hkdse geography m4

7/23/2019 HKDSE geography M4

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hkdse-geography-m4 1/7

By Jonathan Ng

M4- Sustainable City

Ch.1 What is a city and why does it grow?

1.1What are rural areas and urban areas?

Urban areas are built up areas where population density andhousing density are high. Most people wor in se!ondary andtertiary industries.

"ural areas are areas in the !ountryside #ainly !o$ered with%ar#land& s!rublands and woodlands. Both population and housingdensities are low. 'eople #ainly engaged in pri#ary industries.

No sharp boundaries& (one with gradual !hanges !alled urban-rural!ontinuu#

)i*erent in +eight o% building& a!!essibility& nu#ber o% publi!a#enities& land $alue and land uses.

1., What are the settle#ents in rural areas and urban areas?"ural areassolated houses+a#lets/illagesUrban areas 0ownCitiesMetropolisConurbationMegalopolis

'attern o% de$elop#ent )ispersed& linear or nu!leated pattern

1.2 Urban growth and Urbani(ation

Urban growth - in!rease in the nu#ber o% people3e$el o% urbani(ation -per!entage o% urban population o$er totalpopulationUrbani(ation per!entage in!rease o% urban population5rowth rate o% urbani(ation

1.4 6a!tors a*e!ting urban growth and urbani(ation in +7

1.Rate of natural increase2.Rural urban migration3.Migrants from Mainland China4.Changing employment opportunities.!conomic and transport de"elopment#.Reclassi$cation of areas pre"iously de$ned as rural

1."ate o% natural in!rease- )i*eren!e between birth rate and death rate

- 'ost war baby boo#& la! o% %a#ily planning 8+7 has high rate o% natural in!rease in the19:;s-19<;s 8 signi=!ant %a!tor



By Jonathan Ng

- #ple#entation o% birth !ontrol progra#s and %a#ily planning 8 nolonger i#portant %a!tor

,."ural urban #igration-Mo$e#ent o% people %ro# rural to urban

->pen door poli!y& China@ Jobless %ar#er in rural areas A Coastal!ity =nd ob@Current situation in )"-+7 rural-urban #igration in the <;s ne$er a #aor %a!tor@

2.Migrants %ro# Mainland China #aor %a!tor@- :;s and <;s& Co##unist taeo$er& re%ugees %ro# !hina to +7@-199D hando$er& new #igration syste# daily Euota o% 1:; #ainlandresidents@-,;;2 Fuality Migrant Gd#ission S!he#e

4.Changing e#ploy#ent opportunities-6ar#ing #e!hani(ation& industriali(ation-Maor %a!tor in )"

:.H!ono#i! and transport de$elop#ent-Urban has abundant e!ono#i! a!ti$ities and ob opportunities-0ransport de$elop#ent %a!ilitate #igration #o$e easily@

<."e!lassi=!ation o% areas pre$iously de=ned as rural- Shen(hen go$ern#ent re!lassi=ed Baoan and 3onggang as urban

Ch.2 Change of urban %reas and internal structures of &'

2.1 Change in urban areas(1.)ertical e*pansion +upward,2.-rban rede"elopment3.&oriontal e*pansion +outward,

2.2 Changes in internal structure and land use pattern

1.)ertical e*pansion

-"e%ers to the !onstru!tion o% high rises-ntensi%y the use o% urban areas-Co##on in +7 spa!e li#ited@ CM)- da#age o% ridgeline& $isualpollution@

2.-rban rede"elopment->ne o% the strategies o% urban renewal-'ull down short and obsolete buildings& rebuilt tall and #odernbuilding-MaIi#i(e the e!ien!y o% land use

-Urban "enewal Guthority +7@



By Jonathan Ng

HIa#ple 3angha# 'la(a in M7& 7wun 0ong 0own Centre& 0he !entreat FueenKs "oad Central

3.&oriontal e*pansion +outward,->utward eIpansion o% urban areas to their surroundings

-0wo ways re!la#ationLnew town de$elop#ent@-1D to ,;;9& D;#, urban land obtained through re!la#ation+7G& West 7owloon& Central Wan Chai By-pass-New town de$elop#ent- Nine new towns& 2 generations Map@D;s;s 0uen Mun & 0suen Wan& Shan 0in;s9;s 0ai 'o& 6anling-sheung shui & Ouen 3ong9;s;;s 0in Shui Wai& 0ung Chung& 0seung 7wan >

2.2 Changes in internal structure and land use pattern1.Reduction in rural land use2./rowth and e*pansion of C03.Reduction and dispersion of industrial land use4.ncrease in residential land use.ncrease in transportation land use#.ncrease in recreational land use

1.Reduction in rural land use"ural land use su!h as woodland& %ar#land& =sh pond dropped a%ternew town de$elop#ent in 19D2

Urban land use& publi!& pri$ate housing estates& !o##er!ial!o#pleIes rise

2./rowth and e*pansion of C0 g. 1#CB) in Central eIpand northward into /i!toria +arbourCB), 7owloon Bay@

3.Reduction and dispersion of industrial land use-"elo!ation o% +7 nd. to south !hinaMany %a!tories in 7wun 0ong and 7owloon Bay rebuilt into large!o##er!ial !o#pleIes

