hoa4 reviewer (finals)

8/11/2019 HOA4 Reviewer (Finals)

1/10

HOA4 Midterms ReviewerMilestones in Philippine ArchitectureBefore we begin to study the architecture of the Philippines, you must rst understand the people andthe culture from which it arose, and also their historical background.

The rst inhabitants of the Philippine Islands arrived between 3 and ! B.". They were of

#alay$Polynesian descent called %ustronesians.

The people lived in groups of 3$& families in societies known as barangay. 'eaded by (atu

or )aha*'ari or +akan

They were mainly an agricultural and shing people, others were nomadic. Trade with

mainland %sia, especially "hina, was established by these people

In the &th century, Islam was introduced in -ulu and the &th ". in #indanao

In &!&, #agellan stumbled upon the islands in his attempt to circumnavigate the world. This

was the introduction of the Philippines to the western world. /hat followed was 3 years ofrule by the -panish and the acceptance of )oman$"atholicism, which led to the building ofmany great Baro0ue churches.

In &121, sovereignty was given to the Philippines and rule by the nited -tates began. The

Philippines gained independence in &24.

Philippine Architecture: Pre-Spanish Era5ur ancestors were called %ustronesians $ meaning people of the southern Islands . They were therst seafarers in the world.

"aves and rock shelters like the Tabon "ave in Palawan served as shelter for early 6ilipinos.+ater on the invention of various tools allowed for the fabrication of tent$like shelters and treehouses.

7arly pre$'ispanic house were characteri8ed by rectangular structures elevated on stilt

foundations and covered by voluminous thatched roofs ornamented with gable nials and itsstructure can be lifted as a whole and carried to a new site.79amples:

Ifugao 'ouseBahay ;ubo #aranao


2/10

The last 0uarter of the &2th ". witnessed the rise of accesoria apartment dwellingsC, single or

two stories high and having multiple units called viviendas. -chool buildings surfaced: the colegio or universidad urban areasC and the escuel primaria

pueblosC, a cluster of multi$story buildings in rectangular conguration with acentralcourtyard.

The leading edge technology available at that time was employed to build ports, roads,

bridges, lighthouses, railways, and streetcar systems.

Philippine Architecture: American and #apanese Era In &2!, %mericans introduced the use of the toilet via pail conservancy system or cubeta in

#anila. In &21 the concept of a well$planned neighborhood called -anitary Barrio was introduced and

led to tsalet, a crossbreed of the tropical features of vernacular buildings with hygienicstructural principles and modern materials.

In &2&!, the Bureau of 'ealth endorsed several variations of tsalet

%merican architects 7dgar ;. Bourne and /illiam 7. Parsons steered Philippine architecture to

the proto$modernist route. Their works were characteri8ed by unembellished facades withlarge windows.(aniel '. Burnham, the father of the "ity Beautiful movement, wascommissioned to design master plans for #anila and Baguio. Burnham endorsed theappointment of Beau9 %rts$trained /illiam Parsons as "onsulting %rchitect &2$&2&C whosecontribution tolocal architecture includesD

The ;ahn system of concrete reinforcement and concrete hollow blocks.

The use of termite$resistive Philippine hardwood.

The concept of mass fabrication of standard building types

In &2 the construction of the %sylum for the insane in -an +a8aro instigated the use of

concrete as the standard construction material for all government structures. Buildings that dened the pre$war skyline of #anila include the 7l 'ogar 6ilipino Building.

'ongkong -hanghai Bank Building, 6ilipinas Insurance "ompany Building, 6rench )enaissance+uneta 'otel and the #ariano y "haco Building

Birth of the E&st FenerationG 6ilipino architects who were sponsored by colonial oHcials to

study architecture and 7ngineering in the -. Together with the maestros de obras like %rcadio%rellano and Tomas %rguelles, they combined Beau9 %rts elements $ aesthetic proportions,optical corrections$ with the in@uence of modernism and the concepts of utility and honesty ofarchitecture.

The E!nd generationG architects, namely %ndres de +una de -an Pedro, 6ernando 5campo,

Pablo %ntonio, and ?uan akpil, emerged in the late &2!


