Hogch dinh chirih sdch

cho dien hat nHan:

m

Tong quan cac van de

va yeu cau chu yeu

IAEA

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V/v-; < ., . J

CO QUAN NANG LUO'NG NGUYfiN TLT QUOC Tfi

HOACH DINH CHfNH SACH CHO DIJEN HAT NHAN:

TONG QUAN CAC VAN DE VA YEU CAU CHU YEU

(Wk ,AI;A

V T y ' ./? Vienna

L O I T U A Ciia Tong Gid m doc IAEA

Tai l ieu cluiyC'ii de JJoac/i dinh chinh sik'h c/io Divn hnt nlifm: Tong

qnnn ate vim dc va yen am chd yen, duoc so an thao nlifuii dap l ing nlni

can c.ip tl i ict cii;i nhiCu quoc gia tliatih viC'ii cua Co (|u;m Nany. hrong

N g u y e n d'r Qiu>c i<5 ( I A H A ) c;in c«') niC'l van l i fm lr<r g i i t p c l i o cfie q i i i i n

cluie quyet cliuli i ihung cl imb sach liC-n quan IICMI vice dua diC'ii lu.it nhfin

van cue nude dang ph;i« tr iei i .

Tai l ieu nay clu'ra dung n l i t ing thong tin ve cac van tie va yen can

gan lien vu i vice xay dung va t ime liiC'n mot chirong tr inh diC'n hat nhfu1

an toan, k inh te va tin cay xeT tiC-u cac khia canh chinl) t r i , nha nude,

k in l i te, (iii chink va ky l lmat. Ti i i l ieu ncu ro nh i ing l ink vi.rc clui yen

can xay dung cac chi t i l l sach va dua ra iihfrng quyet d jnh, cf ing nhir lieu

i n vai l i d \ a trach i ihicni cua chink p l iu , cua cln'i nha may va cun nen

cdng nghiep quoc gia.

Tai licMi nay chug t i inh bay nhd i ig lien chuan chu yen g i i ip cac nha

hoach dinh c l i inh sach trong vice xae djnl i cac phuong an va cli ien I in re

de dam biio can doi duoc cac nine tieu elm yen nlur sail xuat d i e " nang

co hieu (|i.i!i va hop ly xed ve von dan tir, cac phmrng t ime tai tier hiei)

t ime va chap iihati d ime, dam bao nhf ing yen can phat l i ien ciia quoc gia,

dp an loan v;i bao ve nidi t r inrng. Doc gi:'i cd the l i in thay nhl'rng thong

t in ehi (ict l ion lien quan den eac van de tr inh bay irong lai IiC'ti nay

trong e;le lai lieu va an pliain in;i l A I ' A da pb.it hanh dime l iel ke t rong

danh nine cudi tai l ieu.

Trong snot qu;i t r inh xay dung vh (lure liiC'ii c i iuong ( l inh dic'ii hat

nlifm quoc gia, neu dupe de nghi , IAHA siln sang cui ig cap djc l i vu tir

van ehuycu gia va g i i ip dcV efic nunc Ihanh vien cua ni in l i ve nioi van clc

vh yen can elm yen t i inh bhy trong tai lieu eluiyen de nay. Dieu nay plu'l

hop v i f i sir inang ri'ui I.AI^A trong vice: tluie day in ig dung nang I in rug

hat nhfin vi'io nine i l ich hoii h inh vi sir phat l i ien IKA,H vf lng cua c.le cjnoc

gia thanh viC'ii.

MO DAU

Vi£c cung cap ii i ing l in ing , dfic hiet la dien ni ing. mot each tlay ciu

va tin cay khdng cl i i can thiet cho sir phat 11ic-ii k inh to m i l nlur ngiiy

chug iltroc lhay rf>, cdn can thiet cho sir on dinh k inh le va c l i inh I n . Sir

thieu hut nang l in ing tram t iong, ca hien tai Ian t iong i i rong la i . Ihudng

dan td i nlilVng hat on va man tluian tiem tang l i ong nidi (|uoc gia va gifra

eac quoc gia.

B d i vay, cung cap nang Iirong mot each an toan, t in cay va vd i chi

pin hop ly lii mOl yen can chinh l i i , k in l i to va xa hoi thict yen, va la

mol th;ic!i (hue. I loach clinli va dua la nl i t lpg quvc-l d inh vC san xnat

niing luong va dicn nang, do do. lit mot I ron:: nht ing cl i i ic nang quan

t iong nlint cuti c;1c nlih lioncli i l iu l i chinl i silcli.

T i l i lieu nay gia thiet if ing mot qudc gia l i icu than clao vc nht ing

p lurong an sail xual diC'ii nang khac vii coi dicn hat nhan la mot phuong

mi nghicin tiic de |)h;il l i ien he thong clien. C lu iong ( l inh dicn hal nhan

can gom mot so nliii m;iy diC'ii hat nhfin va co so ha tang ho l io dime

xay dirng dan dan l iong mot giai cloan i l i i i . Can phai nhan manh riing

p l iuong an dien hat nhan s'C mat di rat allien y nghia neu ngud i la chi

xem xet xay dung co mot nha may rieng le.

Neu can cap thiet ho simg ngay cong suat phat dien cho Iud i dicn

quoc gia (hi nhflng phuong ;lii khac nl iu nha may nhict dien dung than,

dan hay khi thien iihien cd the diroc xay dung nhanh d ic ing hon all ien so

vd i nha may cliC'n hal nhan. Vice hoach dinh vii t ime l i icn mot chuong

l i i nh hay ilir an diC'n hal nhfin ddi hoi nliMng khnang Ihd i gian dai hon

va cd i ihring yen can diic l l i i i vc co' so ha tang ky ihua i . cdng nghiep va

kl iuon kho phap ly quoc gia. Nhung dii sao, xel ve lau d i i i . dien hat nhan

se k inh le va cd lo i hon ddi v<vi nidi tnrd i ig cl ing nliu ddi vd i sir nghiep

phal trien dat inuic.

