history rev

8/2/2019 History Rev.

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Why nations expand

Why did nations expand? gain more living space spread culture economic(revenue) results gain resources trade pride/prestige increase manpower thrill of warfare

Were all their motivations the same ? No, some for spread of Christianity(Europe), some ( British) for trade, some( French) to salvage political prowess. Yes, more or less for economic results( revenue)

Why did Britain expand into SEA? Spread of Christianity-viewed Muslim control as a religious threat-fanned out all over the world to spread their religion White Man's Burden-took it upon themselves to uplift the lives of the unfortunate and deprived in the world(SEA) as they thought that it was their

duty to do so - originated from a poem by Rudyard Kipling-although at times it was for self-ego

Spice trade- nutmeg, pepper cloves- great demand for invaluable spices- HENCE were lucrative Scramble for new markets- Industrial Revolution- increase in productivity of exports and development of science and tech-HENCE needed a market

that could use their products - SEA and could also provide raw materials.

Result of British colonialism? Spread of Christianity Growth of geographical knowledge- Vasco De game discovered the maritime spice route. Economic results Established their presence in SEA.

What are the steps to colonization? establish presence start a peaceful trade-non intervention


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Soon, sign a treaty to establish control over that areaFounding of Singapore

Why was there a need for a new trading settlement? Importance of China trade- opium and tea trade was invaluable- bulk of their revenue came from tax on opium-trade was WANING as the Britishgood were too expensive and their ports were too far away for the Chinese ships to dock or trade- opium and tea trade between 1823 and 1833

tea imports was about 30 million pounds a year. a port along the China trade route was needed to secure the lucrative China trade.

Ineffectiveness of Bencoolen and Penang- both failed in their purpose-Bencoolen was too far along the main trading route of SOM and Penang wasfacing the wrong side of Sumatra, facing the Indian Ocean instead of the SOM-their trade was cut off by the Dutch who controlled both the Sunda

Straits as well as the SOM.

Protect British ships- Dutch imposing high tariffs on British goods passing through SS or SOM, and hence making the Br. good very expensive.-needed a naval base to protect their ships from rampant piracy- nearest naval base was in Bombay- needed shelter during N. East monsoon from

October to may, and hence needed a near port to protect the British from monsoons

Break Dutch monopoly- good to use as factor sentence- rivalry between the Dutch and the British . The Dutch controlled the 2 main trading routes-if Dutch wanted to continue trade in SEA profitably, they had to found a new port in the centre of the Malay Archipelago to challenge Dutch

influence in the region- was not generating enough revenue as the Dutch were abusing their monopoly and insisted that the British docked ONLY

at Batavia.

Why was Singapore chosen as the new British base? Excellent geographical position-located along the narrowest point of the SOM- along the China trade route- situated in the heart of the Archipelago-

natural melting point of monsoons- allowed the British to repair their ships-convenient call for traders for those who wanted to trade and anchor

there- had a deep harbour so more vessels from China could dock there-flourished as a entrepot port.

No Dutch- There was not Dutch flag flying over the settlement which meant that it was not under control of the Dutch and the British could use hatport to challenge Dutch influence in the region.

near the British influence- where safety and accessibility was relatively easier thus ensuring more profits due to time and safety of goods- protectBr. ships from piracy- naval base to store steamships-Wolf- which could travel against the monsoons the drive the pirated away with their advance

military system.

rich hinterland in Malaya- abundance of raw materials like tin, rubber and spices - great demand in Britain for tin at that time- canned food becamepopular in USA, and rubber was needed for rubber manufacturing and tin smelting

What was Singapore like as a port?


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Why did thye Straits Settlement object to being governed by India? Inaccessibility-The office was too far away from Singapore, letters took weeks to get to the office Secret Society and Crime rate Complaints were not answered Indian convicts Ignorance of civil servants/too few administrators Ineffectiveness of administration-too far to know and administer what is going on in SIngapore Lack of financial support to Strait Settlement Wanted anti-free trade policies- caused an uproar among merchants in Singapore as it would affect their revenue

- Results of the strait settlement transfero Administration improved

Letters did not need to take weeks anymore Officers trained and recruited for civil service

o Currency Dollar became official currency Rupee previously advocated

o Codes of law passed to guard against secret societies Lower crime rates

The Opium Trade

- British goods were not popular in China, British needed to make the China trade mre lucrative in their favouro Used Opium as a solutiono Produced in Straits from Malay Archipelago

-

Opium was used as a painkiller. But by the 18

th

century, the habit of smoking opium for pleasure spread to many parts of Chinao Ban on Opium smoking and opium imports by Qing governmento Large quantities of opium in the East India Company (EIC) territory of Bengal in Indiao Opium Trade in exchange for China teao British goods and opium were sold in exchange for tin, gold, spices, sharks fins, birds nest etc.o British goods traded for Straits produce


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o Straits produce traded for Chinese goodso Chinese goods sold in Europe

- Therefore, Chinese trade was very profitable for EIC, the British manufacturers and the British government (due to taxes imposed on opium trade)The Opium Issue

- Reflected the problems faced by non-official members- Lim Boon Keng (non-official member of Legislative council) wanted opium smoking to be banned

o Due to the debilitating effects of opium on the population, especially among the rickshaw coolieso Opium War in China (1839-1862)o Lim Boon Keng formed the anti-opium society in 1906

Public lectures between 1893 and 1895 campaigning for educational reforms and fighting against opium smoking Opium Refuge Centre offering free-treatments to opium addicts

o The Legislative council was unwilling to ban opium smoking As British would lose a source of income due to opium tax

Education

- Under pressure from Asian leaders the British put in some effort to improve the lives of the people, although the efforts were only visible from thelate 19th century

- Education provided to cultivate English-educated Asians to work for them (civil servants, etc.)o To maintain the loyalty of these English-educated Asians

- Opening of Raffles College in 1928 to provide higher education- Offering of Queens scholarship for overseas education- Neglecting of Chinese education (British believed that Chinese education would raise anti-British feelings among the students

o Employment of Asians also mostly given to English speakingHealthcare

- Immigrants in 19th century Singapore suffered health diseases such as smallpox and cholera- Measures were taken to improve health conditions


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o Quarantine Law was passed to prevent further spread of these diseases Quarantine Law states that immigrants coming to Singapore had to be stationed at St Johns island for a medical check-up before

proceeding to Singapore

o Public Health Department was set upo Build hospitals, cleaned dirty drains and streetso British agreed to build a medical college in 1905 to train local doctors

Asian leaders raised $87 000 to pay for college Became the King Edward College of Medicine in 1920

Law and Order

- Problemso Weakness of the police force

The police force was small and the policemen were poorly paid Too many immigrants to control Communication problems because immigrants could not understand English or the British laws Resulted in growth of secret societies, increase crime rate such as fights, riots and robberies

-- Solutions

o Appointment of Thomas Duncan as Chief of Police Force in 1843 He provided training for the policemen and increased their pay He employed officers who could speak the language of the immigrants

o Peace Preservation Act in 1867 to deal with secret societies Deported those caught in illegal gang activities Humiliating for the criminals as they sacrificed their pride and their money to come to Singapore for better lives Government given emergency powers during riots

o William Pickering appointed in 1877 as the Chinese Protectorate He was versed in Chinese dialects and able to build a relationship with the Chinese immigrants

o Impact of the Chinese Protectorate Decreased power of secret societies decreased but not wiped out, despite law banning secret societies in 1890


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Secret Societies

- Why the Chinese joinedo Newcomers who arrived from China were poor and uneducated.o Lonely and helpless; secret societies helped them to find work or lodging. Also offered them protection or a proper burial (for those who

died).- Power of the Secret Societies

o Numbers increased with rapid growth of Chinese populationo Leaders acted as judges to deal with arguments or with those who broke ruleso Collection of protection money from shopkeepers, opium-smoking dens, gambling dens, brothels and street hawkerso Gang robberies, riots, gang fights were rampanto Ghee Hin and Ghee Hok had 10000 members by the 1840s (60% of the Chinese in society)o Such activities alarmed the European and Chinese merchants. They called on the government to take stronger action.

British Intervention in Malaya

- Federated Malay States


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o Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Negri Sembilan- Unfederated Malay States

o Johore, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, Trengganu- Straits Settlements

o Malacca, Penang, Singapore- Reasons for non-intervention at first

o Profit motive for EIC: Profits best maximised through peaceful trade Unwilling to spend money to interfere or settle disputes Extra expense when directly responsible for administration (undesirable)

o Preoccupation with Indiao Fear of antagonizing Siam

- Start of Interventiono Anarchy in Malay States

Succession of disputes/riots/wars among Chinese miners and piracy Results in loss of business, profits and lives Succession disputes in Perak Larut Wars (between secret societies) Piracy along the Straits of Malacca

o Perception that Malay rulers were incompetent- Larut Wars

o Series of fights between two secret societieso Tin discovered in the Larut area in 1848o Caused greed and jealousy, immigrants were determined to control as many mines in Larut as possible

Ghee Hin Hai San

- Supported by Sang Neng Hakkas - Supported by Toa Peh KongHokkiens

- Supported by Ho Hup SeahSecret Society

- Supported by Go KwanCantonese Ho Song secret


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Pangkor Island Meeting, 15 January 1874, on board Pluto

1. Frank Swettenham settled dispute with Malay Chiefs2. William Pickering persuaded warring Chinese to accept British mediation

ALL AGREED TO DISARM AND NOT TO BREAK THE PEACE.

Pankgor Treaty in 1874

- British exploited opportunity to intervene in Malayan politics- Marks the beginning of Residential System in Malaya (Federated Malay States)- Sultan remains Head of State but had to accept advice ofthe residents in all matters of administration- British had residents in Selagnor, Negri Sembilan, Perak and Pahang- Formalised FMS structure in 1895

Main concerns when British governed Malaya

- Straits Settlementso Political

societies

- Supported by: Abdullah, Yusof,Tan Kim Cheng (triad leader

from Singapore) and WH Read

- Supported by: Ngah Ibrahim,Ismail, Captain Speedy and

Government of Penang


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Keeping foreign powers from controlling the trade route Government interference from India. Distance between SS/India Ineffective indirect administration from colonial government from India

o Economic Main trade route to China Geographical position. Maintenance of entrepot trade in Singapore Cost of administration was more than revenue Value of European and Chinese traders Unstable conditions in Penang

o Social Health and education, prostitution Opium smoking / addiction amongst Chinese coolies Rampant crime / lack of law and Order / secret societies

- Federated Malay Stateso Political

Lack of effective administration in Perak and Selangor Old feudal structure, incapable of dealing with Malay chiefs, etc. Internal strife. Abdullah / Yusof / Ismail. Abdullah sought British help and support for his claim to the throne. Fight for control of throne in Selangor. Bugis vs Sumatras.

o Economic Tin mining areas (later rubber)(importance). Develop resources of the state. Sound system of taxation

Sultans were inefficient (corruption). Chinese miners led by (secret societies) fighting for control of tin mines.

Larut Wars


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o Social

Secret societies fighting for control Restore and maintain peace.

