histslides3
DESCRIPTION
Class presentation slides for the History of Science (third quarter) for Spring Semester 2009TRANSCRIPT
The Dark Ages
Charlemagne (742 - 814)
Leader of the Franks
Unifier
Conversion to Christianity
Monastery schools
Book of Kells
Human copymachines
Medieval Warm Period
Evidence
Vikings and Vinland
Population Boom
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
1086 1348
Population
Britain
Japan
Agricultural Revolution
Ox -> horse
2-field to 3-fieldcrop rotation
New tools
Need for more land
Deforestation
WatermillsAnd windmills
The Crusades
European expansionExcess young lords
The Crusades - Legacy
Stimulated interestin exotic goods/information
New military technology
Decline of feudalism
Birth of European Universities
Population boom-> urban migration
Growth of guilds
Classic revival (obtained from
Arab world)
Christian World View
Aristotelian Christianity
Albertus Magnus(~1200 -1280)
Science/religioncoexistence
Bishop of Regensburg
Aristotelian
Albertus Magnus
Futurist or Occultist?
Astrology
Alchemy
“Box of Secrets”
Roger Grosseteste(1168 - 1253)
Bishop of Lincoln
Translated Greek, Hebrew, Arabic---> Latin
Milky Way
Universe - point source
Roger Bacon(1214 - 1294)
Grosseteste student
Lens experiment:telescope?
Elixir = salvation?
Roger Bacon
Gunpowder
Ornithopter
Ships w/out rowersCarriages w/out horsesBridges w/out supports
Black Death
1346 - 1350
Seaports andtrade centers first
Yersinia Pestis
Legacy of the Black Death
Death art Cemeteries & Pest houses Quarantine Latin->vernacular Anti-Semitism Laborers, women Sheep
Renaissance in Italy
Why Italy?
Growth of Cities
Flourishing Commerce,Banking
Merchant Class
Home of Classics
Renaissance Architecture
Brunelleschi’s Duomo
Michelangelo’s Campidoglio
Gothic Architecture
Notre Dame (Paris)
Chartres Cathedral
Renaissance Architecture
Proportion
Realistic art
Harmony & Balance
Brunelleschi
Dome of Santa Mariadel Fiore
Renaissance Art
Divine ProportionLuca Pacioli
Da Vinci
Vitruvian Man
Realism in anatomy
Incorporation of Divine Proportion
Renaissance Art
Titian
Attention to detail
Realistic portrayal of anatomy
Renaissance Art
Use of perspective
Botticelli
Da Vinci
Da Vinci Technology
Reformation
South -> Northworldly secular
Individualism
Questioning established order
Calendar Reform
Julian calendar(Julius Caesar 46 BC)
Error in year length = 11 minutes
Calendar Reform
Pope Gregory XIII
Gregorian calendarskipped from Oct 4to Oct 15, 1582
Gregorian Calendar
Adoption1582: Catholic countries
1752: British isles
1917: Russia
1926: Turkey
Copernicus(1473 - 1543)
Catholic cleric
Studied math,canon law & mmedicine
Failure of Ptolemaic system
Moon’s size should vary
No symmetryor order
Copernican Model
Heliocentricvs.geocentric
De revolutionibusorbium caelestium
The Scientific Revolution
Increased Travel
Universities
Translations
Printing Press
Chaos in Christendom
Hermeticism
Hermes Trismegistus
Alchemy
Astrology
Tycho Brahe(1546 - 1601)
Discovered comet, Supernova
Tychonic Model
compromise
Johannes Kepler(1571 - 1630)
Brahe’s assistant
Cast horoscopes
Pythagorean?
Mysterium Cosmographicum(1596)
Planetary orbitsfit within Platonicsolids
Harmonices Mundi
Kepler attemptedto link planetary orbitswith musical progressions(Pythagorean?)
Kepler’s Laws
1) Planetary orbits are ellipses2) Equal areas in equal time3) (period)2 = (distance)3
Leonard & Thomas Digges
“PerspectiveGlasses”
“ .. discovered Things farre off”
Infinite Universe
PopularizedCopericanism
Giordano Bruno(1548 - 1600)
Copericanand Hermeticist
Inquisition
Hans Lippershey
Patent 1608
Galileo Galilei(1564 - 1642)
Improved upon Lippershey’s model
Looked to the skies
Sunspots
Surface of the Moon
Milky Way & Nebulae
Jupiter’s Moons
“Medicean planets”
Venus’ phases
Venus’ phases
Galileo and Physical Science
Pendulumequal L -> same period
Free Fall
t = 1 s
t = 2 s
t = 3 s
Projectiles
Why did cannonballs fall to the ground?
Galilean Inventions
Pendulum clock
Jovilabe
Galilean Inventions
Thermoscope
pulley
Dialogue Concerning Two World SystemsSagredo
Simplicio
Salviati
“Eppur si Muove”
Medieval Medicine
Bloodletting
Astrology
humors
Paracelsus(1493 - 1554)
>> Celsus
Theophrastus PhillipusAureolus BombastusVon Hohenheim
Nature = Vital force
Paracelsus
Grosse Wundartzung
Different disease = different medicine
Treat with analogues, not opposites
Vesalius(1514 - 1564)
Andre WeseleCrabbe
Anatomistrevised Galen
Fabric of the Human Body
Exhibitions
Anatomy of Dr. Tulp (Rembrandt)
Resurrection Men
Used Executed
criminals
OR
Graverobbing
Students of Vesalius
Gabriele Fallopi
Fabricius
Malpighi
Harvey & Blood Circulation
Heart as a pump
One waysystems
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Microscopy
Robert Hooke(1635 - 1703) Micrographia
(1665)
Compoundmicroscope
Micrographia
Hooke’s Fossils
Surveyor of London(Christopher Wren)
“I think it will be evident that it could not come from the Flood of Noah since the duration that which was but about two hundred natural days, or half an year, could not afford time enough for the production and perfection of so many and so great and full grown Shells . . . besides the quantity and thickness of the Beds of Sand with which they are many times found mixed, do argue that there must needs be a much longer time of the Seas residence above the same . . .”