TOM TAT TlNII IltNII DlftN HAT NIIAN

Tinli hinh ede n}ij"l nifiy dign hat nhan

(Mc nha may dien hat nhan do ddi ngtl nhaii v i i 'n cd> l i i nh do cao

(|ii.'m ly vii dieu kl i icn da to ra lii mdl pl i i rong lien an loan, t in cay va

k inh te de san xual tliC'ii nilng. Nhieu kinh i ighiem hoal ddng d;'i dm re cac

nhii may dien hal iihan t ich Iny sail dl(K) Id-i iain van hiinh ( long so Ihdi

gian van hhnh cua cac nha may cliOil hat nhan 11On the g io i ) . Ngtro i ta

dang lien hanh phal tucn nhflng kieu 16 |>1 lfm ifng imi i va nht ing the he

c.'ii tien cua e;ic kieu 16 hien lai . nhain lao ra ill Hi n «i man 16 co do an

loan, do t in cay va t inh k in l i te can hon.

H i e " nay co 11 nha ml'iy dien hat nhaii dang duoc \ay thing 6 IN

(junc gia. Nen nliu can va nhip do xay thing mo i nhii m;iv dien liat nhan

hi ng img lai 6 Bile M y . tin no lai dang lien t i ien inanh 6 I'hap va Anh

(„)uoc. Mot so t|iioc gia Tay An dang tieh cue xem xel lai phuong an

dien hat nhan. Nga va Dong An noi cluing da khang dinh sir can Ihiet va

(|iiyet tain cua ho doi vo'i dien hat nhan. uhi ing nhi i i ig ipmc gia niiy dang

co nhf ing ban che ve nguon !ai chinh. Dong A dang xfiy dung kha manh

nhf lng cong tr inh m o i , dac biel lh (V Nhiit Bi'ui va Him Qudc. T i l i ng Quoc

vh A n Do cl ing rat t icl i a rc theo duoi chirong t r inh dicMi hat nhan. v o i A ' X

viec T i l i ng (Juoc dang do ' lhanh niroe xuat khau il lI; i iniiy diC'ii hat nhan.

Ciic quoc gia nhir A i Cl ip, Indonexia va Tho Nhi Ky dang xem x('l

nghiC'in tiic dien hat nhan tuy ho hi ban che vi Ihieu von vh civ s(V i n

tang ky thuat tho.'i dang, g idng nhir ban bet c;ic nuoc dang phat tr ien.

IliC'ti nay co mot so nha cung cap ciic loai 16 pli i i i i i fng nuoc nhe vh

niroc nang cln'i yen, i l o den dl'im blio chat luong cua sail pham, la kcM

(|ii<;i cua cong nghe t i inh do cao vh ny tin da tliroc ihi'i ihiich vh cung co

bang k inh ngl i ic in van hanh sail rung tich lUy sau nhici i nam boat dung

ihimh cong. M6 i mot nha cung cap deu co nht ing l ieu chuan vh cong

nghe Ihiel ke rieng cua minh. Cii hai loai 16 plii in l ing dung nuoc nhe

( L W R - liiilit wnlcr reactor) la 16 phi'in i fng ni ioc ;'ip lire ( I 'WR -

pressurized water reactor) va 16 ph.'ui l ing mute soi ( B W R hoilinii

water reactor) deu sir dung nhicn liC'ii Ih man gihu. (Tic 16 pli.'in l ing kieu

C A N D U Hi nhOng lo nuoc nang ;ip hie ( I ' H W R s pressurized heavy

wnler reactors) si'r dung chat t.'ii nhiel ia ni ioc niing va nhieii 1 iOn lit man V ' A

lir nhicn. (Jan T'/i long so nha may dicn hat nhaii dang boat dong dung

cac loai 16 n i io r n;ing ( I I W R s ) , 10"/, la BWRs vii 57% la I 'WRs. I l ien

nay nhieu IUK ; C C<) the xua! khau nhh may diC'ii hat nhfui v i f i nhieu ipiy inw MiaC i i ih i i i ( «iC iii iO'.' ua i ig j' l i l i it l i iC l i liiCII 0,'iiig i i i ' \[\\ ( i i i ' i ig l i i l t l i i g

nhh may de sir di.uig cd the se noi leu nhir nhl ing nliii cung cap trong

luong la i .

T rong viec phat l i ien nhf lng kieu 16 hien tai \ a tien t ien, cac nha

cung ca|i da chii Irong cong viec ngliien ci iu vh ( l ien khai v;io cac loai 16

phiin l ing cong sua) <|iiy mo nbo vii viva (SMI 'Rs small and medium

power reactors) vo\ cong sua! phat d ie " " " " M\V(e) hay nbo bon, cting

nhu cac loai lo quy mi l Ion hon v6i cong sua! kbohng 1000 MW(e ) . Ral

nhieu man 16 nay duoc tbiet ke tiC-n o r so nhl ing be thong va thiel bi da

qua thfr (hath va dang hoal dpng iron irn tiong cac nha may tliOn hat

nlifin liiCti lianh.

I Jen cudi nam 1992. 424 Id ph.m ifng cdng sua! vdi tong cony sual plult tliC'ii kip ilat khoau 330 CJW(c) va chirm khoitng 17% long san luirng dien iiiing cua loan the gidi. phan citing gdp ed (he so sanh vcfi cae nha may thiiy diC'i). CY> sail qnoc gia cd ty phan dicn nang do ditMi hat nhfiii sail xuat la chiem lion 40%. va 15 qudc gia khac co diC'ti hat nhan chiem it i.iiiu 15% long san hronu ciiOn tjudc uia.

iliC'ii tai, khoang 30% hrpng lieu ci, . nang luong s<v cap cha the

gidi dung dc sail xuat dien nang, khoang 15% danh cho giao thong va

plian con lai, 55%, dupe sir dung thrdi dang nhici nang. Nlur vay. tiC-m

iiiing ling thing nang hroiig hat iihan trong san xual nang hiong khong

phal diC'ii con rat Ion. Tuy nhiC'n. hicii nay nidi chi cd mot so rat it cac

nha may hat nlian duoc sir diiim cho nhlTng lfnu dun<i phi dic'ii niiniz nhir

cung cap hoi va nude ndng.