Perak war. Troops from HK and India sent in.Unfederated Malay States

- Politicalo Claim of Siamese suzerainty over UFMSo British afraid of offending Siam.

states under control of Siam no intervention / invasion into Siam sovereignty.

o Johor Very close to Singapore, informal but close ties to British officials in Singapore

- Economico Little or no tin, no major economic interests in the northern states.o Main economic activity is agriculture and fishingo Relatively backward economyo Johors economic importance only grew over time. Sufficiently open to the British

Railways- Social

o Laidback lifestyleResidents VS Sultan

- Sultans held nominal power but was forced to accept advice from the Residento Sultan was a puppet ruler


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- Role of Residento To introduce a system of taxationo Restore law and order in the stateo Develop tin mines and other resources efficiently

- Rules of residento To be diplomatico To not offend the dignity of the Sultano Not appear to be rulingo Not criticize local customs and practices

- In realityo British government in London insisted on non-interventiono There was very little Resident could do if Sultan did not listeno There was heavy reliance on inter-personal relationships and diplomacyo Although most sultans were more than willing to listen to the Resident

Unfederated Malay States (UFMS) VS Federated Malay States (FMS)

- Economic Value- Central Administration

o State councilo Federation of centralized control

Union where larger states helped smaller states financially Communication and transport infrastructure, taxation and judicial administration centralized under Resident-General based in

Kuala Lumpur


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Benefits of Residential system

- Peace and stabilityo

End of Larut wars, minimizing tensions between Sultans/Secret Societies- Financial gain

o Development of tin mines, rubber/tobacco/pepper plantations- Mordenisation

o New infrastructure like railwayso New towns to accommodate growing population of immigrants e.g. Taiping (northern state of Perak) and Ipoh, both of which were mining

towns

UFMS 4 Northern States

- Sphere of Siamese influence in 4 northern states was recognized by the British in 1826 treaty- A treaty was signed in 1909 between Siam and British to transfer states to Malaya

o Displeasure of Sultan of Kedah: My country has been bought and sold like a buffalo.- British advisors appointed, but not part of centrally administration FMS

UFMSJohore

- Sparsely inhabited- Sultans had close ties with British officials, unofficially followed British policies- British recognized the Maharaja (Abu Bakar, he was basically the leader of Johore, but had to get some fanciful title) officially in 1885- Economic development grew over time, Chinese spilled over to develop rubber, pepper, sugarcane etc.- Signed a treaty with British in 1904 to accept a Resident


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Comparison between Birch and Hugh Low (Residents)

Birch Hugh Low

Personality

- Direct-

Influent Malay speaker- Impatient- Interfered with Malay customs- Unapproachable

Incompetent

- Incapable administrator- No experience in Southeast Asia- Tried to abolish slavery by freeing and

sheltering slaves

- No compensation to Sultans and Chiefs

Personality

- Diplomatic-

Good Malay Speaker- Patient (willing to go slow)- Did not interfere with Malay customs- Approachable

Competent

- Capable administrator- Experience in Southeast Asia- Taxation- Gave Yusof fixed salary- Abolished slavery over 10 years- Compensated Sultans/Chiefs

Push and Pull Factors that cause Immigration

Push Factors (Refers to those that push people away from homeland)

- Unsatisfactory conditions in homelando Political disorder/unrest

Chinese Corrupt Qing government (especially in the South)

Indians


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Rapidly increasing population Famine, Droughts due to climate

Malays Piracy attack, wars in Java and Malaya

o Economic hardship Overpopulation, natural disasters (famines, floods, droughts) Poverty

Pull Factors (Refers to those that attract people to Singapore)

- Job opportunitieso Chinese

Coolies Tin mines

o Indians Rubber plantation

- Business opportunitieso Trade + Success of Singapores port

- Immigration policieso Free tradeo Free immigration policy

- Peace and stability by BritishComing of ImmigrantsContributions and Problems created

Malays

- Where they came fromo Malay Peninsulao Sumatra


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o Riauo Linga Archipelagoo Javao Bawean Islands

- Push factorso Chaos, disorder in homelando Wars in Java and Malayao Piracy attacks, caused the people living at the shores to feel threatened

- Pull factorso Job opportunitieso Business opportunitieso Peace and stability provided by Britisho Joining of leaders they admired: Sultan Hussein, Temenggong Ibrahimo Better living conditions

- Occupationso Educated and rich immigrants

Clerks, teachers, journalists, traders, businessmen, shopkeeperso Uneducated and poor immigrants

Shop assistants, hawkers, labourers, horse drawn carriage riders, wood cutterso Skilled workers

Boat builders, fishermen, captains or sailors, technicians- Contributions

o Trade Growth of trade, Straits produce, boat building, shipping business Important Arab families: Alkaffs, Alsagoffs, Aljunieds

o Education Syed Ali B Mohd Aljunied built a school for Muslim boys (Aljunied Islamic School). Writing of books for Malay school children Munshi Abdullah (Ol Bingleys Teacher) wrote historical accounts of Singapore and promoted education.


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o Others Building houses Civil service (adminstration and education) Farmersincreased food supply Syed Omar B Aljunied was leader of Arabs in Singapore. Built mosque at Bencoolen Street, gave Muslims a piece of land for a

cemetery.

Hajjah Fatimah built the Hajjah Fatimah mosque.- Problems created

o Piracy Shallow reefs and narrow inlets made ships easy tracking targets for pirates. Pirates made up of locals, Lanuns from North Borneo and Mindanao. Highly disciplined, well-armed, pirate armadas contained up to 100 boats. Pirates threatened the lives of traders and also disrupted trade by damaging ships and robbing them of their goods.

o Others Learning of the Malay Language not emphasized in early Malay schools. Few Malays could write their own language proficiently. Government Malay schools were not popular, many Malay parents did not send their children to these schools although it was free. Malays did not realize the need for education. Romanized Malay in the written form in 1904. First Malay dictionary in 1901 and the two-volume Malay-English dictionary compiled

in 1932.

- Solutionso Piracy

1832: Chinese merchants paid for 4 armed ships 1835: Wolf dispatched by British government 1836: Captain in charge of 3 warships and 3 gunboats 1837: Fleet of 2 warships and 5 gunboats guarded trade 1837: Diana and other steamships dispatched Native Malay pirates only driven out in the 1870s when European control was established over the Malay peninsula.

o Law and Order


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Syed Mohammad bin Ahmed Alsagoff, a leader among the Malays, was appointed as Justice of Peace. Given the power to try theless important court cases and settle disputes.

o Standard of Living Eunos Abdullah (non-official member of Legislative Council) asked the government to improve the living conditions of the Malays.

Government set aside Kampung Melayu for Malays.

o Promoting Education Bullock-cart service for transportation to school Prizes for attendance. Koranic Studies as a subject to be taught (to attract parents to send their children to school as many were worried that their

children will not be able to learn about the Koran.

Compulsory education Malay Teacher training

Chinese

- Where they came fromo Southern provinces of China: Fujian (Hokkien), Guangdong (Cantonese, Teochews, Hakka) *Note: Many came mostly from the South

because of political instability in Southern China

o Hainan Islando Penango Melakao Macau

- Push factorso Natural disasters (droughts, floods, famine)o Shortage of land to grow cropso War (corrupt Qing government)

- Pull factorso Free immigration policyo Peace and stability provided by Britisho Business opportunities


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o Job opportunitieso Better living conditionso Free trade

- Occupationso Educated & Rich immigrants

Government officials, teachers, businessmeno Uneducated and poor immigrants

Coolies, rickshaw pullers, servants, shop assistants, night soil workerso Skilled workers

Craftsmen, masons, barbers, carpenters, blacksmith, shoemakers, hawkers- Contributions

o Trade Traders and merchants contributed to the growth of trade E.g. Tan Tock Seng: large tracts of prime land, including 50 acres at the railway station and another plot from Padang up to High

