##'% 5o7i$o +$'" St"o N"&oi!("$'8 "t t(' "'" o* 5,/"$o6oK t(' o)s'6"to0!o/pos'% o* 6o#!"$i! o!7s8 /"7s t(' p#"!'s ('' t(' S,$ "$% t(' Moo$ is' i$ t('

p'io% o* s,//' so#sti!'8 i$t' so#sti!' "$% '>,i$o;. 5o7i$o "s " 7i$% o* "s"$!t,"0 ,s'% *o o)s'6"tio$ o* t(' sp"!' )o%i's? /o6'/'$ts i$ o%' to !'"t' "'#i&io,s !"#'$%" *o %'t'/i$"tio$ o* t(' %"t's o* it'sK t(' O)s'6"to0 "#so

%'t'/i$'% t(' %"0s %'%i!"t'% to s'"so$"# o7 i$ t(' *"/i$& "$% t(' sto!7)''%i$&"!ti6iti's.

A sp'!i"# !(""!t'isti! i$ t(is p'io% is t(' o7i$& o* )o$B'8 so !"##'% M"!'%o$i"$)o$B'. N,/'o,s "ti*"!ts %is!o6''% i$ t(' "!('o#o&i!"# #o!"#iti's "t t(' 6i##"&' o*P"t'#' $'" Oso&o6s7o EB'o +t(' L"7' o* Oso&o6o8 @"%i$o "t t(' ,pp' '"!('s o*t(' i6' @"%"8 i$ R"%"$i'8 "t t(' $'!opo#is o* S,6" R'7" $'" '6&'#i"8 i$P'##"&o$i" "$% "t t(' '&io$ o* O(i%8 s,!( "s +*i),#"s8 $'!7#"!'s8 p'$%"$ts8 )"!'#'ts8

)o$B' /"%' s/"## )o#-s("p'% %is('s it( " ("$%#' Q VXZVXVZZ [VZ \ZV XQ ][Z[XZ ^_8 ` VZ ZX `8 ab8 XVZ cd aX XQ efVQ8 \VfQ ][XZ f.

T0pi!"# !(""!t'isti! i$ t(is p'io% "' "#so t(' t"%' '#"tio$s(ips 'st")#is('% it(t(' M0!'$"'"$ Wo#% "$% it( t(' so,t( i$ &'$'"#8 i$ t(' %i'!t #i$' o* T('ss"#0 H"#i"!/o$ +=isti!" P'##"&o$i" Po#o& I)"8 o o$ t(' o"%-#i$' P#'t6" @"%"Kt(' "ti*"!t o* t(is p'io% is t(' M0!'$"'"$ so% i$ T'to6o.

At t(' so,t('"st'$ p"t o* t(' ="#7"$ P'$i$s,#"8 *o/ t(' =o$B' A&' to t(' Io$A&'8 t('' is !o$ti$,it0 o* "$ i/pot"$t 't($i!"# pop,#"tio$ =0&'s. T(' o#%'",t(os (o#% "$ opi$io$ t("t t(' =0&'s '' t(' o#%'st p'op#' i$ t(' Wo#%.

A!!o%i$& t(' "!('o#o&i!"#8 o$o/"sti!8 #i$&,isti! "$% (istoi!"# 's'"!('s8 t('=0&'s /i&"t'% "$% s'tt#'% i$ Asi" Mi$o ,$%' t(' $"/' P(0&i - P(0&i"$s +t('*ist /i&"tio$ "6's %"t'% *o/ t(' p'io% o* 1G14 =C to 9G =CK s/"##''t($i!"# &o,ps t("t #'*t o$ t(' t'ito0 o* M"!'%o$i" i$ t(' A$ti>,' P'io%"ssi/i#"t'% it( t(' "$ti>,' M"!'%o$i"$8 P"'o$i"$s8 P'##"&o$'s D"ss"'t"'8 E%o$'s8M0&%o$'s "$% ot(' 't($i!s.

T(' I$%o-E,op'"$ "0 o* ),0i$& ,$%' " ),i"# /o,$% "$% i$ &'$'"# t(' /"t'i"#!,#t,' +!(""!t'isti! %is('s s,!( "s to-("$%#' )o#s po6' t(' p's'$!' o* t('=0&'s?s pop,#"tio$ i$ t(' '&io$ o* O(i%8 i$ P'##"&o$i"8 i$ t(' '"st o* t(' #o''"!('s o* t(' i6' @"%"8 t('$ i$ t(' $ot('st'$ "'" o p's'$t ti/' ''!'8 i$

Epi,s8 "$% i$ t(' !'$t"#8 so,t('"st'$ "$% so,t('$ A#)"$i". Ho'6' t('i$t'%is!ip#i$"0 's'"!('s %'/o$st"t'% t("t t('' "s &'$'"# !o$$'!tio$ o* t('

9


9/181

!,#t,'s *o/ t(' 5"p"t's to t(' A%i"ti! S'" "$% to P'##"&o$i"K t(is i%'&'o&"p(i!"# "'" i$!#,%'s "#so t(' "'"s o* t(' !'$t"# ="#7"$s8 "#o$& t(' 6"##'0 o*t(' i6' Mo"6" +Po/o"6' "$% "#o$& t(' 6"##'0 o* t(' i6' @"%" +Po6"%"'.

T(' "!('o#o&i!"# 's'"!( o* t(' p'io%s *o/ t(' =o$B' A&' to t(' Io$ A&'

%is!o6''% $'!opo#is's o$ t(' t'ito0 t("t ("% )''$ s'tt#'% )0 t(' P"io$'s8 (i!( "s"$ o#% pop,#"tio$ 'p's'$ts " #i$7 )'t''$ t(' &'o&"p(i!"# !o/p#'; o* t(' ="#7"$"$% t(' #o '"!('s o* t(' i6' D"$,)' it( t(' Lo' M"!'%o$i". I$ t(' '&io$ o*S7op' +t(' 6i##"&' o* Do#$o So$' "$% i$ t(' #o!"#it0 =o#$i!"-Pi#'p &"6's-!isti o*s7'#'to$ ),0i$& t0p' '' %is!o6''%8 it( s7'#'to$s i$ t(' !,6'% o S positio$8t(' &"6' *i$%i$&s o* !'"/i! %is('s "$% t(' sto$' /"%' (i#t?s )"## o* " )o$B' /"%'so%. T(is 't($i!"# !o//,$it0 s'tt#'% t(' so,t('$ p"t o* t(' !'$t"# ="#7"$sJHo/' sp'"7s o* P"io$'s *o/ t(' i%' A;ios +@"%" "$% "!!o%i$& toH'o%ot,s8 t('s' ti)'s s'tt#'% t(' "'" "o,$% Mo,$t P"$&',/8 t(' i6' St0/o$8"$% P"si"%io,s L"7'K (i#' T(,!0%i%'s #o!"t'% t('/ i$ t(' "'" i$ t(' 'st o* P'##",p to t(' s'".