3arge nd. Hstates established in Ouen 3ong& 0ai 'o and 0seung 7wan>

4.ncrease in residential land use-G!!o##odate growing urban populationWest 7owloonre!la#ation@& 0in Shui WaiN0 de$elop#ent@ used %orresidential land use

.ncrease in transportation land use-Build roads& highways and railways

-Morth 3antau sland used to build airport eIpress and North 3antau+ighway to !onne!t to the airport



By Jonathan Ng

#.ncrease in recreational land use-Urban pars& swi##ing pools& open spa!e-+7 5lobal 5eo-par o% China& Ngong ping 2<;& +7 wetland par

Ch.3 -rban processes

Urbanization

Sub-urbanization

Counter-urbanization

Reurbanization

Urbanization

-Increase in the percentage of total population living in urban areas over a period of

time

MDC LDC

Start of urbanization Early, mid !th century Late, Since !"#

$rbanization rate Slo% and gradual &ast and rapid

Level of urbanization 'igher (#) Lo%er "#)

&uture Drop* rise slightly +ise rapidly

Causes of urbanization Industrial +evolutionMore employment

opportunities in urban

+ural push factor ob opp.&amine, civil %ar/

'igh rate of natural

increase in urban

!0! communist ta1e over China/

+7& high rate o% natural in!rease& nPuI o% #igrants %ro# MainlandChina& urbani(ation o!!urred between 19:; and 19D;

ub5urbaniation

->utward #o$e#ent o% urban population to suburbs. Suburbs =nallyattain urban !hara!teristi!s and be!o#e urbani(ed-Short distan!e between suburbs and Mainland China& people li$e insuburbs wor in inner !ity and !o##ute daily-Suburbani(ation- in!rease in urban population in slow rate->!!urred in the =rst hal% o% ,;th !entury in M)C lie Hurope and USG ->!!urred in +7 sin!e 19D2 with N0 de$elop#ent and transportnetworNew 0erritoriesK le$el o% urbani(ation and total population in!rease.

2:Q to :2Q %ro#

19< to ,;;<@



By Jonathan Ng

Counter-urbanization (Deurbanization)

- 2ercentage of urban population drop but that of rural population rise

- &urther urban decay and improvement in transport net%or1, people live in remote

rural areas. Distance too far a%ay for daily commuting, migrants change lifestyle and

mode of employment self-employed or %or1 at home/-MDC occurred in the (#s and 3#s

-'4 does not occur counter-urbanization. '4 too small, still have to commute/

-rban processes +*, related to suburbaniation andcounterurbaniation1.)icious cycle of urban decay2.6iltering and succession

3.-rban encroachment4.-rban sprawl.Rural decay

1.)icious cycle of urban decay-)e!line o% li$ing and e!ono#i! en$iron#ent in inner !ity'ush %a!tors une#ploy#ent& high !ri#e rate& po$erty& obsoletebuildings'ull 6a!tor low land pri!e& spa!ious en$iron#ent and Euality air

2.6iltering and succession6iltering better o* people #o$e to suburb and their degradedhouses in inner !ity o!!upied by the poorSu!!ession pro!ess in whi!h a parti!ular so!ioe!ono#i! !lass isentirely repla!ed by another.

3.-rban encroachment 4.-rban sprawlUrban eIpansion into rural areas Unplanned and spontaneous

eIpansion o% urban eIpansionthat leads to en$iron#ental

degradationNeutral ter# Negati$e ter#New town de$elop#ent insuburbs

1.illegal !on$ersion o% rural landuse su!h as !ontainer storageareas& !ar-repairing worshopsand garbage du#ping grounds,.5reat land use !onPi!ts2.loss o% green areas

.Rural decay

"ural-urban #igration leads to de!rease in population and publi!a#enities in rural areas



By Jonathan Ng

Reurbaniation-6inal stage in whi!h people li$e in rural areas #o$e ba! to !ity!entre.-Urban population retains a growing trend again

M)C o!!ur in 199;s

5entri=!ation wealthier people #o$e and li$e in rede$eloped areasin inner !ity %or#erly owned by the poor. Su!!ession@

+7 has gentri=!ation but not reurbani(ationUrbani(ation "eurbani(ation6irst stage 6ourth StageNatural in!rease and rural urban#igration

"ural-urban #igration only

'oor people want to es!ape

harsh li%e

Wealthy people who !an a*ord

rent3)C today M)C todayCh.4 What problems can we $nd in a growing city4.1 &ousing problem 7uantity problem 7uality problem4.2 8ransport problem nner city problem Commuting problem Cross5border problem

4.3 !n"ironmental problem %ir pollution &eat sland e9ect Water pollution :oise and light pollution

olid waste &ealth

/reat stress on en"ironment

4.1 &ousing problem1.7uantity problem-)RS& housing shortage-Shortage and eIpensi$e rent& people li$e in roo% top sEuatters&!ubi!le apart#ents& !age-lie apart#ent& subdi$ided units2.7uality problema, nner problems5nternal amenities poor5llumination; sanitation; "entilation; electricityinstallation+$re haard, poorb@ HIternal proble#



By Jonathan Ng

)ensity o% population and housing is high3a!s open spa!e and a#enities urban par& !o##unity hall@/arious land use in s#all !o#pa!t area lead to land use !onPi!ts

4.2 8ransport problem8ra

hkdse geography m4

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