Street and Tank Road. A block of shophouses, an orchard and a nutmeg plantation Building of ice factory by Whampoa. Whampoa also owned a bakery which supplied ships which docked at Singapore with

foodstuffs

Seah Eu Chin set up a shop which sold things that are needed by sailing boats, such as ropes, canvas, nails, wood, etc.o Transportation

Many coolies were pulling rickshawso Infrastructure

Development of factories and godowns (warehouse), especially in the Geylang area Tan Tock Seng a founder of the Thian Hock Keng temple at Telok Ayer

o Welfare/health/education Building of Tan Tock Seng Hospital. Tan Tock Seng gave $5000 to build to Pauper Hospital in 1844. Seah Eu Chin helped raise funds. Tan Tock Seng was first Asian to be made a Justice of Peace Whampoa as the Consul of Russia, of China, and of Japan. Only Chinese member of the Legislative Council

- Problems createdo Secret societies


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Exercised the power of life and death over members. Controlled great proportion of the Chinese population. Going against government and laws Protection money: Those who refused were robbed, attacked or even murdered (instilling of fear) Gang robberies, gang fights, riots and other forms of lawlessness. E.g. Hokkien vs Teochew 1854 riot Uncontrolled population mainly because it was predominantly male. Some unemployment and the lack of family increased social

disorder

o Vices / social disorder Vices like gambling, drinking, taking of drugs, small street fights

o Others Early Chinese schools unsatisfactory. Imparted classical curriculum that did not cater to the needs of young developing Singapore.

Rote learning. Teachers unqualified.

Chinese schools in the early 20 th century increasingly politicized Inculcated patriotism and Chinese nationalism, organization of anti- Japanese and anti-British activities

- Solutionso

Law and Order Tan Tock Seng appointed as Justice of Peace in 1844. Skillful at settling feuds among the Chinese Seah Eu Chin appointed a British subject for helping to keep orderand peace. Also made Justice of Peace. Helped British to settle

the quarrelling among the secret societies. Got the secret societies to sign a treaty of peace

o Welfare Whampoa offered food, beverages and shelter to locals at the Chinese Gardens Thong Chai Medical Institution in Eu Tong Sen Street set up by Chinese community in 1867 to provide free medical services for the

poor of all races

o Education Chinese schools adopted the curriculum similar to those in post-1911 Chinese republic Vocational education introduced in 1916 by Hwang Yen-pei Night classes and schools for Chinese girls (growth of Chinese schools generously supported by rich Chinese merchants)

o Anti-British sentiments Firm measures to regulate Chinese schools implemented by British in 1920, requiring schools and teachers to be registered. In 1923, private schools encouraged to be inspected by government officials


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Government examinations for Chinese schools held in 1935.o Job Opportunities

Seah Eu Chins large gambier plantations provided job opportunities for cooliesIndians

- Where they came fromo Madras, Negapatam, Ceylon (Tamils, Sinhalese)o Penjab (Sikhs, Punjabis)o Bengal (Bengalis)o Bombay (Parsees)o Gujerat (Gujeratis)

- Push factorso Famineso Unemployment: Large populations, especially in farming areaso Natural disasterso Rapidly increasing population

- Pull factorso Fertile land for agricultureo Job opportunitieso Business opportunitieso Free tradeo Better living conditions

- Occupationso Educated and rich immigrants

Merchants, shopkeepers, clerks of European companies or government officials, money-lenders, businessmeno Uneducated & Poor immigrants

Servants, policemen, bullock-cart drivers, convict labourerso Skilled workers

Craftsmen, carpenters, masons, teachers, clerks, tailors, bakers, construction workers, dhobies


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- Contributionso Money lenders

Money lenders took the place of the bankers (chettiers). Lent money to business men who did not have enough money forbusiness. Facilitated the development of trade and the economy.

o Infrastructure & Communication Clearing of thick jungles for roads and plantations Construction industry

Built buildings (e.g. Istana, St Andrews Cathedral, and other bridges) Narayana Pillai started the first building company in Singapore, using bricks which his new company made. He was the first

Indian contractor in Singapore, built many houses and godowns.