I$ t(' ,ip/'$t "$% $' t0p's o* "/s s,!( "s ";'s8 #"$!'s8 "os8 #")is's +" $'-s("p'% io$ /"%' so%8 s(i'#%s. I$ t(' $'!opo#is "t T')'$is(t' +$'" O(i%$,/'o,s *i$%i$&s '' '6'"#'% +*o/ t(' @II !'$t,0 =C to t(' '$% i* t(' I@!'$t,0 =C. O$ t(' )"sis o* t(' &o#%'$ /"t'i"# poo* *o/ t('s' &"6's +&o#%'$*,$'"# /"s7s8 &o#%'$ s"$%"#s8 )"!'#'ts8 &o#%'$ "$% si#6' ''#08 /"ssi6' )o$B'!"t''s8 si#6' !,ps "$% ito$i8 )o$B' /"%' ('#/'ts "$% ot(' !,#t o)'!ts t('0"' !"##'% pi$!'#0 &"6's )'!",s' t('0 o)6io,s#0 )'#o$&'% to t(' p"ss'% ""0 *o/t(' $o)#' "isto!"!0K s,!( "ti*"!ts "' "#so *o,$% i$ t(' $'!opo#is S0$%os8 $'"

T('ss"#o$i!" "$% i$ "'" o* H"#7i%i7i "$% "#o$& t(' #o '"!('s o* t(' i6' @"%".

T(is p'io% '$%s "t t(' @III !'$t,0 =C ('$ s'p""t' 't(i!"# !o//,$iti's it(sp'!i*i! (istoi!"# "$% !,#t,"# ('it"&' ("% )''$ *o/'%. T(' i$t'$si6' ,s' o* io$ "s" )"s' /"t'i"# *o po%,!tio$ o* '"po$s "$% too#s ("s i$*#,'$!'% t(' /"t'i"#!,#t,' (i!( )0 its si%' %" !("$&'s it(i$ t(' so!i"# st,!t,'K $"/'#08 t(' so!i"#"$% '!o$o/i!"# sit,"tio$ "s !("$&'%8 "$% t(' *"!t t("t " p"t o* t(' pop,#"tio$&"i$'% '"#t( "s t(' '"so$ *o its t(' !#"ss st"ti*i!"tio$. D,i$& t(' #"t' Io$ A&'t(' *ist !#"$ st,!t,'% "$% ti)"# !o//,$iti's '' !'"t'% i$ (i!( t(' !o$!'$t"t'%'!o$o/i!"# "$% po#iti!"# po' o* t(' $o)#' "isto!"!0 !o$ti),t'% to t(' !'"tio$ o*t(' ,#i$& !#"ss "s '## "s t(' st"t's "$% so!i"# s0st'/s. A!t,"##0 (is "s t(' p'io%

('$ t(' (''%it"0 /o$"!(i's '' !'"t'% "$% t(' %0$"sti's o* t(' A$ti>,'M"!'%o$i".

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10/181

MACEDONIA IN THE ANCIENT WORLD

1. Histoi!"# "$% &'o&"p(i! )o%'s o* t(' A$!i'$t M"!'%o$i" +t(' o#%'st (istoi!"#'!o%s ")o,t M"!'%o$i"

T(' *ist '!o%s '&"%i$& t(' M"!'%o$i"$ (isto0 is i$ Ho/'?s 'pi! po'/ I#i"% i$(i!( Ho/' ot' ")o,t ...P"'o$i"$s *o/ i%' A;ios "$% (' /'$tio$s t('o#%'st topo$0/s Pi'i" "$% E/"t(i". T(' $"/' E/"t(i" "s o6'i%%'$ )0 t(' $"/'M"!'%o$i" (os' o#%' $"/' ,s'% to )' M"7't" "$% M"7'%o$ "s H'sio%8 i$ (isT'o&o$i"8 (' /'$tio$'% it ('' (' %'t'/i$'% M"7'%o$ "s t(' so$ o* ',s "$% T(i".T(' 't0/o#o&0 o* t(' $"/' M"!'%o$i"8 /ost po)")#0 %'i6's *o/ t(' s,)st"t,/ o*';ti$!t ="#7"$ #"$&,"&'s o* I$%o-E,op'"$ oi&i$.

Co$si%'i$& t(' &'o&"p(i!"# !(""!t'isti!s8 t(' A$!i'$t M"!'%o$i" sp'"% o6' t('t'ito0 o* t(' $ot('"st'$ p"t o* t(' ="#7"$ P'$i$s,#"K t(' "$!i'$t ",t(os %'s!i)'

it "s " /o,$t"i$o,s !o,$t0 it( #ots o* i6's8 *'ti#' p#"i$s8 *o'sts8 #"7's "$%/i$'"#s. A#/ost "## M"!'%o$i"$ i6's +@"%"8 St,/" "$% ot('s *#o i$to t('A'&'"$ S'". A#o$& t(' 6"##'0s t('' "' $,/'o,s #"7'sJ =o#)' +L"7' @o#6'8 L"7'L,%i"s8 L"7' 5"stoi"8 Litt#' L"7' "$% =i& L"7' P'sp" "$% L"7' o* L0!($i%os. T('*'ti#' p#"i$s '$")#'% t(' %'6'#op/'$t o* *"/i$&8 !,#ti6"tio$ o* *,it "$% 6'&'t")#'s"$% 6iti!,#t,' +&"p' &oi$&K "/o$& t(' /ost !,#ti6"t'% !,#t,'s '' *i&s8 &"p's"$% o#i6's. T(' *o'st 'so,!'s /"%' M"!'%o$i" o$' o* t(' #"&'st ';pot's i$ t('M'%it'"$'"$ o* t(' (i&('st >,"#it0 oo% "$% 'si$ *o t(' po%,!tio$ o* s(ips.Mi$'"# '"#t( i$st'"% /"%' its !o$ti),tio$ to t(' '!o$o/i!"# &ot( o* t(' !o,$t0Kt('' '' &o#% "$% si#6' /i$'s o$ t(' '"st o* A;ios8 $'" St0/g$ +St,/" Ri6'o$ t(' Mo,$t"i$ P"$&"io$8 "t L"7' P"si"%io,s "$% $'" D"to$. A## t('s' '$")#'%M"!'%o$i" to &"i$ '!o$o/i!"# i$%'p'$%'$!'.

