RACISM

WHAT IS RACISM?

Racism consists of ideologies and practices that seek to justify, or cause, the unequal distribution of privileges, rights or goods among

different racial groups.

Racism is race-based prejudice, violence, dislike, discrimination, or oppression.

TYPES OF RACISMRacism can be: racial discrimination, institutional, economic, symbolic,

cultural, colour blindness and othering.

RACIAL DISCRIMINATIONRacial discrimination refers to the separation of people through a

process of social division into categories not necessarily related to races for purposes of differential treatment.

EXAMPLE

There is a widespread discrimination in the workplace all over the world against job applicants whose names are perceived as "sounding black". These applicants are 50% less likely than candidates perceived as having "white-sounding names" to receive callbacks for interviews.

INSTITUTIONAL RACISM

Institutional racism is racial discrimination by governments, corporations, religions, or educational institutions or other large

organizations with the power to influence the lives of many individuals.

ECONOMIC RACISMHistorical economic or social disparity is a form of discrimination

caused by past racism and historical reasons, affecting the present generation through deficits in the formal education and kinds of

preparation in previous generations.

SYMBOLIC RACISMIt is characterized by acting unprejudiced while inside maintaining prejudiced attitudes, displaying subtle prejudiced behaviors, and evaluating the same behavior differently based on the race of the

person being evaluated.

CULTURAL RACISM - XENOFOBIA

Cultural racism emerged since World War II. It can be characterised by the belief that one culture is inherently superior to another.

Christians have so many times ignored the teachings of Jesus and become racists instead. It happened during the crusades. It happened in Nazi Germany.

COLOUR BLINDNESS

Occurs in predominantly white populations, for

example, whiteness becomes the normative standard,

whereas people of colour are othered, and the racism these individuals experience may be

minimized or erased.

At an individual level, people with "colour blind prejudice" reject racist ideology, but also reject laws to fix institutional

racism.

OTHERING

Much of the process of

othering relies on imagined

difference, or the expectation of

difference. Spatial difference can be

enough to conclude that

"we" are "here" and the "others" are over "there".

PREJUDICE AGAINST MINORITY GROUPS

In Britain, tensions between minority groups can be just as strong as those between minorities and the majority population. In Birmingham, there have been long-term divisions between the Black and South Asian communities and in Dewsbury, a Yorkshire town with a relatively high Muslim population, there have been tensions and minor civil disturbances between Kurds and South Asians.

MUSLIMS VS JEWS

In France, home to Europe's largest population of Muslims (about 6 million) as well as the continent's largest community of Jews (about

600,000), anti-Jewish violence, property destruction, and racist language has been increasing over the last several years.

AFRICAN AMERICAN VS MEXICAN AMERICANS

There has been a long-running racial tension between African Americans and Mexican Americans. There have been several

significant riots in California prisons in which Mexican American inmates and African Americans have specifically targeted each other

based on racial reasons.

ANTI RACISM MOVEMENTSAnti-racism includes beliefs, actions, movements, and policies adopted

or developed to oppose racism. It promotes an egalitarian society in which people are not discriminated against in race. Movements such as the African-American Civil Rights Movement and the Anti-Apartheid

Movement were examples of anti-racist movements.

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

The Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goals were to end racial segregation and

discrimination against black Americans. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance.

MARTIN LUTHER KING JR

Many popular representations of the movement are centered on the leadership and philosophy of Martin Luther King, Jr., who won the

1964 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the movement.

KU KLUX KLANThe Ku Klux Klan (KKK), or simply "the Klan", is the name of three

distinct past and present movements in the United States, which have advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy,

white nationalism, and anti-immigration, historically expressed through terrorism.

ANTI APARTHEID MOVEMENT

The Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM), originally known as the Boycott Movement, was a British organisation that was at the centre of the

international movement opposing South Africa's system of apartheid and supporting South Africa's non-whites.

NELSON MANDELA

Nelson Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa

from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black chief executive, and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His

government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid through tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation.