United States History and Government11th GradeRegents Review Packet

Regents Review Sheet #1: Constitutional Foundations of American Society

1. Explain the advantages of the following four geographic features of the United States of America.

Mississippi River Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Great Plains Abundent Natural Resources

2. Geography was the primary influence on colonial life. So were the practices brought from the homelands of the colonists. This divided the colonies into Three major areas. Explain the main economic activities in the three colonial regions:

New England:

Middle:

Southern:

European Philosophers of the Enlightenment:During the Age of Enlightenment (1600’s-1700’s), the leading thinkers in western Europe thought that society should be ruled by natural laws rather than the divine right of absolute monarchs John Locke (1632-1704):

Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755):

French and Indian War:Causes France claims the interior of North

America, while British colonists settle along the coast.

French and British trade for furs with different Native American groups.

France and Britain arm the Native Americans.

British colonists move into the Ohio River Valley, claimed by France.

France builds forts to keep the British out.

Effects Britain defeats France. Britain wins control of all of North

America east of the Mississippi River. Spain gains control of New Orleans and

French Territory west of the Mississippi River.

Native Americans revolt against the British.

Britain bans further settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Colonists become angry.

What was Benjamin Franklin promoting with this political cartoon?

Task: Identify the significance of the following terms/polices on United States History. Albany Plan of Union (1754):

Proclimation of 1763:

Charters and Self-Government:Task: Define and identify the importance of the following terms:House of Burgesses (1619)

Mayflower Compact (1620)

Fundamental Orders of Conneticuit (1639)

New England Town Hall Mettings

Democracy

Represenative Democracy

Natural Rights

American Revolution:Causes: Colonial resistance to British attempts to

impose taxes and trade controls on colonies (Mercantalism)

Lack of colonial representation in the Britsish Parliament“Taxation without Representation”

Results of French and Indian Wzr - Proclimation of 1763

Intolerable Acts – discolving of colonial assemblies and quartering of trrops in colonial homes during peacetime

Enlightenment Philosophies – Natural Rights

Effects: Treaty of Paris (1783) The United States is free and

independent country. A new system of government needs to be

created – Articles of Confederation Massive War Debt. Contuinued slavery. Britain refuses to trade with the United

States.

Task: Define and identify the importance of the following terms:Mercantalism

John Peter Zienger Trial

Stamp Act

Sugar Act

Townsend Acts

Intolerable Acts

Boston Massacre

Boston Tea Party

Common Sense

Second Continential Congress

Declaration of Independence

Early United States Government:Articles of Confederation:During and after the Revolution, delegates from the 13 states to the Continental Congress drew up the Articles of Confederation. This document describing the new government’s official powers was approved by the states in 1781:

Organization Powers Advantages Disadvantages One branch of

government – a legislature which carried out both legislative and executive functions

Power to petition or ask the states for money

To have embassies and receive ambassadors

To make and wage war

Appoint ambassadors

To enter into treaties

Establish maritime courts

Authority to settle border disputes between states

Regulate trade with Indian tribes

Set up post offices and charge postage

Appoint officers to the army and navy

Regents Review Sheet #2: The United States Constitution

Compromise Issue Compromise Reached

The Great Compromise

New Jersey Plan:

Virginia Plan:

Three-Fifth

Northern States:

Southern States:

Compromise

Slave Trade Compromise

Northern States: Wanted Tariffs to protect their industries from foreign competition and ending the slave trade

Southern States: Opposed tariffs because their economy was heavily dependent upon trade and also wanted to continue the slave trade.

Government of the United States: 1781 and 1789The following chart compares some of the provisions of the Articles of Confederation with those in the Constitution. It's important to note that most commentators see the Articles period (1781-1789) as a weak one in terms of governmental power. Whether that is a positive or negative for the United States depends on one's point of view regarding the size and influence of a national government. Libertarians would view the Articles period as the pinnacle of American freedom, while those favoring a strong central government would see it as a failure.  

Articles of Confederation ConstitutionLevying taxes Congress could request states

to pay taxesCongress has right to levy taxes on individuals

Federal courts No system of federal courts Court system created to deal with issues between citizens, states

Regulation of trade

No provision to regulate interstate trade

Congress has right to regulate trade between states

ExecutiveNo executive with power. President of U.S. merely presided over Congress

Executive branch headed by President who chooses Cabinet and has checks on power of judiciary and legislature

Amending document

13/13 needed to amend Articles

2/3 of both houses of Congress plus 3/4 of state legislatures or national convention

Representation of states

Each state received 1 vote regardless of size

Upper house (Senate) with 2 votes; lower house (House of Representatives) based on population

Raising an armyCongress could not draft troops, dependent on states to contribute forces

Congress can raise an army to deal with military situations

Interstate commerce

No control of trade between states

Interstate commerce controlled by Congress

Disputes between states

Complicated system of arbitration Federal court system to handle disputes

Sovereignty Sovereignty resides in states Constitution the supreme law of the landPassing laws 9/13 needed to approve

legislation50%+1 of both houses plus signature of President

1. How did the Constitution change the role of the national government? (Provide at least three examples from the chart)

Constitutional Principles:Popular

Soverignty

Limited Government

Seperation of Powers

Checks and Balances

Federalism

Ratification

Unwritten Constitution

Bicameral Legieslature

Supremecy Clause

Elastic Clause

Judicial Review

Amendments

Bill of Rights

Federalist Papers

Role of the Legieslative Branch:

Role of the Executive Branch:

Role of the Judicial Branch:

What makes the Constitution a “flexible document”? What are three ways it can be changed?