T(' O#0/p,s Mo,$t"i$8 i6' P'$'ios "$% t(' !o"st#i$' o* t(' A'&'"$ S'" /"7'% t('&'o&"p(i!"#8 't($i!"# "$% #i$&,isti! )o%' )'t''$ t(' M"!'%o$i"$ "$% so,t('$H'##'$i! t'ito0 +o$ t(' so,t(K so,t('st'$ )o%'#i$' sp'"% ,p to t(' Pi$%,sMo,$t"i$s t(' ,$!tio$ o* M"!'%o$i"8 Epi,s "$% T('ss"#0 )o%'sK t(' 'st'$

)o%' !o$ti$,'% "#o$& t(' S("-Mo,$t"i$s /"ssi* +")#"$i!"8 Mo,$t 5o")8 D's("t,p to t(' /o,$t"i$ S7"% +S(" Mo,$t"i$ t(' ,$!tio$ o* )o%'s "/o$&M"!'%o$i"8 I#0i" "$% D"%"$i"K t(' $ot('$ )o%'s '$t %o$ "#o$& t(' s#op's o*t(' Mo,$t"i$ "7,pi!" "$% p"ss'% i$ t(' /i%%#' o* t(' !,'$t !iti's S7op' "$% @'#'s

"$% *o##oi$& t(' !o,s' o* Ri6' Phi$" '"!('% t(' Oso&o6o Mo,$t"i$s !o$ti$,i$&,p to t(' Ri#" Mo,$t"i$sK o$ t(' '"st t(' )o%' *o##o'% t(' #i$' *o/ t(' Pii$Mo,$t"i$ ,p to t(' i6' N'st 'st,"0 +!,'$t i6' M'st" i$ t(' A'&'"$ S'".

T(' !o' o* t(' M"!'%o$i"$ st"t'8 "!!o%i$& to H'o%ot,s8 "s t(' so !"##'% t(' "'"o* L0%i" +)'t''$ t(' i6's o* L0%i" "$% A;ios. T(' !o"st"# +s'"si%' M"!'%o$i""s !"##'% Lo' M"!'%o$i" )0 t(' "$!i'$t ",t(os (i#' i$$' /o,$t"i$o,s p"t Upp' M"!'%o$i". Lo' M"!'%o$i" !o6''% t(' !'$t"# p"t o* t(' M"!'%o$i" "$%sp'"% o6' t(' "'" )'t''$ t(' i6's H"#i"7/o$ +=isti!" "$% A;ios +@"%"8 "s'## "s "#o$& t(' #o' !o,s's o* t(' i6's St0/g$ "$% N'st. T(' M"!'%o$i"$,#'s oi$'% t('s' to '&io$s i$to o$' M"!'%o$i"$ st"t'.

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11/181

T(is p"titio$ 'p's'$ts t(' &'o&"p(i!"# "$% 't($i!"# "s '## "s (istoi!"# !o$t'$t o*t(' t'ito0 o* A$!i'$t M"!'%o$i" ),t "t t(' s"/' ti/' it s(os t(' po#iti!"#

)o%'#i$' o* t(' "$!i'$t M"!'%o$i"$ st"t'. T(' "$!i'$t ",t(os8 (istoio&"p('s8&'o&"p('s8 #o&o&"p('s8 )io&"p('s8 t(o,&( !'$t,i's '' poi$ti$& o,t t('s'&'o&"p(i!"# "$% topo&"p(i!"# "s '## "s (istoi!"# "$% 't(i!"# %'t'/i$"tio$s8 (i!(

)'!"/' " p"t o* t(' A$!i'$t st"t' o* M"!'%o$i".

2. T(' 't($o&'$'sis o* t(' A$!i'$t M"!'%o$i"$s

T(' A$!i'$t M"!'%o$i"$s "' p"#'o-="#7"$ pop,#"tio$ o* I$%o-E,op'"$ oi&i$. T('0*o/'% "s " s'p""t' 't($os i$ t(' @III !'$t,0 =C8 *o/ t(' pop,#"tio$s t("t '6'$ i$t(' III /i##'$$i,/ s'tt#'% t(' "'" o* t(' !'$t"# ="#7"$s. At t(' '$% o* t(' III "$% "tt(' )'&i$$i$& o* t(' II /i##'$$i,/ =C8 i$ t(' p'io% o* t(' &'"t'st /o6'/'$ts "$%/i&"tio$s to E,o-Asi"8 st"t'% t(' E,op'"$iB"tio$ po!'ss o* t(' pop,#"tio$s i$ t('="#7"$s. T(' '&io$ o* t(' !'$t"# ="#7"$s8 o /o' p'!is'#08 its so,t('st'$ p"t

"s pop,#"t'% )0 t(' o#%'st 't($i!"# !o//,$it08 t(' =0&'s +t(' =0&'s s'tt#'% t('t'ito0 *o/ t(' P"$&"',/ Mo,$t"i$ o$ t(' '"st o* t(' i6' A;ios to t(' !'$t"#8so,t('"st'$ "$% so,t('$ p"t o* t(' !,'$t A#)"$i"$ t'ito08 Epi,s8 O(i% '&io$"$% P'##"&o$i". T(' "$!i'$t ",t(os )'#i'6'% t("t =0&'s '' t(' o#%'st p'op#' i$t(' o#% +H'o%ot,s "$% t(' i$6'$tos o* &'"t $,/)' o* s7i##s +/'t"# '#")o"tio$8/i$t !oi$s8 t(' i$6'$tio$ o* t(' (''#8 t(' ,s' o* &"i$8 sii$7s M"s0"s? /,si!.

T(' "!('o#o&i!"#8 (istoi!"#8 o$o/"sti! "$% #i$&,isti! 's'"!( %'/o$st"t's t(''t($o&"p(i!"# "$% #i$&,isti! !o$$'!tio$ o* t(' =0&'s it( t(' "$!i'$t M"!'%o$i"$s.T(' 't($o&'$'sis o* t(' M"!'%o$i"$s is /"%' o* s'6'"# 't($i!"# &o,ps t("t ''#i$i$& t(' t'ito0 o* A$!i'$t M"!'%o$i".

Fo/ t(' @III !'$t,0 =C t(' ,$i*i!"tio$ po!'ss o* t(' M"!'%o$i"$ ti)'s st"t'% i$ "so#' !o,$t0 o* t(' A$!i'$t M"!'%o$i"$s ,$%' t(' ,#' o* t(' M"!'%o$i"$ E/p'oso* t(' A&'"%"s %0$"st0. T(' st"t' st"t'% ';p"$%i$& its t'ito0. Fo/ t(' i$iti"#t'ito0 "/o$& t(' i6's A;ios +@"%"8 L0%i" +Mo'$i!" "$% H"#i"!/o$+=isti!" it '"!('% its #"&'st t'ito0 i$ t(' p'io% o* P(i#ip II +3:-33 (i#'%,i$& t(' ,#' o* A#';"$%' III o* M"!'%o$i" +33-323 it '"!('% its o#%?s%i/'$sio$s $ot o$#0 i$ t'/s o* its /i#it"0 "$% '!o$o/i!"# po' ),t "#so i$ t'/s o*t(' (istoi!"# si&$i*i!"$!' o* its !i6i#iB"tio$.

T(' "$!i'$t '!o%s t'sti*0 t(' p'!,#i"it0 "$% sp'!i*i!it0 o* t(' A$!i'$t M"!'%o$i"$so6' t(' ot(' $'i&()oi$& 't($i! &o,ps H'##'$'s8 T("!i"$s8 I##0i"$s8 M0si"$sKt(' p'!,#i"it0 "$% sp'!i*i!it0 o* t(' A$!i'$t M"!'%o$i"$s o6' t(' H'##'$'s is t('

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p'"!'*,# p'io% *o M"!'%o$i" A'op,s s't ,p i$t'$"# st")i#it0 s,ppot'% )0 t('M"!'%o$i"$ $o)#'/'$.

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M"!'%o$i".

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p"t o* $ot('$ T('ss"#0 "$% ('$ t(' t0"$t "so$ *o/ P('" !o$>,''% T('ss"#08A/0$t"s !o$!#,%'% " po#iti!"# "&''/'$t it( (i/.

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),t it "#so )o7' t(o,&( i$to P'##". A/0$t"s '>,i'% ('#p *o/ t(' Sp"t"$ (op#it's8(i!( "tt"!7'% o$ O#0$t(,s(,s +392 =C8 )'!",s' t(is8 t(' /ost po'*,# !it0 o*C("#!i%i!' '$t''% i$to "##i"$!' it( T(')'s "$% At('$s "$% it "s " %"$&' $ot o$#0*o M"!'%o$i" ),t "#so *o Sp"t". T(' Sp"t"$s to&'t(' it( t(' !"6"#0 o* A/0$t"s"$% D'%" *o/ E#i/'" '' !"/p"i&$i$& ,$ti# 3: =C ('$ O#0$t(,s(,ss,'$%''%K "!!o%i$& to Iso!"t's8 t(' Sp"t"$s '' $ot t"7i$& !"' *o t(' p"$-H'##'$i! i$t''sts ),t '' !o$%,!ti$& "s "$% #osi$& t('i #i6's +t(' Sp"t"$

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M"!'%o$i" "$% "/o$& t('/ "s P(i#ip II8 t(' 0o,$&'st so$ o* A/0$t"s III. T(' $';t!o/i$& &'"t 7i$& P(i#ip II o* M"!'%o$ ("% st"0'% i$ T(')'s *o 3 0'"s ('' (''!'i6'% H'##'$i! '%,!"tio$ "$% "s %i##'% i$ /i#it"0 s7i##s "$% st"t'&i's.

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I$ t(is p'io% o* !isis *o t(' M"!'%o$i"$ st"t'8 t(' M"!'%o$i"$ Ass'/)#0 "!!#"i/'%

P(i#ip II8 (o "s t(' 0o,$&'st so$ o* A/0$t"s III8 " $' M"!'%o$i"$ 7i$&.

. T(' &ot( o* t(' M"!'%o$i"$ St"t' t(' 5i$& P(i#ip II o* M"!'%o$i"

T(' !,!i"# poi$t i$ t(' %'6'#op/'$t o* t(' M"!'%o$i"$ st"t' "s o6't"7i$& t(' ,#'o* P(i#ip II +3:-33. P(i#ip II !"/' o$ t(' t(o$' "t t(' "&' o* 238 ),t (is 0o,t( %i%$ot /'"$ i$';p'i'$!' "$% i&$o"$!' i$ ,#i$& t(' !o,$t0. O$ t(' !o$t"08 P(i#ip(o "s t(' so$ o* A/0$t"s III8 "s " (ost"&' i$ T(')'s o)t"i$'% ';!'##'$t p'so$"#'%,!"tio$ i$ t(' *i'#% o* /i#it"0 o&"$iB"tio$ "$% st"t'&i's8 "!>,i'% s,p') /i#it"0s7i##s "$% st,%i'% t(' Pit"&oi"$ p(i#osop(0.

='!",s' o* t(is i$ t(' "$!i'$t (isto0 P(i#ip II is 7$o$ "s t(' )i&&'st ,#' i$ E,op'+Dio%o,s. Iso!"t's +i$ (is "!t P(i#ip ';p'ss'% "%/i"tio$ *o t(' *"!t t("t P(i#ip&"i$'% s,!( " po' "s $o o$' '#s' i$ E,op'j P(i#ip?s "!tio$s "' ('oi!8 )'!",s'ot(' p'op#' too '' !o$>,'i$& !iti's ),t $o o$' ("s !o$>,''% so /"$0 p'op#'.Iso!"t's ,s'% P(i#ip?s '%,!"tio$ "s "$ "&,/'$t *o )i$&i$& !#os' t(' M"!'%o$i"$,#' to t(' H'##'$'s8 (i!( '' 7$o$ ;'$op(o)'sK so Iso!"t's ';p#"i$'% to t('At('$i"$ i$t'##'!t,"#s t("t P(i#ip8 "#t(o,&( (' "s " ,#' o* "#i'$ p'op#'8 (' ("%H'##'$i! '%,!"tio$ "$% !o,#% ("6' )''$ !o$!i#i"t'% )'!",s' (' "s *"/i#i" to t('/$ot )0 &'$%' ),t )0 spiit,"#it0.

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possi)#' to '$t' i$to t(' T('/"i! ,#* "t "$0 ti/' "$% t(' '$t"$!' &"t' !o,#% ("6')''$ !#os'% i$ !"s' o* %"$&' +t(is pot is " /o%'# *o t(' ot(' A#';"$%'?s pots i$

t(' '"st8 o$ t(' i6' Ni#'8 E,p("t's "$% I$%,s.