Kinh tc hpc ciia dipn h a t n h a n

()' mot I oat qudc gia ngudi la da xac 101 > dupe va duy tri iru the

kinh te cua diC'ii hat nhaii. ()' mot so quoc gia kh;1c, phirong «1n dic'ii hat iihan xem la chi ngang hang hay (ham clii con diit lion mot so phirong an khac. Vice dnnh gia kinh te cua phirong an diC'n hat nhan sc dua tien mot so yen to, vi du nlur sir sail cd cac ngiion tai nguyen nang lupng it-lien khac; liinh dp cua co s(V ha tang ve ky (hiiat cua quoc gia (hao gom ca (|iiy md v;i do tin cay cua mang ludi phfui jihoi diC'ii, nang lire cdng nghiep va sir san cd nguon nhan lire cd du liinh do); va vice dam hao cung cap (rang thiel hj, iihien lieu va nhling vat lir khac thiel yen cho chirong (linh then hal nhan. Nliling yen (d kind le kh.ie can dupe xcm xcl den bao gdm chi phi dan tir co ban ban dan cao, chi phi s.'in xuat va nhicMi lieu thfip. chi phi cho xir ly dial thai, he so su dung cao va iihu can ve he ihmig giao thong van tai la loi thicu so vdi nhu can cua vice san xua! (lien niing !ir nlii'mg iihicii lieu kh;ic.

(Yic coug (linh nghirn cuu ve kinh le hoc cua dien ha! nhan tien civ

sd' so sanh v()'i nhlrng |)hirong an lhav the khac da chi ra rang diC-n hal

nlian cd the canh Iranh ve mat kinh le v<vi cac dang, nha may dien khac;

tuy allien se gap klid khan trong vice canh tianh vdi cac nha may dien

dung nhiea lieu ho.i that'll <V nhling inrdc c<) nhii can diC-n nang tliap vii

dao ddng nhicii. Irong nhiVng tinh liming c(') toe dp tang phu tai lliap, va

iV nlidng khu via: cd> ngudn nhien lieu hoa that'll vii (huy dien ddi dao, re

lien.

\

Tin l i eanh tranh kinh te ciia mot dir an dien hal nhan khong ngti y

sue song l.ii c l i inh eua nn Irong nioi hoiui canh. Dien hal nhiin se doi hoi

von han dan can. vii l iong (]ii;1 t i inh xay dung vii nhllng giai (loan van

I ill nil ban dan tli i cac khoan chi licit tich ll'iy ddi voi mot nha in;iy cl ion

hat nhfin, gom cii thauli loan no, (hiiong |(fti l ion so vo i nio< nhfi may

dung nhieii l ieu hoii (hach. Rr> rang day la inol yen to tjunn trong can

xcm xct den, rili.it la doi vdi nlitlng cong ly dieii lire dang tliit>n von dan

dr. Chi phi dan Ur cho cac nha m.ly dung nliien lien ho;1 (hitch HOC (inh

th;1p hon 40Vr so vo i nha intfy dieii hat iilian. Nluriig nhfing cl i i phi (iep

theo cho nliien l ieu, van hanli va bao dnoi ig ciia nlii) may diC'ii hat nhan

Ihi lit * lhap l ion riil n l i i ' i i so voi ci'ia nhh may iihiol dicn (bong th i idng.

I'han Ion cac nha may diCai hat nhfin dime van haul) lot den co stir song

liii chinh kha inanli me.

!)o c(') von dan in Ion, cac dir an dien hal nhfin t lu idng rat nhay cam

doi vcii nhung chain tie xay la trong (]ii;1 l i in l i (hi cdng vii hoan lhanh dir

an. Nhl tng Ian vfr ke lioach so voi dir kiOn tiC'tt do khong nhnng doi khi

dan l(fi i ih l ing khoan hoi chi Ion. mil con liuu chain ca nhfing kho,;m

doanh thu hi ph.il dicn - mh trong klio.mg tboi gian do da ph.'ii dtiy l i i

phan lioiin da kinh phi xay dung dir an. Nhl'rng dir an dien hat nhan

duoc (|n/in lv tol co the ho?ut thiinh (mug vong nam den san 11:1111. Mdf

tiong, nhling nine (if-u CM a c;ic loai lo lien lien <|iiv mo nho dang duoc

nghicn eifu vii phai (rien la clio phep giant l lm i gi;in \; ly dung xudng eon

ha ufiin.

Su chap n h a n cda ':»ng chiing ddi v<Si di<?n hat nhan

Song song voi cac cong vice chiinn hi ve ky Ihuat. I;ii chi i ih vii

chinl i Hi can phai lien liimh de hal dan mot cluiong t i inh dit-n hal nhan.

dieii dijc hie! t|iian (long lit can ciing cup (hong (in day di'i vii t lu idng

xtiycn cho cong cluing, cho c;ie pl iuong lien (hong tin dui c luing va

nhfmg phi iong liC'ft lao dir lufm khac sao cho lluic day sir hieti biet long

rai ve sir can Ihicl vii lo i ich cua dicn h.'.il iilifnt \ i i dai ih lln'i su l ing IK)

doi vo i chiio'iig i r inh ph;il uien dicn hai nhan.

Kinh nghicin da clii r;i King de lao dien kieii eho cong cluing thong

hieii vi'i chap nliOn c;ic hnal (long ci'ia cluio'iig t i inh dicn hat nhan, can

ihicl |)hlii eiing cap cho ho iihting thong l in \e (|iian dicin an loi in. VTMI

can quail ly nhii IHUH vii cac llu'i luc cap phep mot each k ip (ho i , Ihoii

(king vii dc hieu. Dicu niiy doi hoi phai x;1v dung mol chicn luoc (hong

tin o r liini <V till cii ca'c cap In (rung irong xtiong den dia phi iong

4

Vice xay t i l ing nu?it e<y s<V hat n l nn (|uan Pong se tlui hi l t sir tjuan

tain l(in u cap dia plurong cTing nlur o e;ip quoc gia. Ncu nha nifty hat

nhan l i rong lai duoc thr dinh clat gan hicn g id i vt f i quoc gia Ifmg gieng

(hi moi (|iian tam do con nuV long tl ihnh lien ( | IKV gia va quoc te ntla.