Federalism:

Task: Provide Two Real-life examples of the following:Delegated Powers Reserve Powers Concurrent Powers

Checks and Balances/Seperation of Powers:

The Great Debate:Task: Explain what the debate between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists.

Issue Federalists Anti-Federalists

Power of National Government

Power of State Governments

Ratification of Constitution

Billof Rights

Leaders

1. Who won the Great Debate? How were they able to accomplish their goal?

The Bill of Rights:The United States Constitution states that neither the government nor any individual may take away certain rights of the People. The Constitution ensures that individuals may enjoy certain rights and privileges even if their opinions differ from that of the majority. The People may express their thoughts through speech or written word EVEN IF the majority of people dislike their ideas.

Amendment Freedom or RightAmendment #1: Freedom of speech, of the press, of religion, and the right to petition.Amendment #2: Right to keep and bear arms.Amendment #3: People do not have to allow soldiers in their homes during peacetimeAmendment #4: No unreasonable search and seizure without a search warrantAmendment #5: Provisions concerning prosecution and protection of accused people:

Cannot be tried twice for the same crime (Double Jeopardy) People do not have to testify against themselves

Amendment #6: Right to a speedy trial with witnesses and be defended by a lawyerAmendment #7: Right to a jury trial in civil casesAmendment #8: No excessive bail or fines or cruel punishmentAmendment #9: Rights of citizens are not limited to these listed rights.

(Americans have rights not listed in the Constitution.)Amendment

#10:Rights of states under the Constitution:

Education Marriage Divorce Laws

1. Why was the Bill of Rights added to the United States Constitution?

Regents Review Sheet #3: Early American Presidents

George Washington(1789-1797)

1st President of the United States of

1. What are two precedents that George Washington set as the first President of the United States?

2. How did George Washington handle the Whiskey Rebellion and what did the=is tell us about the new government under the United States Constitution?

3. How did George Washington attempt to stop British impressment of American ships?

4. What two pieces of advice did George Washington give in his farewell address?

America

Alexander Hamilton

1st Secretary of the United

States TreasuryFounder of the

Federalist Party

1. What are the four parts of Alexander Hamilton’s Financial Plan?

2. What clause of the Constitution did Alexander Hamilton believe gave the national government the authority to create a Bank of the United States?

3. Alexander Hamilton had a losse interpretation of the Constitution, what does this mean?

4. What belief did the Federalist Party have about the National Government?

First Political Parties:Federalists

Leader: Alexander HamiltonFavored:

Rule by the wealthy class Strong federal/national government Emphasis on manufacturing Loose interpretation of the

Constitution

Democratic-RepublicansLeader: Thomas Jefferson

Favored: Rule by the people Strong state governments Emphasis on agriculture Strict interpretation of the

Constitution

John Adams2nd President of

the United States of America

Federalist

1. What was the election result of 1800? Why was it controversial?

2. What was the XYZ Affair?

3. What was the purpose of the Alien and Seditions Acts?

4. Why were they considered controversial?

(1797-1801)5. Who are the Midnight Judges?

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President of the United States of America

1st Secretary of State

Founder of theDemocratic-Republicans(1801-1809)

1. What was the main belief of the Democratic-Republican Party founded by Thomas Jefferson?

2. What was the significance of Marybury v. Madison Supreme Court case?

3. What was the significance of the Louisiana Purchase?

4. What was Lewis and Clark’s mission?

5. How did Jefferson respond to Bristish Impressments of American ships?

6. What was the impact the Embargo Act of 1807 have on the United States? Was it a success?

7. What was the significance of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions written by Thomas Jeffersona nd James Madison?

James Madison4th President of

1. What were the causes of the War of 1812?

the United States of America

Democratic-Republican(1809-1817)

2. Who were the Warhawks and what did they want to do?

3. What was the outcome of the War of 1812?

4. What was the significance of the Treaty of Ghent?

5. Why was the Battle of New Orleans so important? Who was the war hero?

James Monroe5th President of

the United States of America

Democratic-Republican(1817-1825)

1. What was the Era of Good Feelings?

2. What was the significance of the Monroe Doctrine? How did this change American foreign policy?

3. What was the significance of the Missouri Compromise?

John Quincy Adams

6th President of the United States of America

Founder of theNational

Republicans

1. What was the significance of the Election of 1824? Who won?

2. What was the Corrupt Bargain?

3. What was the American System?

4. What is the Erie Canal and why is it significant?

(1825-1829)

The Second Party System Emerges:National Republicans Issue Democrats

John Q. Adams Leader Andrew JacksonStrong National Government

Weak State GovernmentsRole of National

GovernmentWeak National GovernmentStrong State Governments

Industrial/Manufacturing Economy AgriculturalWealthy, Well Educated,

NorthernersSupporters Ordinary Citizens, Farmers,

and Southerners

Andrew Jackson7th President of

the United States

Founder of theDemocrats

(1829-1837)

1. What was the spoil system? Why was it controversial?

2. Why did Andrew Jackson veto the rechartering of the National Bank?

3. What was the Tariff of Abominations?

4. Who opposed the Tariff of Abominations? Why? What did they threaten to do?

5. What was the significance of Worcester v. Georgia?

6. What was the purpose of the Indian Removal Act?

7. What was the signiance of the Trail of Tears?

Marshall Court:Case Impact of Case

Marbury v. Madison

McCulloch v. Maryland

Gibbons v. Ogden

Regents Review Sheet #4: Sectionalism and Westward Expansion

Sectionalism:

Complete the Chart based on the views of each region below.Topic North South West

Slavery

Tariffs

Bank of the United States

Economy

Role of Government

(States’ Rights v. Federal

Rights)

Expansion of Slavery West:Action/Government

PolicySignificance

Missouri Compromise

Compromise of 1850

Fugative Slave Law

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Bloody Kansas

Dred Scott Decision

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry

Reform Movements:Person/Term DefinitionAbolitionist Movement

William Lloyd Garrison

Harriet Tubman

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Fredrick Douglass

Underground Railroad

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Temperance Movement

Seneca Falls Convention

Elizabeth Cady Staton

Lorcetta Mott

Declaration of Sentiments

Dorthea Dix

Horace Mann

Manifest Destiny: Territory

Year Where did we get it from?

How did we get it?

Louisiana Territory

Florida

Texas

Oregon TerritoryMexican Cession

Gadsden Purchase

Regents Review Sheet #5: Civil War and Reconstruction

Causes of the Civil WarSlavery

Sectionalism

State’s Rights

Secession

The Tale of the Tape:

The WarUnion

Confederacy

Fort Sumnter

Gettysburg Address

Emancipation Proclimation

Suspension of the Writ of Habeous Corpus

Appotamax Courthouse

Presidential Plans for Reconstruction:President’s Plan Congress’ Plan

Civil War Amendments:13th Amendment

(1865)14th Amendment

(1868)15th Amendment

(1870)Poll Taxes Literacy Test

Grandfather Clause DeFacto Segregation

Reconstruction:Term/Person DefinitionBlack Codes

Sharecropping

Carpetbagger

Freedmans Bureau

KKK

WEB DuBois

Booker T Washington

NAACP

Plessy v Ferguson

Compromise of 1877

Jim Crow Laws

Captains of

Industry

John D. Rockerfeller

Henry Ford

Andrew Carnegie

JP Morgan

Closing of the West

Transconteniental Railroad

Dawes Act

Homestead Act

Gold Rush

Regents Review #6: Closing of the West, Gilded Age & Progressive Era

Gilded Age:Term/Person Definition/SignificanceLaissez-Faire

Capitalism

Social Darwinism

Philanthrophy

Captains of Industry

Robber Barons

Populists:Term/Person Definition/Significance

Populist Party

Williams Jennings Bryan

Munn v Illinois

Wabash v Illinois

Interstate Commerce Act

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Immigration:Term/Person Definition/Significance

Nativism

Chinese Exclusion Act

Gentlemen’s Agreement

Assimilation

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

National Origins Act of 1924

Urbanization

Labor Unions:Term/Person Definition/Significance

Samuel Gompers

Terrance Powderly

Knights of Labor

American federation of Labor

Robber Barons

Progressive Era:

Muckrakers: Muckrakers ActionJacob Riis

Ida Tarbell

Upton Sinclair

Jane Addams

Thomas Nast

Term/Person Definition/SignificanceMeat Inspection Act

Pure Food and Drug Act

Theodore Roosevelt

Square Deal

Political Machine

Recall

Referendum

Initiative

William Howard Taft

Amendments

18th - Prohibition 19th – Women’s Suffrage

16th – Income tax 17th – direct election of Senators

Woodrow Wilson

Progressive Party

Federal Reserve Act

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Regents Review #7: Imperialism and World War ISpanish-American War

EffectsCauses

United States

Expansion

Hawaii

Puerto Rico

CubaChina

Philippines

Panama Canal

American Foreign Policies:Foreign Policy Explanation

Roosevelt Corollary

Dollar Diplomacy

Moral Diplomacy

Open Door Policy

Causes of World War I:The Causes Describe how this event caused WWIMilitarism

Alliances

Nationalism

Imperialism

Assassination

Competition

US Entry into World War I:Event Describe how this event led America into WWI

Unrestricted Submarine

Warfare(Freedom of the

Seas)The Lusitania

Zimmerman Telegraph

The Constitution Tested:

Event Describe how this event tested the ConstitutionSchenk vs.

United States

Espionage & Sedition Acts

End of the War:Event Describe the significance of the following

Wilson’s 14 Points

The Treaty of Versailles

Regents Review #8: 1920’s, the Great Depression, and the New Deal

Task: Define the following terms:Person/Event Describe the impact on the 1920s

Warren Harding

Calvin Coolidge

“Return to Normalcy”

New Consumer Products

Protective Tariffs

Widening Social Classes

Red Scare

Palmer Raids

Scopes “Monkey” Trial

Sacco and Vanzetti

Flappers

Prohibition

Harlem Renaissance

Causes of the Great Depression:The Causes Describe how the following caused the Great DepressionBuying on

MarginOverproduction

Unemployment

Over Speculation of the Stock

Market

Stock Market Crash

The Great Depression:Event Describe the impact on the Great Depression

Hebert Hoover

Hoovervilles

Rugged Individualism

Franklin D. Roosevelt

The New Deal

Relief, Recovery, and Reform

F.D.R.’s Court Packing Plan

Critics of the New Deal

Regents Review #9: World War II and the Cold War

United States Reaction to Outbreak of World War II:Event/Policy Describe these policies/eventsIsolationism

Neutrality Acts

Cash and Carry Principle

Appeasement

Neutrality Acts of 1939

Lend-Lease

Destroyers-for-Bases

Atlantic Charter

United States in World War II:Event/Policy Describe the followingPearl Harbor

D-Day

Two Front War

Island Hoping

The Holocaust

Koretmatsu v United States

Rosie the Riveter

Manhattan Project

Hiroshima

Nagasaki

Unconditional Surrender

The Cold War:

Cold War Events

Berlin Airlift

Korean War

Bay of Pigs

Berlin Wall

Cuban Missile Crisis

Vietnam War

Marshall Plan

Truman Doctrine

Term/Phrase Definition/ExplanationNATO

Warsaw Pact

Containment

Domino Theory

Iron Curtain

Collective Security

McCarthyism

Loyalty Review Boards

Blacklist

HUAC

Regents Review #10: Great Turmoil and Social Change

JFK (1960-1963):Event Describe the following

The Impact of TV on Kennedy’s

Election

Flexible Response

Bays of Pigs

Cuban Missile Crisis

Berlin Wall

Peace Corps

Assassination

LBJ (1963-1968):Event Describe the following

Great Society

Gulf of Tonkin

Vietnam War

Nixon (1968-1974):Event Describe the following

New Federalism

Watergate

Détente

SALT I

Realpolitik

Stagflation

OPEC

War Powers Act

Civil Rights:Event Describe the following

Crisis in Little Rock

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks

MLK Jr.

Sit-ins

Malcolm X

Black Panthers

Affirmative Action

Civil Rights Act 1964

Voting Rights Acts

Women’s Rights MovementEvent Describe the following

Equal Rights Amendment

(ERA)Roe vs. Wade

Warren Court Decisions:Case Impact of Case

Brown v. Board of EducationGideon v.

WainwrightMiranda v.

ArizonaBaker v. Carr

Essay Topics - Regents Review in 2’s Complete by the last day of school Choose 2 topics for each organizer Complete organizer in bullet points Use RegentsPrep.org, U.S. Review, and Textbook Choose topics that you are familiar with Choose topics that you need to brush up on If you don’t understand… ask questions

Essay DirectionsDescribe: “to illustrate something in words or tell about it”Explain: “to make plain or understandable; to give reasons for or causes of; to show the logical development or relationships of…”

In your essay, be sure to• Develop all aspects of the task• Support the theme with relevant facts, examples, and details• Use a logical and clear plan of organization, including an introduction and a conclusion

that are beyond a restatement of the theme

Two Pieces of Historical Circumstance during Discuss action taken by

Writing which issue is addressed government/individual/group

Two Supreme Court Cases

Historical Circumstance surrounding case

Explain Decision and Impact on Society

Groups that faced

discrimination

Discuss example of discrimination and action taken

by federal or state

Did action limit or protect the rights of the people?

Two Individuals(Not Presidents)

Action taken to bring change to economy, government, or society

Discuss change that came about because of individual’s action

Action that addressed

problem with the economy

Historical Circumstance that led to action

Impact on U.S. Economy

Groups Affected By War

Social, political, or Economic change experienced by group

How did change affect Society?

Individuals who had impact on Society (20th

Century)

Problem individual tried to change

Discuss contribution and Impact on Society

Changes from industrial

growth

How did industrialization contribute to change?

One positive or negative effect on society

Action taken by government to

influence geography

One reason for action and how did geographic factor influence

action

Impact of the action on the U.S.

Migration within the U.S.

Historical Circumstance that led to migration

Impact on people who moved or on American

society

Turning Points in U.S. history

Describe historical circumstance that led to turning point

Discuss the political, social, and/or economic changes

that resulted from the event.

Problems faced by the U.S.

during Cold War

How did problem lead to conflict between U.S. and Soviet Union?

Action taken by U.S. to address problem. Success

or Failure? Explain.

Landmark United States Supreme Court CasesSupreme Court Landmark Case

Decision Precedent

*Marbury v. Madison, 1803

Chief Justice John MarshallStated that William Marbury should get his job but declaredthe law that created his position unconstitutional

Established judicial review(The right to review a lower court case decision - to declare a law (Congress) or action (President) unconstitutional

McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819

Marshall CourtSupported the use of the Necessary and proper clause (elastic clause)

States cannot tax federal property"The power to tax is the power to destroy

Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 Marshall CourtRuled in favor of federal contract to transport goods on the Hudson over a NY contract

Reinforced that federal law is supreme over state lawCongress could rule on interstate commerce

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

Chief Justice Roger TaneyScott lost his bid to be free, based on traveling to a free state

Reinforced Fugitive Slave LawsSlaves were property, not citizens and could not suePrecedent limited because of Civil war and 13th amendment

Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railroad v. Illinois, 1886

The Court forbade all states from setting its own rates that regulated railroad fees charged for a train that crossed state lines.

 This case helped to create the Interstate Commerce Commission

US v. E.C. Knight Co., 1895

Ruled that Congress had the right to protect smaller businesses from large monopolies

Upheld Congress' right to create the Anti-Trust Laws

*Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 Ruled that segregated facilities based on race were legal if they were equal

Upheld the Jim Crow laws until the Brown v. Bd. Ed decision

Schenck v. US, 1919 First AmendmentRuled that Schenck did not have the first amendment right to discourage draftees from reporting for duty

Limited free speech if there is a "clear and present danger"Free speech is not absolute

Korematsu v. US, 1944 Court ruled that US could legally send Japanese Americans to relocation centers during WWII

Civil Rights are not absolute

*Brown v. Bd. of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 1954

Overturned the Plessy decisionSeparate but equal, in the field of education, can never be constitutional14th Amendment equal protection clause

Public schools had to formulate a plan to end segregation based on race

Mapp v. Ohio, 1961 4th amendment issueRuled against the police who

Citizens are protected against unlawful searches

did not follow procedure and seizuresPolice must have a search warrant or probable cause

  Engel v. Vitale, 1962  First Amendment issueRuled that the NY State Bd. Of Regents violated the "separation of church and state" doctrine of the freedom of religion clause of the first amendment

 No state can force students to recite a prayer

Gideon v. Wainwright 1963

Sixth amendment issueRuled that Gideon should have been granted a lawyer (pro bono) since he could not afford one

States must now appoint (and pay for) a lawyer for those accused persons who cannot afford one

Miranda v. AZ, 1966 Fifth amendment issueRuled that all suspects have the right to due process (protection against self-incrimination and the right to a lawyer)

Suspects, if arrested, must be read their rights.

Tinker v. Des Moines, 1968

First Amendment issueRuled that the students' right to symbolic speech was upheld and the lower court's decision was overturned.

Students do not give up all of their First Amendment rights when they enter the "schoolhouse gates", unless their speech created a dangerous situation or risks the safety of others.

New York Times v. US, 1971

First Amendment issueRuled that a newspaper can print previously secret information about the government if the facts legally should have been presented to the American public.

Newspapers continue to be a watchdog over government corruption and communicate this to the American public

Roe v. Wade, 1973 Unwanted pregnancy/Abortion issueRuled that the government cannot deprive a woman the right to decide what happens to her body (to a certain extent)

No state can ban a woman's right to an abortion except in the third trimester

US v. Nixon, 1974 Issue of executive privilegeRuled that even the president must follow the law if told by a court to hand over tapes or documents

Executive privilege is not absolute

NJ v. TLO, 1985 Fourth amendment issueCourt ruled that school officials have certain law enforcement responsibilities

Schools must respect the civil rights of students but they can search a student if there is probable cause or a threat to public safety

Bush v. Gore, 2000 Election law. Federal -State issueRuled that Florida has the right to certify the electoral vote.

Supreme Court ruled on a state issue that it had refused to intervene on in the past.

Grutter v. Bollinger, 2003 Consideration of race and ethnicity in admissions to Universities.

the court ruled that the University of Michigan's undergraduate admissions system, which awarded 20 points to black, Hispanic, and American-Indian applicants, was “nonindividualized, mechanical,” and thus unconstitutional.

Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England, 2006

Challenge to a New Hampshire law that prohibits doctors from performing an abortion on a minor until 48 hours after a parent has been notified is heard.

The Supreme Court rules that the government cannot restrict abortions when one is required during a medical emergency.

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 2010

Government restrictions on spending by corporations for political campaigns.

The Supreme Court ruled that the government cannot restrict the spending of corporations for political campaigns, maintaining that it's their First Amendment right to support candidates as they choose. This decision upsets two previous precedents on the free-speech rights of corporations.

National Federation of Independent Business v. Kathleen Sebelius, Secretary of Health and Human Services, 2012

Constitutionality of the individual mandate and penalty for failure to purchase health insurance of the Affordable Care Act (Obama Care).

The Supreme Court ruled that the individual mandate is constitutional under Congress's taxing authority.

United States v. Windsor, 2013

Provisions in the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act that classifies marriage as between a man and a woman.

The court ruled that DOMA violated the rights of gays and lesbians. The court also ruled that the law interferes with the states' rights to define marriage.

Shelby County v. Holder, 2013

Sections of the Voting Rights Act that requires states to seek prior approval from Congress before changing its voting laws.

The Supreme Court ruled that provisions in the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were outdated thus making it nearly impossible to enforce.

Riley v. California, 2014 Searching of a suspect’s cell phone.

The Supreme Court decided unanimously that police need a warrant to search a

suspect’s cellphone.

A Summary of the United States ConstitutionThe PreambleThe Preamble lists the reasons that the 13 original colonies separated from their mother country, and became an independent nation.

We the People of the United States,in Order to form a more perfect Union,

establish Justice, make good government & lawsinsure domestic Tranquility, peace in our homes

provide for the common defense, national securitypromote the general Welfare, healthy communities

and secure the Blessings of Liberty freedomto ourselves and our Posterity, family & friends

do ordain and establish give authoritythis Constitution the supreme law of the land

for the United States of America.

The Seven Articles of the US ConstitutionThe Constitution is our plan for government. The Articles of the Constitution talk about the duties of the three main parts of government: the Executive Branch, the Legislative Branch, and the Judicial Branch.The articles also talk about the separate powers of the Federal and State government, and how to change the Constitution.

Article 1: Legislative Branch: the U.S. Congress makes the laws for the United States. Congress has two parts, called "Houses," the House of Representatives and the Senate.

Article 2: Executive Branch: the President, Vice-President, Cabinet, and Departments under theCabinet Secretaries carry out the laws made by Congress.

Article 3: Judicial Branch: the Supreme Court decides court cases according to US Constitution. The courts under the Supreme Court decide criminal and civil court cases according to the correct federal, state, and local laws.

Article 4: States' powers: States have the power to make and carry out their own laws. State laws that are related to the people and problems of their area. States respect other states laws and work together with other states to fix regional problems.

Article 5: Amendments: The Constitution can be changed. New amendments can be added to the US Constitution with the approval by a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress (67, 281) and three-fourth vote by the states (38).

Article 6: Federal powers: The Constitution and federal laws are higher than state and local laws. All laws must agree with the US Constitution.

Article 7: Ratification: The Constitution was presented to George Washington and the men at theConstitutional Convention on September 17, 1787, Representatives from twelve out of the thirteen original states signed the Constitution. From September 1787 to July 1788, the states meet, talked about, and finally voted to approve the Constitution.

The Twenty-Seven Amendments to the United States Constitution

1st People have freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and the right to petition the Government. 1791.

2nd People have the right to have a weapon to protect themselves. 1791.

3rd Soldiers cannot take or live in a person's house. 1791.

4th The government cannot arrest a person or search their property unless there is "probable cause." 1791.

5th The government must follow the law (due process) before punishing a person. 1791.

6th A person has the right to a fair and speedy trial by a jury. 1791.

7th A person has the right to a jury trial for civil cases. 1791.

8th The government cannot demand excessive bail or fines, or any cruel and unusual punishment. 1791.

9th The Constitution does not include all of the rights of the people and the states. 1791.

10th Any powers that the Constitution does not give to the federal government belong to the states. 1791.

11th Citizens cannot sue states in federal courts. (There are some exceptions). 1795.

12th The President and Vice President are elected on a party ticket. 1804.

13th Slavery is illegal in the United States. 1865.

14th Every person born in the USA is a citizen. An immigrant can become a naturalized citizen. 1868

15th All US male citizens have the right to vote. 1870.

16th Congress can tax income. 1913.

17th he people can elect US Senators. 1913.

18th Alcohol is illegal. (Prohibition). 1919.

19th All US female citizens have the right to vote. 1920.

20th The President is inaugurated in January. Congress begins to meet in January. 1933.

21st Alcohol is legal. Each state can make laws about making, selling, and drinking alcohol. 1933.

22nd The President cannot serve for more than two terms. 1951.

23rd The US Citizens in the District of Columbia have the right to vote for President. 1961.

24th It is illegal to make a citizen pay a voting fee or take a reading test to vote. 1964.

25th If the president dies or cannot serve, the vice-president becomes president. If both die, the Speaker of the House becomes president. 1967.

26th US citizens who are 18 years old or older have the right to vote. 1971.

27th Congress must limit when and how much its members are paid. 1992.

United States HistoryRegents PreparationAnswer/Cue Review

The purpose of Answer/Cue Review is to prepare a student for the upcoming United States History and Government Regents. The idea is for the student to trigger their memory from seeing a word, term, or topic on a multiple-choice question. This plan is not fool proof, but will allow the student to gain confidence in answering a multiple-choice question. If a student can successfully answer 64% or 32 out of 50 questions correctly, then they have a good chance at passing the exam. If you can get any higher than 65%, the better your chance for mastery is going to be. Good Luck!

If this is what the question is about… ….. then these are the cues you are looking for.Question Topic Answer/Cue

Geography: Appalachian Mountains limits expansion (Proclamation of 1763) Mississippi River aides farmers, western boundary (1783),New Orleans promotes tradeGreat Plains later settlement (late 1800s)Rocky Mountains resources, obstacle for RR____________________________________________________________________________________________ Enlightenment thinkers, Locke, Montesquieu, VoltaireDeclaration of Independence limits on government, natural rights, protect

against abuses of federal gov’t, list grievances, consent of the governed

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Mayflower Compact, New England town meetings representative assemblies, self- gov’tVirginia House of Burgesses establish democracy, consent of governed____________________________________________________________________________________________

Thomas Paine/Common Sense swayed opinion on independence____________________________________________________________________________________________

British mercantilism limited colonial trade, triangular trade____________________________________________________________________________________________

Articles of Confederation Strengths: Treaty of Paris, does not allow tyranny, representative legislature, admission of new statesWeaknesses: no chief executive, cannot collect taxes, equal power among states in

legislature, lacks unity, greater power to the states

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Constitutional Convention - Great Compromise bicameral legislature, representationThree-Fifths Compromise slavery – 3/5 towards population____________________________________________________________________________________________

Bill of Rights protect individual liberties from federal government, guarantee rights to individual, Civil Rights (Voltaire)Example: no illegal search/seizure

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Federalism (Limit on Gov’t) divided power by level of gov’tFederal system

Elastic clause (Flexibility) “...necessary and proper…”clause, Power of Congress, Louisiana Purchase, National Bank, loose interpretation

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Checks and Balances (Limit on Gov’t) separation of powers, no branch tooSeparation of Powers strong, judicial review (constitutionality of

law), veto, override, OR any two branches given as examples

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Amending Process (Flexibility) change the Constitution: possibly Electoral College, flag burning, two term presidents, voting rights: Blacks, women, 18yr. Olds

____________________________________________________________________________________________Constitutional Structure and Function

President (Executive) two-term limit, Commander-in-Chief, veto power, Cabinet

Congress (Legislative) Elastic clauseHouse of Representatives- reapportionment (census), revenue bills

Senate - ratify treaties, approve appointments

Supreme Court (Judicial) Judicial review, judicial activism

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Unwritten Constitution Cabinet, Judicial Review, Political PartiesCommittee System, LobbyingPractices by custom/ tradition

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Washington’s Farewell Address no entangling military alliances, geography (Atlantic Ocean) supports precedent. (Commercial ties are okay)

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Political Parties formation Formed b/c interpretation of the Constitution (Loose vs. strict) - Cabinet

Hamilton’s financial plan - Supports manufacturing over agricultureCreates sound economic policyGradually pay off nation’s debt

____________________________________________________________________________________________Marshall Court strengthen the national government

Marbury v. Madison (1803) establish judicial review____________________________________________________________________________________________Thomas Jefferson and Louisiana Purchase modified belief in strict interpretation

Doubles size of United States____________________________________________________________________________________________

Monroe Doctrine prevent further European colonization of Western Hemisphere____________________________________________________________________________________________Manifest Destiny expansion westward, acquisition of land

Debate over expansion of slavery, MexicanCession, Oregon, Gadsden Purchase

____________________________________________________________________________________________Women’s Right to Vote (Suffrage) Seneca Falls Convention, Elizabeth Cady

Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony____________________________________________________________________________________________Civil War Sectionalism different economies, states’ rights Popular Sovereignty people decide slavery issue in territories Northern Advantages population, war supplies, industry, RRs Republican platform no extension of slavery Lincoln’s primary war aim preservation of the Union Emancipation Proclamation frees slaves in rebel territory onlyHomestead Act (1862) free land out west, farms on Great PlainsPacific Railroad Act (1862) encourage settlement, promote expansion

____________________________________________________________________________________________ReconstructionResults 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments, federal

supremacy over the states, Freedman’s Bureau, Black Codes (harsh treatment)Jim Crow Laws

Presidents’ Plan easily readmitting the south, 10% plan

Congressional Plan harsh treatment of conquered territory,

Radical Reconstruction, militaryoccupation, 14th Amendment, Freedman’s Bureau

New South more industrial economy in South Solid South consistently democratic South

Sharecropping economic dependence for former slaves,

cycle of debt, tenant farming____________________________________________________________________________________________The WestHomestead Act encourage settlement of west on farmsFarmers technological advances increase output

Indian Policy – Dawes Act reservations, assimilation onto farmsIndian Wars conflict over land – Great Plains

Populists regulation of railroads, leads to Progressives, aid the farmer, Granger cases____________________________________________________________________________________________The Lives of African Americans (former slaves) denied civil rights in South

W.E.B DuBois immediate equality for blacks

Booker T. Washington focus on achieving respect before rightsGradually achieving rights for blacks

Plessy v. Ferguson constitutional to have separate but equalJim Crow Laws okay, equal protection?

____________________________________________________________________________________________IndustrializationRise of Corporations investment capital, laissez-faire, cheap labor,

business leaders (robber barons)Supply and demand, RR expansion

____________________________________________________________________________________________ManagementTrusts and Monopolies elimination of competition, need for

government regulation, RRs

Social Darwinism survival of the fittest, hard work = success

Captains of Industry philanthropy, give back to the public____________________________________________________________________________________________LaborUnions/Organized Labor Gompers, Powderly, Debs, and Lewis

Knights of Labor, AF of L Negative Public perception is that they are violent,

Government actions support big business

Positive New Deal, Wagner Act, Collective bargaining____________________________________________________________________________________________ImmigrationModern Policy problems with illegal aliens

New Immigrants Southern and eastern Europeans, cheap labor, urban areas

Nativism Chinese Exclusion Act, National Origins Act, quotas, restrictions, KKK, Know Nothings, Red Scare

____________________________________________________________________________________________Populists/Grangers Third party success – platform became law

Supports western farmer, against high RR rates, William Jennings Bryan, Cross of Gold Speech - for free coinage of silver

____________________________________________________________________________________________Progressives middle class reform, bring P/E/S equality

Muckrakers (writers) Riis, Addams, Steffens, Sinclair, TarbellExposed inequalities, poverty, corruption,

Urban living and working conditionsAnti-Trust Laws restore competition, eliminate monopolies(Sherman and Clayton) government regulation of business

Democratic reform initiative, referendum, recall, secret ballot, (local, state and national level) direct election of Senators

Federal Reserve System control money supply in circulation and regulate interest rates

Teddy Roosevelt Trust buster - regulates business, good and

bad trusts, conservation

Imperialism Protect U.S. investments abroad andAcquire raw materials and markets

Big Stick Policy Roosevelt Corollary – U.S. can intervene in

Latin America

Panama Canal intervention in Latin America, canal to connect Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, strategic

and trade route

Open Door Policy increase trade in China (Asia)

Spanish American War Pulitzer and Hearst – yellow journalismRemember the Maine

____________________________________________________________________________________________World War IU.S. entry freedom of the seas, Woodrow Wilson

“make world safe for democracy”