Hooke’s Law
F = -kx
= naturalfrequency
Balance springclock
Robert Boyle(1627 - 1691)
Nobleman
1st chemist?
Boyle’s Law 1
Volume ≈ pressure
Nature of Air
Air pump (1660)
Sceptical Chymist
Attempt to apply scientific method to alchemy
Francis Bacon(1561 - 1626)
“Novum Organon”
New AtlantisInductive vs. Deductive
René Descartes(1596- 1650)
Cartesian coordinates
“Cogito ergo sum”
Celestial vortices
Vortex -> Gravity
3 types of elements:luminoustransparentopaque
Descartes & Leibniz
Descartes Leibniz
“extended bodies” “single substances”
constantly changing
“All the parts of every living body are full of other living beings”
Isaac Newton(1642 - 1727)
“If I have seen further it is only by standing on the shoulders of Giants”
-letter to Robert Hooke (1676)
The Wonder Year (1666)
Plague outbreak (1665)
Cambridge University closed
Light Spectrum
Sunlight -> rainbow spectrum
Use of prism to“split” light
Reflecting Telescope (1668 -71)
Alternative Designs
Gregory
Cassegrain
Comet of 1680
Nov 1680 toward the sun
By December, away
One comet or two?
Flamsteed and Halley Court astronomer
at Royal Observatory
Halley cataloguedof Southern skies
Inverse Square Laws
Christiaan Huygens (Wren, Hooke)
1
Force = (distance)2
Newton’s Laws of Motion
1) Inertia & Force
2) Force = Mass x Acceleration
3) Equal & Opposite Actions
Differential Calculus
F = m x a
d(velocity)F = dt
“Fluxions”
Leibniz
“Infinitesimals” 1684
calculator
Newton’s Cannon
Gravity
Mutually attractive
G -- universalgravitational constant
Inverse square
Tides
Tidal Variations
Halley’s Comet
Recognized recurring cometaryvisits
44 BC, 531, 1106 1531, 1682
Predicted return 1758/9
Newton’s Chymistry
Mysterioussymbols
Biblical Numerology
Calculated the date of theApocalypse
Clockmaker God
Deism
Calendar reform
Need for timekeeping
Giovanni Cassini(1625 - 1712)
Discovered Saturn’smoons and ringdivision
Timekeeping withjovilabe
Ole Rømer (1644 - 1710)
Measured speed of light (225,000 km/s)by observingeclipse of Jupiter’s moon
Advances in Cartography
Mercatorprojection(1587)
Mercator Projection
Artificially enlargesland massesnearer to the poles
Greenland vs Africa
Antarctica?
The Problem of Longitude
Latitude: based onidentifiable startingpoints:
EquatorNorth & South Pole
John Harrison
1714£20,000 prize for:
"for such person or persons as shall discover the Longitude.”
Newton: “superiorclock”
Harrison’s timepiece
“H1”
By 1762, accurate to 5 seconds (H4)
Carl Linnaeus(1707 - 1778)
Swedish botanist
Extensive field work
Linnaeus’ catalogue
Hierarchical system
Where do Humans Belong?
Mythical animals
James Ussher(1581 - 1656)
Creation: 4004 BC
Anders Celsius (1701 -1744)
Centigrade“SwedishThermometer”
Sea level
Georges Cuvier(1769 – 1832)
Classified fossils:meat eater vs.plant eater
Pterodactyl
Each rock layer: fossil era
Stratigraphy
100,000 vs. 4000 years
Catastrophism
“All of these facts, consistent among themselves, and not opposed by any report, seem to me to prove the existence of a world previous to ours, destroyed by some kind of catastrophe.” -- Cuvier
Jean-Baptiste LaMarck(1744 – 1829)
Biologisthe further redefinedanimal classes
Environment produces change in animals
Life structured in an orderly manner“pouvoir de la vie”
No extinction: change in form
Uniformitarianism
Gradual change
no abrupt crises
Example:Grand Canyon
James Hutton(1726 – 1797)
“Theory of the Earth with Proofs” -- 1795
Fossils on mountaintops?
Oyster Club
Joseph Black
David Hume
Adam Smith
How Long does this Take?
Age of the Earth?
1000’s?
100000’s?
Millions?
Jean Fourier (1768 – 1830)
Fourier transform
Napoleon advisor
Studied heat flow
Cooling of the Earth
100 million years?
Comte de Buffon(Georges Louis LeClerc (1707 – 1788)
Histoire Naturelle
Comet impactedsun Earth
50,000 years of cooling
Legacies of the Scientific Revolution
(re)birth of science
Career scientists
Societies andpublications
Political Revolutions
American
French
Societal Changes
Rural -> Urban
Labor savingdevices
Factories:mechanizationof textiles
Island of Coal
Newton as inspiration
Coal plentiful
Dangers of Coal Mining
Cave – in
Floods
Air quality
Health effects
Thomas Newcomen(1664 – 1729)
Piston – drivenengine
Steam produced byBurning cheap coal
Wasted heat, fuel
James Watt(1736 – 1819)
New design 1769
3x efficiency
Separate steamcondenser
Steam technology
Transportationlocomotivessteamships
Trade
Experimental Science
Systematic
New instrumentand their applications
Scientific Method