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.1. T(' st"t' o* P(i#ip II " p""%i&/ o* so!i"# "$% po#iti!"# s0st'/ o* A$!i'$tM"!'%o$i"

P(i#ip II i$('it'% " st"t'8 (i!( "s s't ,p "s " (''%it"0 /o$"!(0 +)"si#'i"K

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/o$"!(0. A!t,"##0 t(' M"!'%o$i"$s '' $ot s,)o%i$"t's ),t !itiB'$s o* t(' st"t'.I$ t(' "$!i'$t '!o%s "$% i$ t(' o**i!i"# %o!,/'$ts +/i#it"0 "##i"$!'s8 !o$!#,%'%

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)"tt#'s ,s'% " '% *#"& s,sp'$%'% "t t(' top o* t(' s"iss".

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M"!'%o$. It is "#so )'#i'6'% t("t t(' p,p#' !#ot(i$& "$% t(' '"po$ o* t('M"!'%o$i"$s *o/ t(' p'io% o* t(' #"st M"!'%o$i"$ )'si#'os?s ,#'8 t("t o* P's',s8("% )''$ )o,&(t "s " spoi#s o* " i$ Ro/'. T(' M"!'%o$i"$ ,#' "s to !#os'%o!,/'$ts ,si$& t(' s'"# -i$& +"!!o%i$& Dio%o,s "$% P#,t"!(8 t(' 1 0'"s o#%A#';"$%' "s " &,"%i"$ o* t(' Mo$"!(?s s'"#8 (i#' (is *"t(' "s #"0i$& si'&' to=0B"$ti,/K "!!o%i$& Ai"$8 A#';"$%' s'$t &"i$ *o t(' N"(,s A/0 "$% it "ss'"#'% o** it( t(' i$&K Dio%o,s8 ,sti$ "$% C. R,*,s ot' t("t A#';"$%' ("$%'%o6' (is i$& to P'%i!!"s. T(' M"!'%o$i"$ ,#'s '' "#so '"i$& t(' so#'/$'"po$ t("t "s p,t i$to t(' o0"# to/)s /o&i#"-s +'6i%'$!' "s *o,$% o* t(is i$ t('/o&i#" i$ @'&i$".

T(' )"si#'os (i&( pi'st8 )'*o' '6'0 po#iti!"# st'p o )'*o' t(' st"t o* t(' 6"io,s!'#')"tio$s %,i$& t(' '#i&io,s *'sti6' %"0s '' /"7i$& s"!i*i!'s )0 t(' $"/' o*

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t(' p'op#' post"si"8 "$% (i#' (' "s 6isiti$& so/' !iti's (' ,s'% to )' '#!o/'%it( &,"#" +" 7i$% o* "ss i$ o%' to /"7' " s"!i*i!' +o**' so-!"##'%8 #i)"tio$. T('(,$ti$& o* i%' "$i/"#s8 'sp'!i"##0 #io$s +t(' #io$ s0/)o#8 p's'$t o$ t(' !oi$s "$%*'s!o's ("% '#i&io,s-s,p'$"t,"# +/i"!,#o,s si&$i*i!"$!'.

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)"tt#'s "$% t(' 7i$&-!o//"$%' "/o$& t(' )"tt#'-/'$ (o "s '$!o,"&i$& "$%sti/,#"ti$& t(' "ios &i6i$& po/is's "$% ""%s.

Wit( t(' '$% o* t(' *ist p("s' o* P(i#ip?s "/)itio,s p#"$ "s &"i$'% t(' i$$' st"t'st")i#it0 po6i%i$& s'!,' )o%'s "$% '!o$o/i!"# i$%'p'$%'$!' to M"!'%o$i".

="si!"##0 it "s %o$' it( t(' !o$>,'st o* t(' /"iti/' o,t'8 o7i$& t(' &o#% "$%si#6' /i$' "t t(' "'" o* P"$-&"io$ "$% /i$ti$& si#6' "$% &o#% !oi$s +P(i#ippi!s8st"t'.

.2. Mi#it"0 "$% po#iti!"# "!(i'6'/'$ts o* P(i#ip II

='*o' (' st"ts (is (istoi!"# !"/p"i&$ "&"i$st H'##"%"8 P(i#ip II ("% )''$ i$ "it( t(' I##0i"$s "$% T("!i"$s i$ o%' to !o$>,' t(' t'itoi's i$ t(' 'st "$% '"sto* (is st"t'. T(' *ist s,!!'ss P(i#ip /"7'% i$ 39 =C "&"i$st t(' I##0i"$ ,#'="%0#is8 !o$>,'i$& t(' t'ito0 ,p to t(' L"7' o* L0!($i%os.

T(' $';t st'p "s t(' !o$>,'i$& o* t(' H'##'$i! !o#o$i's o$ t(' M"!'%o$i"$-T("!i"$ !o"st#i$'K t(' /ost i/pot"$t !"/p"i&$ "s t(' !o$>,'i$& o* t(' )i&&'stst"t'&i! !it0 -A/p(ipo#is. Dio%o,s $""t's ")o,t t(' *i'i$'ss o* t(' si'&' !"i'%o,t it( !o$st"$t "tt"!7 o$ t(' !it0 "/p"ts it( ('"60 " /"!(i$'0. A*t' (' ("%!o$>,''% t(' !it0 +3 =C p,s('% o,t "## *o!'s t("t '' '$'/0 oi'$t'% to"%sM"!'%o$i" ),t it "s '/"7")#' (is &'$'o,s "ttit,%' to"%s t(' ot('s. E;p'##i$&(is po#iti!"# "%(''$ts8 t(' H'##'$i! !o#o$ists8 P(i#ip /"$"&'% to !o$!i#i"t' t('",to!(t(o$o,s pop,#"tio$ t("t "s (osti#' to"% t(' At('$i"$s. Fo/ t(is '6'$t t("t/"%' t(' At('$i"$s *''# )'t"0'% ,$ti# 34 =C ('$ At('$s "s i$ " it( P(i#ip II.

D,i$& t(' p'io% o* 3G3 =C P(i#ip )o7' t(' oppo$'$t?s /i#it"0 "##i"$!'!o$!#,%'% "/o$& t(' T("!i"$ ,#' 5'tipo8 I##0i"$ ,#' ") "$% P"'o$i"$ ,#'L0p',s. T(' s"/' 0'"8 (i#' P(i#ip "s !o$>,'i$& Poti%"'"8 "!!o%i$& P#,t"!(8 ('&ot t('' pi'!'s o* &oo% $'sJ t(' I##0i"$s '' )o7'$ )0 (is '$'"# P"/'$i,s8(is (os' o$ t(' O#0/pi! "/'s "$% (is i*' O#0/pi"s )o$ t(' *o##oi$&Mo$"!( A#';"$%' o* M"!'%o$ +P(i#ip /"i'% t(' pi$!'ss O#0/pi"s8 t('%",&(t' o* t(' Epii"$ ,#' N'opto#'/8 i$ 3 =C.

T(' s,)s'>,'$t s,!!'ss's "t t(' )"tt#'*i'#%s '' ("pp'$i$& %,i$& t(' 33 =C ('$P(i#ip !o$>,''% t(' !iti's o* A)%'" "$% M"o$'i"8 (i!( '' i$ "##i"$!' it( t('

At('$i"$s8 "$% "s p'p"i$& "$ "tt"!7 o$ H'so$$'s i$ T("!'. A!!o%i$& to St")o8"*t' t('s' !o$>,'sts t(' '"st'$ )o%'s o* M"!'%o$i" it( T("!' "s %'/"!"t'% "#o$& t(' i6' M'st". I$ t(is &o#%'$ "'" o$ Mt. P"$&"io$ (' 'st")#is('% t(' !it0 o*C'$i%'s #"t' '$"/'% i$ P(i#ippi8 t("t (' pop,#"t'% it )0 /"$0 M"!'%o$i"$/i&"$tsK &o#%'$ /i$'s '' )i$&i$& (i/ po*it o* s'6'"# t(o,s"$%s so-!"##'% t"#"$t-s t("t (' st"t'% ,si$& t('/ *o /i$ti$& &o#%'$ !oi$s8 !"##'% p(i#ipi!s8 '##-7$o$i$ (o#' M'%it'"$'"$8 E&0pt8 !'$t"# E,op' "$% So,t('$ R,ssi".

I$ t(is !o$t';t8 t(' !o$>,'st o* t(' M"!'%o$i"$ Pi'i"$ !o"st#i$' "s ';t'/'#0i/pot"$t to P(i#ip. T(is "0 M"!'%o$i" &ot its "0 o,t to t(' s'". T(' At('$i"$!o#o$0 P0%$" "s !o$>,''% +3G3 =C. A*t' (' ("% !o$>,''% M't(o$' i$ 33

=C +i$ t(is )"tt#' P(i#ip #ost (is i&(t '0' P(i#ip st"t'% &i6i$& #"$% to t('M"!'%o$i"$s t("t '' s'tt#i$& t(is "'".

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T(is "0 P(i#ip8 +"!!o%i$& to t(' (istoi!"# '!o%s /"%' M"!'%o$i"$s /"st's8(i#' t(' I##0i"$s "$% ot(' *"""0 p'op#'s '' *o!'% to p"0 t";'s toM"!'%o$i"$s. H' o!!,pi'% t(' Ti)"##i8 p,t T("!' ,$%' !o$to# "$% ,#' o6' /"$0''7 ti)'s. T(' *ist " 6i!toi's /"%' P(i#ip so po'*,# t("t t('' "s $o *o!'

t("t !o,#% ("6' stopp'% (is *,t(' !o$>,'i$& !"/p"i&$s o$ H'##"%". A*t' (is!o$>,'sts i$ T("!'8 o$ C("#!i%i!' "$% i$ t(' T('/"i! ,#* t(' M"!'%o$i"$ ,#''$t o$ so,t( to T('ss"#0 ('' (' )o7' t(o,&( t(' H'##'$i! o#%.

.3. T(' )'"7t(o,&( o$ t(' t'ito0 o* t(' H'##'$i! ti)'s

I$ o%' to "!!o/p#is( (is po#iti!"# "$% /i#it"0 po&"/ P(i#ip )'$'*it'% *o/ t('%is"&''/'$ts "/o$& t(' H'##'$i! !it0-st"t's o* t(' A/p(i!t0o$i! A##i"$!' "$% *o/t(' po#iti!"# &"/'s "$% i$ti&,'s "/o$& t('s' !it0st"t's t("t "s " '&,#" *o/ o*"!ti$& t0pi!"# *o t(' po#'is st"t's. T(' M"!'%o$i"$ /o$"!( &ot i$6o#6'% i$to t(' so

!"##'% Ho#0 W" *o t(' t'itoi's "o,$% t(' s"$!t,"0 D'#p(i.

T(' T(')"$s "$% T('ss"#i"$s8 ("6i$& )''$ "*"i% o* t(' possi)i#it0 t("t so/' o* t('ip'op#' !o,#% &'t p'%o/i$"$!' o$ t(' t'ito0 o* t(' H'##'$i! !it0-st"t's +po#'is!"##'% P(i#ip to ('#p t('/ +"s p'"!'/"7'. D,i$& 32 =C P(i#ip it( t('M"!'%o$i"$ A/0 )o7' t(o,&( i$ T('s-s"#0 oi$'% t(' T('ss"#i"$ A/0 "$% /o6'%to"%s P"&"s"'. A*t' t(' %'*'"t o6' t(' t0"$t O$o/"!(,s o* P(o!is $'" Co!,sFi'#% "$% ('#p'% )0 At('$s "$% Sp"t"$ P(i#ip "s po!#"i/'% "s #i*'-#"sti$& #'"%' o*t(' T('ss"#i"$ A##i"$!' "$% (' '!'i6'% t(' (i&('st tit#' o* (o$o "(o$ s,p'/'!o//"$%' o* t(' '$''% T('ss"#i"$ A##i"$!'. I$ /"$0 *oti*i!"tio$s "/o$& (i!(M"&$'si"8 P(i#ip p#"!'% M"!'%o$i"$ toops "$% T('ss"#i"$s i$ " si&$ o* &"tit,%'&"6' ,p t(' po*its *o/ t(' pots "$% /"7'ts #'"6i$& to (i/ "s " !o/p'$s"tio$ *ot(' /i#it"0 !osts "$% t('0 p,t t('/s'#6's ,$%' o)#i&"tio$ to s,ppot (i/ it( "/'%*o!'s.

T(is "s t(' "0 i$ (i!( P(i#ip /"$"&'% to "!>,i' ';its to t(' s'" i$ t('' p#"!'sJA/p(ipo#is8 M't(o$' +T('/"i! ,#* "$% P"&"s"' "$% it( t(is (' i$*#i!t'% " sto$&sti7' to t(' At('$i"$ /"iti/' *o!'s8 (i!( ,$t## t('$ ("% )''$ ,$#i/it'% ,#' o6't(' A'&'"$ S'".