3/10

"esar "oncioupangco

%dvances in "%( and "% manufacturing technologies

Implementation of :green architectureG to reverse the negative impact of buildings on human

health and on the environment by enhancing eHciency and moderating the use of materials,energy and space.

Prehistor& and "ndienous ' Pre-Spanish Philippine Architecture

I. IntroductionPhilippine architecture is very comple9, since only few records have been

saved, we are still not sure of our own architecture. In our contemporary era, manybuildings are of the -paniards and above inspiration. #ultiple countries coloni8ed us,as this aOects our architecture. +et us lapse to the period before the -panish came./hat are the edices seeable nlike other countries with records, we may have a badtime discovering.

ipa huts will surely come to our mind, also the banaue rice terraces, whatelse

6ilipino %rchitecture is not indienous. It is an admi9ture of the #uslim,#alayan, chinese and -panish in@uences. the indigenous tribes of the Philippineswhich were 0uite a diverse group and of nomadic nature had little art of building tospeak of. Their architectural art was revealed in their houses of nipa, cogon andbamboo. %lthough these simple buildings were not as enduring as the colossalpyramids of 7gypt nor as magnicent as the grand temple of Freece, yet they weresuitable to the tropical conditions of the islands.

II. "limateThe climate in the Philippines is a tropical monsoon climate. The annual

lowland temperature is () derees * +, derees !./It is marked by wet and dr&seasons.

a. #onsoons ortheast N %mihan

-outheast N 'abagat

III. Feography %n archipelago of AQ islands with more than half of the land mountainous and hilly.

+and area: !22,41& s0uare kilometers.R

"oastline: &A, kilometers.

+ocation: degrees from the e0uator.

;nown as EPearl of the 5rient -easG


4/10

IL. Feologya. (omestic -tructures N characteri8ed by lightness and airinessb. #aterials used in the 6ilipino house are found near the site. (epending on the ecology

of the area, the materials may diOer around the Philippines. %bout S covered withforest

The ma=or Indigenous building materials used in pre$-panish architecture are still abundant:bamboo kawayanC, rattan yantokC, various native woods, native palms like palma brava anahawC,and nipa palms, cane, and cogon.a long grass for thatchingC

-tone and clay are sometimes used as well as bricks, limestone, marble, adobe, granite, coralstone, asbestos, lime, gravel, sand

#any kinds of trees used for building constructionc. /ood variety: 3,1 speciesd. arra, Ipil, molave, yacal, gui=o, apitong, tanguile, red and white lauan, almon,

palosapis, Benguet pine, tindalo, kamagong, among others.e. #inerals $ Fold, silver, iron, tin, nickel, copper, 8inc, lead, manganese, chromite,

aluminum, platinum, uranium

L. )eligious/orship includes the veneration of spirit: Anitosand Manales, good and bad, respectively.

Bathala$ creator of 'eaven, 7arth and men ;abunyan for the Ifugaos and +aon or %lba

for the people in LisayasC %nimism

Food spirits: %nitosD bad spirits: #angales

-acricing took place in own homeCPost$-panish 7ra

23S "hristian mostly "atholicismC

In@u9 of -panish missionaries.

"hurches

In &31, the Propaation o0 "slam began in the -ulu Islands and #indanao,where Islam remains the ma=or religion. The #uslim in@uence had spread as far northas +u8on when 6erdinand #agellan arrived in &!& to claim the archipelago for -pain.

These religions aOected the architecture of the 6ilipinos, with superstitious1elie0s, people will do their best to protect their family. #oreover, their constructionconsists of religious procedure: Site Selection2 Time 0or 1uildin a house2 rituals1e0ore construction2 etc/-ite -election procedure

%n eis buried for 3 days,. 5n the fourth day it is unearthed, if the egg

shakes, the construction is postponed. !oconutis buried and left overnight, if it shakes during observation, it

means there are evil spirits. #any #ore

)ituals before starting "onstruction 3uidnonsN site shall not have particular trees. Babaylan * healer*pries or a

bukidnon may perform the initial step of selecting site.