Tro i ig von ' ' l ion h.ii nuro'i nflni (|iia. sir (|ii;m ifim cua cong c lu ing vc

hao v'C" inoi InnVng <l;i l i iny len dang ke khiip nmi noi ()' pham vi quoc te

da c<> nhtrng hude lien diii ke tt> Tuyen ho Stockholm 1972, qua Van

kien cucii t i i ng cua l l o i nghj vo An ninh va Hop tac o Chan A n nam

1975 va I l ien chnon» vC* ThiC*n nhien Toan ran cua Oai hoi dong laen

hop quoe niiin I9K2 den mot loat viln kien khac nlian dime thong qua tat

l l o i nghj ThiKviig ciitill cua MCMI hop quoc ve M o i t i uong va Phat tnen

lai R io de Janeiro niim 1992. da cung t o hoat dong cna cac ch inh phu ve

thong tin cho cdng cluing () nhieu cpiuc gia. vice xay dung va ban hiinh

hiat phfip ve b.'io ve nidi t i udng va sir tiC*p can vc>i thong t in , da phan

aith inoi (pian tain nay.;

An toftn

An toan la mot yen can Ihiel yen trong vice ting dung nfing l in ing

hal nhnn, vi ban qua ena mot V I I lai nan Irong l inh vue nay co the gay ia

sir de doa nghiC'in t ioug ddi v(vi ci'i nhan vien van hanh Ian cir dan va

nidi tnrong ximg (|iianh. Nhl ing ket qua van himh tot xet t ien cac khia

can 11 an toim hal nhan. do tin cay vii l inh kinh te dem lai vice sail xuat

dien nang vd i m i 10 ihilp nhat va lo i nliufm dang ke.

< x Mac «III e(') niol luong chat phong xa dang ke Irong cac nha mfiy

X ' v

dien hal nlian. ngiroi la van C() (he gi l l l ien chieu xa nghe nghiep vii l ien

chieu xa doi vd i dan cluing o inife rat thftp Lien chieu xa nghe nghicp

chi bang mot phan nlio nnfe l ien gun han hang n;im doi vd i nhan vien

cl inyei i nghiep do Uy ban An toim Hn'e xa (,)u6c te ( i ( ' R I ' ) khuyen cfio.

l.ieu chien xa doi v<ii dfin cluing chi l;i phan lai nho bo snug viio |)hong

bnc xa In nhieii .

Nhf'mg \en can an foiin co ban cho ming It iong liat nlian (linvc dain

biio khong chi bang mot, nta bang mo! loal cac be thong kV tbnat, cho

nen lieu inoi he thong bi l ine Irijc ihi \ ; in con nhl ing he (hong khac (iep

1 nt* nhieni vu bao ve ;m loiui. Kh.i i nieni na;> dutvc goi lii "phoug ngir

Iheo chieu sau" (dc l i ' i i i v in (/e/'l/i)

Rot ene i l i i do an toim cua inoi nhii may diC'n hat nhan phu ihuoc

viio d i a l h iong van hinili nhii may d<>. Nlian vien van hanh phai dtroc lira

chon ky ci ing. diio lao cliu tlao vii d inh ky diio (ao lai . pliai l inn vice tufm

Ihi'i viic (|ii\ l i i uh (|iiv pham. vu di ioe su ho !ro ky Ihual kh i can Jhiet,

phhi diroe to c I life elm dao \a co (long co linn vice di ing d;in vh pl iai biet

n i t k inh ngl i iem (t> nht'rng bhi hoc Hong qua kbif. T r inh tin van lto;i ve ;in A I A

loan vh chat l in ing c<i y nghia iliie hiOt (]u;in trong do pl ibng ngira sir eo,

t;il nan, vh doi hoi en nlilVng quy t ih .h va p lmong pb;ip hnan Inyen tInch

imp Inning !<vi ban d ie him qua cua cac in iong hop do nen cluing xay ra

Viee nay b;io <_'om cii nhlVng l;'ie don;' );ii eho ct'ia sir kien Ifin cac bien

phfip (fug phd khan cap l iong khu virc ximg <|iianb nhh may.

Nhtrng khia r.anh ve siic khod va moi t r u i n g

Kinh nghient chi ra rang niing luong hat tt11An co the eho l i n i n g !a

nipt ph i rn i ig an "sach" de s.'m xnfi» dien niing. (Tie ehinl i sach va chirong

ti ' inl i piu'lt tr ien iifuig hrong giiY clay phiii t inh CICMI e;ie yen to inf.: I r i rong

- khong e!ii lac d(mg inoi t i uong cue ho eiia eac p l iuo i ig an sail xnal

i i i ing l uong , nia eh iihring cam kOl quoc gin va quoc to l ien quaii den ban

vO moi i r uong .

V() i vice xay d ime va sir dun;: ngay cant! !an» nfmg hrong hat nlifm

de sail xnal dien nang. sir o nhiem do cac nha may il ien chay than vh dan

st- g iam i l i . V i dti , o nude I'liap, noi cong suat dien hal nhaii l ion 5().000

M\V(e) san xuat la l ion 70% ilien iiiing toiin tpioc. nil re thai d iox i l hrn

lu iynh (SO,) vho khong k in gihni tir 3X0.000 tan nam l ( )7° xt idng eon

160.000 tan nam 19X7. con niifc thai khi' cacbonnic (CO,) g iam h'r 500

triC'ii tan xnong 370 tiiC'ii tan trong cting ky. He so sanh, nine thai khi

C O , den mot kW.h (e) o Vtrony ipioe bien hiep Anh , no i l ion 7 0 % sfm

lir<rn» i l ien la do cae nlia ni;1y nhiC't iliC'ti chay than san xnal ra, chi so

nay cao l ion o I'liap kho.'ni" lam Ian.

Ci'in<! vtvi diT'ii di) la nguy co rat nho ro ri chat phoiij.' xa do tai nan,

c(') the anh hinVng den siie khoe ei'ia dan cluing \ ; i moi l i u o n g . Mi fe ro ri

chat p lu i i ig xa hinh t l iuong eita nhii may dien hat nlian rat thap vh

(lui'o'iig (hap l ion ral nliieu mifc photig Inie xa (n i ihien. I n y i t l i ien, Pong

khi van ci'i x;ie suat ral nho xay ra ii l iUng tai nan Ion, "ho so" an loan

ciia diC'n hat iihan inn ehimg kha tot. t in hai t i uong ho| i lai nan nghiein

l i ong x.'iy ia tai nhii may iliC'ii hat nliaii ' i iecnobi in (b ien Xo cl i) vii nhii

may 'I'hree M i ' e Island ( I loa Ky) . Tai nan thti hai niiy khong gay la sir

eln'cii xa dang ke nho clio dan cluing. Ty le tai nan In vong trong loi in l>o

elm t i i nh s.'in xual dien hat iihan, ke tu khan khai mo (\vn khan xi'r ly

chat thai , l i i nho nhal Irong loan ngaiih iiang l i rong.

VO khia ci.iuh ehal (li.'ii pining xa, lii ing tiiim (at c;i c;ie nlii i may (lien

hat nhaii IrC'ti the gitvi li ien nay lao ra khoiing 7.000 Ian all ien lien da

eh;iy NCMI siin l inrng dien cua eac nhii m;iy hat nhan d(i d ime sfin xuat

U

bang each dot than, (hi no se dim toi mifc thai viio khong kin 1.800 tr ie"

l;1n CO, va hang trie" tim SO, va NO, ngay ca klii ngimi la ap dung

nhung cong nghe loc klii thai tot nhal hien cd. Ngoiii la, con khoang 70

trieu tan xi se- sinh ia, clufa khoang MO.000 tan kini loai nang ma rat khd

tiin duoc plurong phap xir ly an to;>n ve Ian dai.

f)e giam lion una itnh lurong cua sir chieu xa cloi vdi dan cluing,

mdi tnriVng va (rung cac boat dong hat nhan chuyC'ii nghiep, nhrrng tieu

chiiiip. mdi ve an toiin hire xa dang throe xay dung vh di.r kien sC- throe

thong qua vao nrun 1994 de lam co so ap tiling eho cac co tpian chinli

pln'i cTing nlur cac chuyen gia an toan hire xa'''. Nhrrng thay doi co ban

so viri ci'ie lieu eluiaii cfl hao gom ca sir ha th;l|) gidi hati lieu chieu xa

nghe nghiep va vice xi'r ly chat die I urn sir can thiep can thiet de ngfm

ngiia hay giam iniie chieu xa sail klii cd tai nan.

Nhien li§u ba t nhan

Nang luo i i " hat nhan c<> the la mot hien phap chile chilli de darn ban

an toan ni'ing hioug hoi vi nhu can ve nhit'ii lieu tuong doi nho va do do

nguoi la cd the dir t i l l nhien lit'ii hat nhfin eho nhicu niim.

I lien tai. nguon cung cap nhicn lieu hat nhan kh.i phong phii va

niing lire che Ian nhien lit'ii du thua da gin gi;i ca (V mi re lhap. Nguoi ta

con cd nhflng dich vn dfic biet giiip cho cong vice tai the nhien l ie" va

xi'r ly chat thai; cbo dCai hie niiy thi van cliua to nhieii kinh nghiem ve

(hanli ly cac nha may die" hat nhan. Hien nay nguoi ta van thua biCM

throe phirong an nlio kinh te hou. tai the nhicn lit'ii hay ebon huy ngay.

(Ting chua to nhii can cap thiet ve tai the nhien lieu, boi vi viec phat X y "

trien loai lo t;ii sinli nhanh dang hi chain tie ciing nhir cd sir tlir thua ve

phi tonuni vii nliien lieu cho cac loai lo limi m;it biing nude. Phan Ion

cac cong ly dien lire deu chon phirong thifc Inn gif'r tarn thoi nhic'ii lieu

da tiling cho den khi nha nude t o chinh sach ro rang hon ve van de sir

dung plulonii im. t;ii the nhien lieu va chon huy liiu did.

H.'m (Vic lieu <liu;in qunc ic en Iv'm \r iu'io \c t lu)n<.' luh- xu inn /x>.i \i) vc ;in (nhn

nviihn lufc v.i (Inlnnati inial Music Sulcly Sl;md;ii(ls lm I'Miicclinn Aj';iins( l iu i i / i i i ) '

R;i(li;ili(iii ;ind lor Ihc Siilt-ly <'l K;nli;ili<Mi Sdinci's) duoc I .A I • A vil nam lo clnft-

(|tioc ir kli;ic phni hop xfiy iluny vii dri han hiinh viio caioi niiin l')()4. (NO)

7

Qudn ly" cha t tha*i phdng xa

Quan ly chat thai phdng xa va nhien lieu cttl chieu xa la mot yen cau clac thu khsic cua dien hat nhtin. Mac du lirpng chat thai hrong doi nh6, nhir hosit tmh phdng xa cao cua nhien lieu hat nhan da chsly k6o dai trong nhieu nam. Ndi cluing, cac chat thai dupe plum loai thanh ctfc nhdm chat thai hoat dp phdng xa cao, hung binh va thap va dupe liru gift trong dia ban cua nha msiy dipn hat nhan cho den khi ngirdi ta chuyen cluing den cac cxr sd' hru giCr trung han hay csic dia ban chon huy vitih vien. thmrng la (V tai c;1c nude da tao ra cluing.

Hien nay nidi chi cd nhtriig cdng nghe (V trinh dp xir If dupe chat thai hoat do thap va trung binh cua csic nha may dien hat nhan. Cong ngh$ de xir ly ch<1t thai hoat dp phdng xa cao van c6n trong giai doan nghien cifu trien khai va van de cong cluing chap nhan dia diem chon huy chat thai van con la mot khd khan.

HOACH DINH CHfNH SACH VA QUYET DINH CHUONG TRlNH DIEN HAT NHAN

Viec xsly dung cong nghe using lupng hsit nhsin ddi h6i nipt quoc gia

phai cd nipt so quyet clinli thiet yen vh nhan lay mot so trsich nhiem. Cslc

quyet dinh, vfi nhlrng trsich nhiem vsi chifc using di kem, lien qusm den

nhflng thhnh vien chu yeii tham gia vao qusi irinh dd vsi hp phai hop tslc

chsit die va sin khdp vdi nhau:

• Chinh pin), do csk bp hfrti quan, csic co i|tisin vsi uy bun chuyen man

chin trsich nhiem ve ngsutli using lupng tluiy mat, phai dslnh gisi sifc

song cusi clurong trinh dien hat nhsln, ra nhting quyet dinh tiep theo

vh tlurdng xuyen ho trp cho chirong trinh.

• To dure vhu qu!in/v(in hhnh, third'ng IIs! cong ty hosic cslc cong ty dien lire quoc gia cliju trach nhi£m vc san xuslt vs phsin phoi dien using, se vyn hhnh nha msiy dien hat nhsln.