Fourteen Points prevent future wars, promote peace, self-

determination, freedom of the seas, reduce arms. Washington Naval Conference and Kellogg-Briand Pact

League of Nations/ Treaty of Versailles international organization rejected bySenate using checks and balances, keep out of entangling alliances, isolation between wars

Schenck v. U.S. (1919) clear and present danger, rights are not

Absolute, Espionage Act and Sedition Act,“…cannot yell fire in crowded theater”

____________________________________________________________________________________________Roaring Twenties Old vs. New ways of thinking and acting

Republican Presidents free enterprise, tax cuts, and laissez-faire

Less government regulation of business,“Return to Normalcy” – Harding“The business of America is business” –

Calvin Coolidgetrickle down theory – Hoover

Nativism KKK, immigration restriction, quotas

Harlem Renaissance rebirth of black art, literature, and art (culture), African Americans move north,Langston Hughes

Scopes Trial science vs. religion, new vs. old,Modernist vs. fundamentalist

Flappers rejection of traditional values

Prohibition banning of alcohol, difficult to enforcelaws that deal with social attitudes. Also

Fugitive Slave Act____________________________________________________________________________________________Great Depression

Causes overproduction (manufacturing and farm)

Uneven distribution of wealth, little government regulation, excessive credit

buying

Life during … escapist movies, people helping people, Charity

Farmers start depression in 1920s due to Overproduction and drought,

Dust Bowl – cause - by drought and geographic conditions, result – migration

west by farmers

____________________________________________________________________________________________New Deal government intervention in the economy

Relief, Recovery, and ReformPolitical, Social, and Economic help

Bank Holiday restore confidence in financial institution

FDIC insure bank deposits (similar to SEC)

Court Packing FDR tries to appoint more SC justices topromote New Deal Programs, Congress rejects plan b/c it clashes w/ Checks and Balances

Opposition Conservatives think New Deal is too involved w/ economy and it endangers free

enterprise

FDR’s Third term (Presidential) due to World War II – crisisconflicts w/ unwritten tradition and leads to

22nd Amendment____________________________________________________________________________________________World War II neutrality between wars, leads to end of

Great Depression

Good Neighbor Policy less intervention in Latin America

Neutrality isolation between wars, Neutrality ActsNo response to aggressor nationsNot in League of Nations

Lend Lease Act more direct involvement in war, favors the

Allies, Cash and Carry and Destroyer for Bases Deal

Atlantic Charter post war aims to prevent war

Japanese Americans internment, limit civil liberties during war

Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) – clear andpresent danger vs. equal protection under law

Women Rosie the Riveter, fill defense jobs of African Americans soldiers at war

Atomic Bomb dropped to save American casualties (lives)

Cold War War of words, tension between the U.Sand U.S.S.R., nuclear arms race, space race, join international organizations

Truman Doctrine containment, stop spread of communism

to Greece and Turkey with ($)

Marshall Plan Economic recovery ($) for western Europe

Nuremberg War Crimes Trial individuals can be held responsible for wartime atrocities against civiliansKorean War United Nations action, Truman fires

General Macarthur as Commander-in-Chief for insubordination (civilian control of military)

NATO collective security, shift from isolation to Internationalism, in competition with Warsaw

Pact

Eisenhower Doctrine stop spread of communism in Mideast

Red Scare search for communists infiltrating AmericaHouse Un-American Committee, McCarthyism, Loyalty Oaths, Rosenbergs

____________________________________________________________________________________________1960s Decade of Change, Civil Rights, Reform

Domino Theory stop spread of communism in Southeast Asia or Vietnam

Vietnam War public opinion affects foreign policy, war viewed as unjust, leads to passage of War

Powers Act

New Frontier John Kennedy – promotes space program

Great Society Lyndon Johnson - war on poverty, government intervenes in economic and social lives of society, Medicare and Medicaid

Reforms of 1960s consumer protection, environment, civil rights, women’s movement

Warren Court (Rights of Accused) Miranda rights, Gideon v. Wainwright,

right to lawyerCivil Rights

Martin Luther King, Jr. civil disobedience, integration, passiveResistance, promote civil rights acts

Brown v. B.O.E. (1954) “separate but equal is unequal”Integration of public schools,equal protection of the law**Leads to Eisenhower enforcing law and protecting black students with federal troops

Affirmative Action help minorities have equal opportunity butleads to reverse discrimination

The 1970s Détente easing of Cold War tensions, SALT I

nuclear limits

War Powers Act (1973) limits power of the President

Watergate No person is above the law, leads todistrust in the government

Economy Oil crisis, high unemployment, inflation, Stagflation

____________________________________________________________________________________________1980sReaganomics supply-side economics similar to Hoover’s

trickle-down theory, tax breaks to wealthy causes recession, New Federalism gives social programs back to states, defense deficit spending

Bush Good foreign policy – Persian Gulf WarBad domestic policy – tax increases

____________________________________________________________________________________________1990sClinton deflects corruption to be a success,

NAFTA improves trade, sends troops overseas to secure peace

Social Issues Disabled Americans, social security, universal healthcare, campaign reform, term

limits,____________________________________________________________________________________________Present Day

W. 9/11, increase government powers, Patriot Act, Iraq, 2008 Financial Crisis, Bailout of Financial Industry

Obama Affordable Healthcare Act, Withdrawal of Troops from Iraq, Bailout of the Auto Industry, Civil Rights, Immigration Reform