Mano1osN In selecting the site of a house, certain omens, dreams and

oracles are considered. TausuN 'ouse site must be as strong as the strength of the human body.

5nly in specic months of the tausug calendar mast a house to be built. 5aanN /hen diiging for the post holes are done, they observes if there are

white ants or worm, if white ants N lucky, worms N corpse 3atranue6osN rituals are practiced

"loanosN the father, at the fading daylight, prays in the site.

Hilia&nomsN "onsults an almanac which contains dates, months, lunar

cycles, high and low tides and other eventsLI. -ocio$"ultural* 'istorical

7arliest settlers lived in the Ta1on !ave, wherein it is a very large cave capable ofsheltering a lot of family.

7arly inhabitants are believed to have reached the area over land bridges connectingthe islands to #alaysia and "hina.

Before the coming of the -paniards, the primitive non$"hristian 6ilipinos lived in smallcommunities called 1arana&ruled by a datu. They were ruled by locallaws. the oldest source of law, it was believed, was the goddess Lu1lu1an.The laws were announced by village informer who went around the village at night to


5/10

make announcements. The laws carried many sub=ects such as marriage, inheritance,loans, contracts, and descents. The "ode of 7alantiawand the "ode ofMarataswere the oldest laws. They believed in auuries andsuperstitions.

-ocial "lassesa. %o1lesN #aharlikasb. *reemenN Timawasc. Slaves$ %lipin

LII. 5ther Planning (etailsLillages established their house near bodies of water or slashed and burned

agriculture.&. The diet of early 6ilipinos are foods from the sea, animals like chicken,

pig, carabaos are for ritual or events.!. 6ishing implements provided more yield than those used for hunting3. /ater are means of good travel. Bodies of water were the ma=or source for bathing, washing and

drinkingPlans

. Plans were either s0uare, rectangular or octagonal, most are elevated.%voiding @oods and heat from ground.

4. )oofs are hipped, gabled or pyramidal in form with wooden or bambooframing

A. -tairs may be a single log.

1. Toilets are separate structures build some few meters away from thehouse

LIII. Buildings* structures*dwellingsTabon "ave)ice Terraces7thnic 'ouse*dwellings

"ave N Tabon "ave in Palawan,

+ean$To

&. /ind$shield or one$sided lean$to with or without @ooring!. -ingle$pitched roof supported by tree trunks

Tree 'ouse

&. Bamboo and rattan are most commonly used. To withstand strong windand storm, the whole house is anchored to nearby trees by means ofrattan

1/ 3aha& 7u1o2 %ipa Hut2 %ipa HouseThe structure was usually four$walled with tukod windows which had swinging shades,which could be propped open during the day.

There was usually one simple multi$use space on the interior. This open

interior again provided ventilation, but also gave the simple dwelling aspacious feel. This space could be used for cooking, eating, and sleeping.

-ometimes the cooking was done over an open re built on the heap of

earth in one corner or partitioned oO in a space in front of the ladder. -ometimes, there was an open front porch, pantaw or batalan, where =ars of

water would be kept to wash dishes. This gallery also served as an anteroomor lounging area. The structure could easily be added to, should the needarise.

-teeply sloping pitch protects it from the wind and rain in typhoon season and also providedwide overhang eaves to shade from the hot sun.

7levated 3 to meters oO the ground, supported by or more wood or bamboo posts. -pace underneath the house, called the silong, can also serve as a workspace, a storage

space, granary, pen for livestock and also aids in air circulation beneath the house. In addition,the raised structure sits out of the @oods, and also keeps small rodents and other creaturesfrom entering the main structure.

% ladder, hagdan, is used to enter the main structure. It could be drawn up at night or whenthe owners went out.

&. +ocation: +ow lands all over the Philippines!. Parts: Plan

Bulwagan: area for guest, receiving area

-ilid: private room, bedroom, room used for sleeping


6/10

Paglulutuan or gilir: kitchen area

(apogan N table on top of the river stone kalanC

Bangahan N bangguera*banggerahan place for drying pots

Batalan N unroofed area where water =ars are kept.

-ilong: space found underneath the house used as storage space.