.4. Po#iti!"# sp''!('s o* D'/ost('$'s8 Iso!"t's "$% A's!(i$'s (istoi!"# t'sti/o$0")o,t t(' "$t"&o$is/ )'t''$ M"!'%o$i" "$% t(' H'##'$i! !it0-st"t's

A,t('$ti! "$% '#i")#' (istoi!"# *"!t ")o,t t(' ,#' o* P(i#ip II !"$ )' *o,$% i$ t('po#iti!"# sp''!('s "$% i$ ot(' ('toi!"# "!ts o* so/' At('$i"$ po#iti!i"$s o"tos8!o$t'/po"i's o* t(' M"!'%o$i"$ Mo$"!( "$% p"ti!ip"$ts i$ "## po#iti!"# "$%/i#it"0 "!ti6iti's ,$%'t"7'$ )0 t(' M"!'%o$i"$ P(i#ip II.

T(' ';p"$sio$isti! po#i!0 o* P(i#ip II %i'!t#0 '$%"$&''% At('$s8 (i!( !o,#% $ot"!!'pt t(' *"!t to #os' t(' !o$>,''% t'itoi's. As *" "s P(i#ip "s '$#"&i$& (ist'itoi's so *" *i'!' po#iti!"# sp''!('s '' ('#% i$ At('$s8 (i!( '' ,s'% *o

p'p"i$& t(' At('$i"$ !itiB'$s *o t(' " "&"i$st P(i#ip. P(i#ip?s !o$>,'sts '' "'"so$ *o D'/ost('$'s to it' (is sp''!('s "&"i$st P(i#ip P(i#ippi!s "$%

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O#0$t(,s(i!s8 '&"%i$& (is i$6"sio$s o* O#0$t(,s(,s "$% o* t(' ot(' i!( !iti's o$t(' P'$i$s,#" o* C("#!i%i!'. Wit( s7i##*,# %ip#o/"ti! &"/'s P(i#ip )'$'*it'% *o/ t('i$!"p"!it0 o* t(' At('$i"$s "$% !o$>,''% O#0$t(,s(,s8 (' "i%'% it "$% "B'% it tot(' &o,$% (i#' t(' !itiB'$s '' )'i$& so#% "s s#"6's +34: =C. N'6't('#'ss so/'ot(' !iti's o* C("#!i%i!' s,'$%''% P(i#ip "$% "!t'% *i'!'#0 to"%s t('/ too.

A/o$& t('s' !iti's "s St"&i"8 t(' )it(p#"!' o* Aistot#'8 (i!( %,' to t(' 'sp'!tto"% t(' &'"t p(i#osop(' "s 'sto'% i$ "!!o%"$!' it( t(' $' '&,#"tio$s.Co$>,'i$& t(' !'$t"# ="#7"$ t'ito0 P(i#ip?s st"t' &ot its "0 o,t to t(' s'"8 "$%o!!,pi'% " &'"t %'"# o* t(' "")#' #"$%8 "$% "#so "s i$ poss'ssio$ o* i!( *o'sts "$%

p"st,"&'s8 po'*,# i6's8 /i$' '"#t( "$% %'6'#op'% !it0 !'$t'sK T(is "s t(''"so$ *o *"st %'6'#op/'$t o* t(' '!o$o/0 "$% t"%'K M"!'%o$i" ),i#t ,p its o$$"608 (i!( '$")#'% its )'"7i$& t(o,&( 6i" /"iti/' #i$'sK P(i#ip?s st"t' "!(i'6'%"## !o$%itio$s to )'!o/' " o#% *o!'K "$ "/)itio$ *o i/p#'/'$t"tio$ o* "!o$>,'i$& po#it0 "s )o$ "$% At('$i"$s %i% $ot #i7' it "t "## )'!",s' t('0 s("'% t('s"/' ('&'/o$i! "spi"tio$s. T(' /i#it"0 "!t o* P(i#ip8 (i!( '$")#'% (i/ to i/pos'(is ,#' o6' " t'ito0 o* 1 7/8 *o/ t(' T('/op0#"' to Popo$tis8 '"##0

*i&(t'$'% t(' At('$i"$s "$% t('0 s'io,s#0 st"t'% t(i$7i$& (o to oppos' t('M"!'%o$i"$ )"si#'os. A## t('s's '6'$t t"$s-*o/'% t(' At('$i"$ Ass'/)#0 i$to "$"'$" o$ (i!( t(' o"tos '' !o$%,!ti$& *i'!' )"tt#'s po6i$& t('i po#iti!"#st"$%poi$ts. T(' /ost i$*#,'$ti"# po#iti!"# p'so$ "$% t(' /ost i$*#,'$ti"# po#iti!"#o"to "s D'/ost('$'s it( (is sp''!('s "&"i$st P(i#ipK /o'o6' P(i#ip?s po'"s i$!'"si$& o$ t(' )"tt#'*i'#%s "$% t(' po' o* D'/ost('$'s "s i$!'"si$& "s "

po#iti!i"$ ),t "## t(is p""%o;i!"##0 "s "&"i$st t(' At('$i"$s "$% D'/ost('$'s(i/s'#*. P(i#ip "s i/p#'/'$ti$& (is st"t' "%/i$ist"ti6' *,$!tio$ (i#'D'/ost('$'s '$!o,$t''% po#iti!"# "$% p'so$"# %'*'"tK "t t(' s"/' ti/' t(is %'*'"t"s s("'% it( At('$sK (o'6' '&"%#'ss o* t(' o,t!o/' +#,!70 *o P(i#ip "$%,$#,!70 *o D'/ost('$'s )ot( o* t('/ &"i$'% '6'#"sti$&8 i//ot"# *"/'K i$ t('(isto0 t('i $"/'s "' !o$$'!t'% i$ %i"#'!ti!"# ,$it0 o* !o$t"%i!tio$sk

.. A$!i'$t o#% o* t(' H'##'$i! !it0-st"t's %i6i%'% )'t''$ p(i#ipo/0s's "$%p(i#ipop(0#s