• C\r qunn' (hum quyen quae gin, phai l<i co quan doc lap va cd du

trinh dp cao de de ra vs i theo ddi viec tusin thu csic yen can an toart.

• Nen cong nghicp quoc gi;i, se tham gi;i vao viec tlurc thi clurong

trinh dit-n hsit nhsin mpt csich cd hieu qua va cd loi vh tan dung

dupe nhfrng hieu img tsio da do viec chuyen gisio cong nghe hsit

nhsln vsi csic cong nghe csio khsic vsi cusi csic plwong phsip biio d.'im

chsit Itipng tao ra.

8

• lie thoni: g/.lo due va Jao fao, sc cung c;ip lien luc can bo chuyOn

111611 tiling cac nganh ky thufit can.

Vai tr6 cda Chinh phd

Clunh phu va to t-1ufc eliu quaa alia indy se phai qiivC-l ilinli gia phi

ma ho sail sling chap nhan va so von tiong nude vii nude ngoai cd the

huy dong duoe va plian bo cho clurong trinh dieii li.it nhar. tiong mot so

nam. clio tlen khi chuong trinh do bat dfiu sinh It vi. Chinh phu phai ho

tn.v lau dlii, dam bao sir lien U.ic cua chining trinh \a cho pliep to chtic

chi'i quan thu hoi dirov von dan lir ban dan kha can thong qua cir che gia

dien nang kinh te va hop ly.

Chinh plu'i la tliiinh vien chii yen tliain gia van plifin Inn qua tiinh nhy v;» phai chin tiach nhiC'in eao nhat ve:

• Cam ket dure liicn chuong trinli diC'ii hal nlian.

» Xay tiling khudn kho pliap ly va llianh lap eo (|iian Iham quyen ipioc gia ile qunn ly va thi lianh phap luat ve an loan hat nhan va. an loan Infe xa.

• Ban hiinh luat le ve tr;1eh nhicni cua ben ilitf ha ve Ion that hat nhan. I.mil In clii nham hao dam cd du iigudii lire tai climh tlio.'i dang de bdi holm nhffng lliict hai ed the xay ia do boat clung cua c;1c co so' hal nban.

• Thict lap Union kho ph;1p ly eho c;ic lieu chuan vft ipiy pham cong

nghiOp.

• I loach dinh va (lure llii nliCmg chinh sacli ve xi'r ly va ciion buy cha!

thai hal nhan.

• Chap niian nhung nguyen tile cua. va tliam gia van neti lluch hop, c;ic dien udc quo*, le lien quan den c;ic che dn klinug pho hien vtl khi hal nlian. an nir.h va; lieu hat iihan. an I nan hat nlifut va teach nhiem dan so

• Khuycn iigbi 1.1,mil ijiiyeii car cap cac hiCn phap ',\\\l\r, !y cac ngudn

ti'ii chinh liong va ugoai nude de lai Ir<>• Ihoii d;ir,tu va on dinh cho

chii'ong trinh vii cac dn- an die!; Ii.it nhnn.

• Cung vdi duanh iighicp dicit lire va co/ig nghicp tmng node x;1c

diiiJi c.ic cb: SICMI va ly 10 Irong mnvc (bam gia vim chuong liinh

diOn nlian; lid Inv cdng ligluep bong nude dat uirof caY chi ticu do;

vi» dam b:': > rang cac id ciidc phh nude vii cae npiwih eong iighieji

inni quan ed d(i can ho eliuv'i! moil >'r la! e'l ciie cap.

d

» Thiic day cong l;1c nghien cifu vii trien khai ( R & D ) (.fin tliiCM tic tao

dieu kien tliuaii loi cho vice chuven giao/lam chu cong nghe va pli;1t

tricn cong nghiep.

• Cung vivi c;1c to dure lifiu (|iian xav dung va thuc Ihi mot chuong

tr i i ih giao due va diio tao cd he thfnig de xav dung va boi d in ing

dpi ngfi clio chuong trinh diC'ii hat niifin, clul trong dao tao kV sir

eluiyen nghicp. ky thuat vieii va cong iihfui l i inh nghe.

Cho nen dieu co y nghia son«z cftn la cac nhii l ioach d inh cl i inh sacli

cjuoc gia phai nhan llufc day ilii tfim c|uaa hong cua:

• NhfTng dieti kien va hail d i e vc l i i i l i o cho cac du an dicn hat nlian,

dac biet la o cac nude dang phal t i ien.

• Vice gi. i in sat cac cong vice clnian hi mot each hl'ni I i i d ' .

• Vice xac dinh c;ic chi t icu hien time ciio ty plifin (ham gia Irony

nude, ma diC'ii nay doi h6i sir danh gia chinh xac ii i lng hie cua cac

una cung dug va co s<V ha tang t iong nude (vi da thong tin viOn

thong, giao thong van (,'ii, giao due va dao U-o). vii nang cap nang

lire 6 nhi ing l in l i virc tlifiy can l l i ic l va/hofic kha th i .

• S.r tliaiu gia tich cue vao vice dicu hanh chuong Ir inh d/cn hal

nhfui.

'1'i'C'ii 1 inh than do, qua tr inl i l;1|) ke hoach pl ioi hop, chat che o moi

ca[i la hct sue (hie! yen. (,)iia t i in l i lap ke hoaeh ch inh yen can xac dinh

dir iK"

• Tho i gian hieu cua c l iuong l i in l i dicn hal nhfin.

• Mi ic do tv plian ddnu nop tronn nude cd the vii moiiy, union, ho i vi

can co mot iinic do dnng gop loi Ihicu mil mYi cjuoc gia ph.ii dat

dime neu diC'ii hal nhan duoc coi la phuoi ig an klia Ih i .

• I'lifin dan lir cho ngiidn lire (tiii lire va nlian hie) can thiel dc dat

di 'oc cac chi lieu ({' |)lian tliain gia Irong DIKVC da dc ra.

• Mii'c do-vicn tro IUKVC ngoiii can co vii sail co .

• Kc hoach i i i iu hieii \C cl iuycu gi:io/!;!!ii chi'i cong uglic

l )c tiii Iro Ihiinli cong cho mot du ;in dicn lial nhan. (hi chnih phi i ,

t icn co' so phoi hop vtvi to chiic chu (|ii,;m, can ph.'ii:

• Cam kel ho Iro lau did clio cl i irong l i inh dicn hal nlian Irong ihoi

hail can l l i ie l .