6loor: Bamboo

-tructural 7lements: 6our main posts are erected main supportC

/alls: made of nipa leaves or @attened bamboo ! @oor beams: The >awi patukuran

Protective 7lements: "over w* steep gabled roof.

"irculatory 7lements: Bamboo ladder, resting on wooden threshold is provide for the entry to the

house from the ground.#aterials: Kawayang tinik N cut only from (ec &4$?an 4, to eliminate all insects soak in

river or lake or bury in sand for si9 months before using. Nipa N the best ones come from Paombong, Bulacan. 5ther roong materials:

cogon, rice stalks, sugarcane leaves, split bamboo, anahaw /alls: sawali, split bamboo, coconut leaves, abaca leaves, anahaw.

Rattanfor lashing.

8pland and lowland houses 'ouses in the "ordillera tend to be enclosed at times with solid planks of

wood and have fewer or no windows because of the chilly air.

+owland structures tend to have a more open, airy interior.8pland Ethnic Houses o0 the !ordilleras+ocation: #ountains of the "ordilleras"0uao House +3aleh or *aleh. -ingle room house w* an area of .oo 9 4.oo m

6or cooking ang sleeping

6loor: &. N !m above ground made of wooden planks.

(ecorative elements: "arabao -kulls, pig =aws indicate status

ambubulan gure as protection from evil spirits. -tructural 7lements: 'ouse posts made from trunks of the amuguawantree buried into a hole dug

about half a meter into the ground. 6loor girders carved w* mortises on both ends to t into the pointed upper

end of the posts act as the tenons support 3 solid @oor =oists upon which thewood @ooring attached by means of wooden pegs.

(oors and windows in the cabin allow light and air inside.

"sne House or 3inuronBinuron, the Isneg house is built slightly oO the ground and is also a one$roomdwelliing like the fale but has more light and is bigger.

3ontoc HouseThe Bontoc house sits on the ground, has a hip$thatched roof and a second @oor

granary within the house. The rice granary rightC is a common sight in the"ordilleras."arabao horns and pig skulls and =aws are signs indicating the owner


7/10

Boathouse

(uenging

(ecorative elements:

#irror N indication of the U of children the family has, moreover, used fordriving away bad spirit

5kir N dominates the sidesThe Toroan or Maranaw House

The ancestral home of the #aranao sultan or datu has a soaring, salakot$

shaped roof, ornate beams and massive posts, all proclaiming e9altedstatus. Power posts N the massive posts made from tree trunks portend power.

The round stones on which they rest are believed to protect the housefrom earth0uakes.

Panolong N the panolong @aring out from the beams is the most arresting

feature of the torogan. Its okir carving usually features the naga orserpent as well as @oral and star$and$bud motifs.

THE SPA%"SH !OLO%"AL :E!!LES"AST"!AL AR!H"TE!T8RE ;a Ma&or ' was the town center "hurch

"asa )eal

-chools

Tribunal

'ouses of prominent individuals

The !hurch 3uildin +ocation: center of the town, choice part of the pla8a, acted as refuge during emergencies or

calamities "onvento and bell tower

Plan: rectangular or cruciform

/alls: high, thick, supported by buttresses

/indows: small

Bell towers: watchtowers

Materials %dobe volcanic tuOC

-tone

"oral stone

Brick

"ombination stone and brick


8/10

#ortar: lime, crushed coral, crushed shells, molasses, sugar cane =uice, goated ironwith utters all around

$indows tall and wide +m C ;m.9alousies or capi> shellshad ventanillas w 1lan 1oards as cover

*loors wooden on the second 6oorslats on the itchen or dinin roomsGaleria, corredor orgaleria voladaAzotea tiled terrace 0or wor and relaCation

where the water 0rom the rains was ept/


9/10

BRO8%D *LOOR AB8A% -

!8ADRA

3ODEBA

E%TRES8ELO

AL#"3E

SE!O%D *LOOR !A"DA

SALA !OMEDOR

!O!"%%A

D"SPE%SA

!OM8% F LATR"%A

!8ARTO

AOTEA


10/10

hoa4 reviewer (finals)

Documents