Indian convicts built buildings such as the prison in Outram Road, Sri Mariamman Temple, Sivan Temple in Orchard Road,Istana, bridges, roads and other public works.

o Transportation Bullock-cart owners

o Law and order Many Sikhs became policemen Sepoys (Indian soldiers in service of European Army)

o Education Narayana Pillai built a Hindu institute Govindasamy Pillai built the Ramakrishna Mission Boys Home to educate Indian boys and shelter orphans

o Others Narayana Pillai built the first Hindu temple (Sri Manamman Temple) P. Govindasamy Pillai: Contributed to trade by selling groceries and textiles

- Problems createdo Vices / social disorder

Gambling Drinking Taking of drugs Small street fights


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o Education Poor attendance of Tamil schools, lack of suitability of Tamil textbooks Demand for Tamil translators and Indian clerks, but schools continued to have few Indian pupils until 1876. Slow growth of Tamil schools until 1941; schools solely elementary. Children could read, write and count a little. Tamil education

did not equip them or train them for administrative jobs.

Indian parents hesitated to send children to school No public bodies, beyond estate employers and Christian missionaries, were interested in promoting education There was little government support

- Solutionso Law and Order

P.Govindasamy Pillai also served as Justice of Peace. Skillful at settling feuds amongst the Indians.o Education

Singapore Free School provided formal Tamil Education in 1834 Two Anglo-Tamil schools established in 1873 and 1876.

Labour Ordinance of 1923 passed. Required employers of Indian labourers to build and maintain a school for employees children

Europeans

- Where they came fromo Mostly from Britain

Holland, Portugal, Germany- Push factors

o Almost none. Some political instability due conflicts in Europe (Great Depression, WW1)- Pull factors

o Business opportunitieso Larger marketo Free trade

- Occupationso Merchants, traders, government officials, painters, lawyers, doctors, engineers, architects


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- Contributionso Education

Christian missionaries started the early schoolso Trade

Growth of trade, agency houses Guthrie: Founder of oldest European company in Singapore, Guthrie & Company. Developed Boat Quay by building shop and godown. DAlmeida: Trading of Straits Produce. Established trading firm that was one of the largest and most important.

o Infrastructure/Town planning Improvement in infrastructure, public works Many architects were European and responsible for the impressive architecture in Singapore (e.g. J. T. Thomas and George

Coleman).

Armenian Churcho Government

Government officials were European

Many merchants served as unpaid magistrates or judges in a lower court of law. Many served on the Municipal or Town Council. Took part in many public meetings and discussed many matters about the well-being of Singapore. Opposed the government when

necessary.

Writing of petitions (mainly for the good of the Europeans) it must be remembered that what the Europeans contributed toSingapores progress and prosperity benefited themselves most

o Others DAlmeida: Rendezvous of all musical talent in Singapore in his house. Discovery of gutta-percha (a rubbery solid).

- Problems createdo Discrimination

The officials in control of the government departments were all Europeans. Many believed the Europeans were superior to Asians. Many Asians that were as well qualified or trained as Europeans were not given the senior positions. Lower pay. Contact between Asians and Europeans discouraged in public areas. Europeans were given a separate section from the Asians when travelling by railway.


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Asians were not allowed to use the bar or dance floor in leading hotels- Solutions

o 1869: Suppression of dangerous society ordinance (the government hoped that by registering themselves, they could find out more aboutthe secret societies aims, their leaders and members, and their activities.

o 1877: Chinese protectorateWilliam Pickering helped to win the trust and support of the Chinese, in the hope that they would rely on thegovernment rather than secret societies but he was only to minimize rather than prevent the growth in memberships of the triads.

o 1890: Law which disallowed all secret society activities. However, a written law could not suppress the secret societies.o Provision of jobs through trading companies for local immigrants

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