• I'han (ich liii chinl i day du ciuig phfin l ieh k inh Ic (\v d;inl) gia l inl i

kliJi t i i i cua ehuoiig Irinh vii cac dir an

10

• Duy t i i ly le von tin dung eh;1p "hftn duoe nham (hi ho duoe cl io

dir an va (long tho i ed kha niing (lianli loan no.

• t ) i nh bieu girt dien 6' nufc tao duoe kha tiling tiii chinl i lanh nianh,

bcVi vi in(H Hong nhlrng nguyeii nhan gay kho kh.in eho ertc doanh

nghiep dit ' l l lire la vice rtp dat bieu gia ditMi phi k in l i te.

• Dam bao lai Irp- toi da elm ii l i frng phan gia pl i i t rong nude eua dir

;1n bang noi te buy dpng tir e;ie nguon trong ehinl i (|ime gia do -

mOt van do ma tain (|iian hong va sir phife lap eua no nhifMi khi h i

coi t lu idng.

• vSir dung rong rai k inh nghiC'in chuyen nini i (King nutfc va (juoc It*

de giai quyet eae van de phife lap ve ky thuat, tin ehinl i va ph;1p ly.

• T ime hien mot ehirong tr inh tlianh tra i i l iam dam b.'io sir tuan llii'i

luat le va eae quy dinh drt ban l ianh.

• Th io l lap eo' d i e theo doi sir tuan llu'i lual le i|iiy dinh ve bao ve an

n i i ih vat lieu hat i ihan.

Trael i i ih i t ' in ve lira ehon ilia diem, thiel ke. xay dung, tlu'r ngliiC'in

va van hanh an toan nha may ditMi hat nlian trade hel thuoe ve to chifc

ciu'i quan/doanh nghiep clien lire. T inh an loan eua nhii may dien lial i ihan

phai duoe ngiroi xin phtm the hien rft Irong bao c;'io phan l ieh an loan.

Hrto e;io nay la van b,;m (|iian trong nh;1l doi voi qua t i i nh tap phep eho

eae eo' sir hat nhfui, va viee ehuan hi bao eao niiy lii I each i ih i t ' in ei'ia to

eluie elm quai l . Co quan thani quyt' i i quoe gia ed (riieh nhiem l ien hanh

danh gia doe lap ve sir thoa man eae lieu ehuan an loan b;ing eacli k iem

el i i fng ky thuat nhf ing thong t in ma to ehiie ehu quail va <.;ie to ehife ho

Inr klirtc eung cap.

O' mot so (|iioe gia ngiroi la eon them bao e;io danh gia trtc i long

mdi t r i rdng va cac giay ph<?p rieng eho eae khia eanh xi'r ly ehal thai ,

k iem so.il o nh icm, b.'io ve moi l i i i dng , v .v . .

T rong eae yen can ve eap phep, tr iul i do clii iyt-n indii eua dpi ngli

nhan vien van hanh nha may dit' i i hal nhan eo mol lam (|iian l i ong diic

bict . ()' day ean phai nhan numb rang khdng n l i l ing ehi eae nhan ' iC-n van

l i imh, ma dije biet lii nhUng ngiroi <;6 iraeh nhieni danh gia l i i nh do

ehuyeii inon ei'ia nhan vit ' i i van hanh trong cpia t r i i ih eap phep eting phai

co l i i n l i d() va niing lire eao.

Tuy eae phirong phap danh gia nhan vien van hiuih kh.ie nliau l i iy

theo ti>ng quoe gia. nhung tr inh do va nang lire ean eo eua ho de (lure

hit ' i i diKxe eiing m0l eong viee (eimg mot nluun nhit ' in vu vii ehife ni'ing)

ph.ii (lat t r inh do quoe le.

Dap ling 111m can c11a cac qudc gia lliiiuh vitMi cua mini). IAId\ tla xiiy dung mot ho lieu chuiin, hudng dan va quy trinh ve an. loan cua uha may tlit'n 11 al nhan trong khudii khd Chuong irinli 'lieu chiian An loan Mat nhan (NUSS). Cac tai lieu NUSS cung can die cac qudc gia thiinh vicn nlifnig khuyen cao ve nhltng van de Ihiet yen nhiim lao co so cho cony, t;ic quim ly nha may then hat nhan va cat hoat (long co lien (|iian, va tao khudn kho lien chuan cho vice phfin ticli va dnnh gia an toan. C6

nhrmg lieu cliuan ky (liuat cjnoe gia va qudc le liien haul) khac bo sung cho c;1c lieu chuan NUSS.

Cde cam kdt qudc to ve an toan

Tai nan tai nhii may then hal nlian Trccndlnrii vao lining In nam l9Nd tin tlan den nliu can cd sir hop tac tpioc (c ve an loan hat nhfm, hoi vi hau qua cua mot lai nan hat nhan rill cd the vuol ra ngoiii bien gidi t|uoc gia.

Bdi (he, nhfrng qudc gia dang hoach tlinh chiroug irinh oien hat

nhan ihro'C khiiven cao rang can thain gia tac cong ink' qudc le dudi day,

neu nlur ho van chua linn nhu vay:

• Co;)!..' inrc vc Tlwuti h;Ui nlumh vc 7a; ;ia;i ll.il nhCui: Cong tide nay

quy clinl 1 vice lliicl lap cac throng day Id diiic va lien lac tie Ihdng

hao cho IAHA va cac qudc gia lang gicug (rong Inrdng hop en (ai

nan xay ra <V tlat nude do. Den gilia nam 1993 tla cd 67 (|iide gia

(ham gia Cong tide nay.

• Cnnc ink- vc 1'uonc tnr Irene TniCmu Imp 1'ui nun hut nh;"in h;iv

Niiny dip plWuii: MI: Cong udc nay tpiy dinli vice thict lap moi cjuaii he hop lac gilla cac (|tioe gia tie Ircr giiip Ian nhati trong tnrdng hop ed tai nan. Den giua nam 1993 tla cd 64 qude gia (ham gia Cong init: nilv.