T(' o,tst"$%i$& At('$i"$ po#iti!"# "$"#0st Iso!"t's i##i$& to ('#p At('$s "$% t('H'##'$i! !o//,$it08 (i!( "s po#iti!"##0 %ist,)'%8 !o$spi'% *o t(' i%'" o* p"$H'##'$is/K "!!o%i$& to t(is i%'" t(' H'##'$i! !it0-st"t's s(o,#% ("6' ,$it'% ,$%'so#' o)'!ti6' -to )' sp"'% *o/ t(' i$t'$"# !isis ),t "#so *o/ t(' %"$&' o* t('

i$t'$"# '$'/0. T(is i$spi'% Iso!"t's to t(i$7 ")o,t 'st")#is(i$& "$ ",to!"ti!",t(oit08 (os' i## "$% po' o,#% ("6' i/pos'% o6' t(' %is"&''% H'##'$i!!it0-st"t's "$% o,#% ("6' ,$it'% t('/ i$to p"$-)"si#'". I$ o%' to "!!o/-p#is( t(isi%'" Iso!"t's !(os' t(' M"!'%o$i"$ ,#' P(i#ip8 (o "pp'"'% o$ t(' po#iti!"# s!'$'"s t(' )i&&'st /o$"!(-)"si#'os8 po'*,#8 "/)itio,s8 s'#*-!o$*i%'$t ),t "t t(' s"/'ti/' ,#' o* t(' st"t' t("t H'##'$'s ,s'% to ("6' *i'$%#0 '#"tio$s(ips it(.Iso!"t's '6'"#'% t(' ('&'-/o$i! !(""!t'isti!s o* P(i#ip?s p'so$"#it0 ")#' to st"t,p t(' &'"t i%'" *o p"$-)"si#'"K t(' o#% o"to p#"0'% t(' o#' o* "$ "%6i!'-&i6'o* t(' M"!'%o$i"$ )"si#'os8 )'!",s' o$ t(' o$' ("$% (' "s "*"i% o* (is t0"$$i!"#$"t,' "$% o* t("t (o /,!( (osti##it0 (' o,#% ("6' to"%s t(' H'##'$'s ),t o$ t('ot(' ("$% (' "s $ot s,' to ("t ';t'$t t(' H'##'$'s o,#% "!!'pt t(is i%'".

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T(' ot(' po#iti!"# po&"/8 o* D'/ost('$'s8 *o!,s'% o$ t(' %'*'$s' o* t('%'/o!"!0 "$% %'/o!"ti! !it0-st"t's *o/ t(' o#i&"!(i! "$% t0"$$i!"# s0st'/. T('o"to )'#i'6'% t("t it "s " s,it")#' /o/'$t *o At('$s to %'/o$st"t' its'#* "s "'s!,' o* "## H'##'$'s *o/ t(' %"$&' t("t "s !o/i$& *o/ t(' /'$"!'s o* t('o#i&"!(s "$% )")"i"$s t("t '$%"$&''% t(' *''%o/ o* t(' !it0-st"t's poi$ti$& o,t

P(i#ip8 o "s (' "s !"##'%8 t(' M"!'%o$i"$ p#"&,'8 (i!( "s %'sto0i$&'6'0t(i$& t("t "s H'##'$i!.

I$ (is P(i#ippi!s D'/ost('$'s it( '&'ts "s poi$ti$& o,t to t(' At('$i"$s t('i//'$s' #oss )0 t(' s,**''% %'*'"t o* P0%$"8 Poti%"'"8 M't(o$'8 T('/op0#"'8H'so$$'s8 O#0$t(,s "$% o* /"$0 ot(' !iti's t("t i$ t("t p'io% o* ti/' oi$'% t(',#' o* P(i#ip "$% t("t o$!' ,po$ " ti/' ,s'% to )' At('$i"$ !o#o$i's. N"/'#08D'/ost('$'s )'#i'6'% t("t t(' At('$i"$s it( t('i i%#'$'ss "$% $'i&'$!' ''

)"'#0 'spo$si)#' t('/s'#6's *o t(' t'i)#' po#iti!"# sit,"tio$ i$ At('$s "$% t("t it"s (i&( ti/' t('0 ("% st"t'% p'p"i$& *i$"$!i"# "$% st"t'&i! "*"' p#"$ "&"i$stP(i#ip?s st"t'. O$ t(' ot(' ("$% D'/ost('$'s t(o,&(t t("t At('$s "s $ot i$ "

sit,"tio$ to o&"$iB' "$ A/0 t("t o,#% )' !"p")#' to 'sist P(i#ip?s "/0 (i!( "ssto$& "$% '## %i##'%K so8 D'/ost('$'s s,&&'st'% t(' &,'i##" "*"' t0p' "&"i$stP(i#ip8 t(' "*"' t"!ti!s to )' "pposit' to P(i#ip?s st"t'&08 to )' stopp'% P(i#ip?so))'i's o* " !o,$t-#'ss "/o,$t o* /o$'08 to stop t(' '$s#"6i$& o* t('i !itiB'$s...Itis *,$%"/'$t"#8 '/p("siB'% D'/ost('$'s *o At('$s to ,$%'st"$% t("t t("t /"$+P(i#ip is " *o' *o t(' H'##'$'s t("t %'pi6's t('/ o* t('i o$ )'#o$&i$&s "$% t("t(' "s "/p"&i$& *o " #o$& ti/'.

At t(' /i%%#' o* t(' I@ !'$t,0 =C t(' oppot,$isti! po#iti!"# po&"/ o* t('At('$i"$ st"t's/"$ E,),#,s "$% (is s,ppot's ("% t(' &'"t'st s,st"i$ i$ At('$sK t('"!!'$t o* (is po&"/ "s p,t o$ "!(i'6i$& " p'"!' "&''/'$t it( P(i#ip8 t("t "ss,ppos'% to )' /,!( /o' )'$'*i!i"# t("$ t(' " its'#*. At('$s st"t'% its %,"#

po#i!08 )0 o$' si%' i$sisti$& o$ "!(i'6i$& " *i!ti6' p'"!' "&''/'$t it( P(i#ip "$% )0t(' ot(' si%' 'st")#is(i$& p'"!' "$% !o##")o"tio$ it( t(' H'##'$i! !it0-st"t's i$ t('st,&' "&"i$st P(i#ip. T(' p'"!' $'&oti"tio$ st"t'% i$ At('$s ('' o$ t(' o$' ("$%"i6'% t(' %'#'&"t's o* t(' H'##'$'s "$% o$ t(' ot(' ("$% P(i#ip?s %'#'&"t's.Si/,#t"$'o,s#0 Iso!"t's st"t'% "%6o!"ti$& P(i#ip "$% (' s'$t " /'ss"&' to t('M"!'%o$i"$ ,#' i$ (i!( (' "%%'ss'% (i/ "s " )'$'*"!to (o s(o,#% ("6' ,$it'%t(' H'##'$'sK "t t(' s"/' ti/' (' !'#')"t'% (i/ "s " oio,s &'$'"# t("t !o,#% ("6'i$iti"t'% t(' " "&"i$st t(' P'si"$ /o$"!(.

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