Che (10 khfnifj pho bidn vd khi va B:lo (him hat, nhan

Nhrrng van tie chu yen mil cac nhii hoach dinh chinh sach can (|iian

lain lien quail den:

• Dam b;'io cd nhcnm cam kel ve khdnu phd hien vli khi hal iihan,

dieii nil) anh hudiig ral Idn den vice cling cap vat lir vi'i lliicl hi hat

nhan. Vi du, dicu do tidi hdi sir ihain gia viio llicp u<>c Khonii phn

Vt) khi ll:il nlu'in (;\7'7'j, hay nlning dieii in re (|iidc le khac lit'ii (|uan

den vice ;ip dung die do hao dam hal nlian loim dien.

• Th io l 1 l»p He Ihong CM.IOO gia ve Thong ke va K ie in scuil ( S S A C ) tic

(|ii.;in ly vat lion hat nhan thuOc chO tlo hao dam hat nlinn quoc to.

• Th io l ke eae co' siY lao tiuian l o i oho vice ;ip dung huu hiei i t he do

hao dam hat nhari va cung can sO'in thong l in thiol ke.

Cong nghc ii i lng luong hat nhfiii phu lliuoc nhiei i viio man i l ich quoe

ie va cac then HOC quoc ie. Cong ngdie do can co sir ho tro han dati va

l ien tuc ve cung cap phu lung, nhien l ieu, djch vu ho tro ky thuat, c l ing

nl 11r dao lao va dao tao lai nhfui vien van i ianli. BiYi the, c;ie quoc gia t im

k i cm sir dam hao iigiion cung cap hong chung mire liC'n quail tlC'ii nh l ing

hang nine nhu nha xuong, can kicn va thiol h i , iihiC'ii l ien, chon l iuy chat

th in, vi i sir g i i ip do ve cong uglic vii van liauli l i ong snot vdng ;!oi cua

nha nuiy. V i nlurng iy do nhir vay va nhllng Iv tlo kliac nl ia, rat nen va

thuong can co nl i l lng hiep tlinh hop lac tliii luin vo i cac niia caag cap

cl iu you.

Nyay l i i dan nguoi la da iihan dii ic dnoc khii nang sir dung mot so

vat l ion va cong nghe hat nhfui cho mue diel) the lao vu k i n . Do do\ tir

nhmig Ian chuyon giao quoc te all ien l ieu, thiol h i va cong nghe hai

r.hfui, sir dam bao hoiui toan ve iir, t ' dung lioa hinh da In mot then kion

l ien quyel cho vice cung cap.

Vice eung cap il l i ion lieu va nhllng hang, nine khac can cho chuong

t r inh tliOil hat nhaii cua mOt (|iioc gia co llic throe dam hao neu quoc gia

do tl.'un hao co sir cam kot khong pho hicn vt'i khi hat nhan mot each

tl ioa dang, ngli ia la ho diun hi'io rang vat tir, Irang thiol h i va hi quyel

eong 11 <il 10 ci ing cap cho cl iuong t r inh cliOP, hat nhaii chi duoc sir dung

cho cac im.ic dicl i hoii h inh. Hoi vay vice eung cap phu thuoc rai nhieu

vi io sir dam hao khong pho hieii vu khi hat nhfin <li kem voi sir cha|)

l l iuau d i e do hao dam liat nhaii cua IA1;,A. Rat nhieu quoc gia hiC'ii da

gat hai throe nhieu thanh qua cua then hat nhaii nluV ho da (hire hieii

thing n l i l lng cam ket Ihoo Micp ni ic N I ' T hay tlieo eac then udc khac liC'n

(|(ian den vice ap dung d i e tlo h.'io dam hat nhan tolm then cua l A I ' A .

NOP. mtlsig eua e!.e t!0 khs'ng pho hieii vii k l i i liat i i i ian quuc W !<i

l l i c p ink- N I T co hicn hie tir nam 1970. Den dan nam I ' W da co 154

(^uoe gia ky I I ic | i u<fc nay. Mot hoi nghi sC1 t luoc lo chiie vi io nam l lJ°5

tie kiem diem hoal tlong cua va tpiyot i l inh ve \'ioc kco did Niop irdc.

Neu mot quoc gia nao tlo cluia thain gia viio Miep HOC nay. nhung

lai tlir thnh Irion khai mot chuong tr inh then hat nhaii. so Ihay ri ing tliCai

kiC'ii ci ia phfin It in c;ic nha cung cap cong ngliO hat nlian iiizay nay Hi sir

(ham gia viio N I 'T , hoac ehe do h.'io dlim hat iihfin toiin (lien (heo cfic

t l icu k icu eua eac tlieu utie quoc to nhu llicp i (>f ve (';1m Vn khi //at

uhfin /.;//' My Lu-dnh (Ilicp udc Tlntelvlco), Hicp dinh Hop t;ic

Achcntinu Bruxin, Ilicp mlc vc Kl'.u viic Phi I lilt nhCui Nam Tluii Binh

(hnniii (Ilicp ink- Rnrotoin;n), hoik - it nliat lil chiu sir (lieu c l i in l i cna nipt

hiep i l in l i (.lac Met giua mure cung cap, I A F A va nude nhfm cdng nghe.

Hat ky (|iioc gia niio ( l i i r nam quoc gia da luyen bo cd vfi k in hat

nlian) khi thani gia van NPT se phai cam ket khdng tiep nhan, d i e tap

hay bang each nao khac tang trtt vti khi hat nhaii hay c;1c thiet bi no hat

niian khac, va se cam ket chap nfiCin che dp bao dam hat nlian cua I A R A

cloi v d i tat ca vat lieu nguon va vat lieu plifin bach sir clung trong mpi

boat (long hat nhfm boa binh, nghia l.a che do bao cliim hat nhan toan

(lien.

, ' ' '

Y tuo i ig co biin cua sir clam bao khdng phd bicMi vfi khi hat nlifui la

vice kic in cluing qudc te iho' ig qua che do bao dam hat nhfm cua I A H A

co the tao ra sir dam bao doc lap ve sir tuan thii cac boat dpng hat nhan

boa binh theo Hiep udc NPT hay cac dieu ircvc quoc te khac.

B:io v$ ah ninh hat nhan

Neu nine liC'ii cua che d(i bao dam hat nhan lii the hien sir tuan thii

cldi vd i cac cam ket qudc te ve khong pho bien \Ti khf hat nhan. dac Met

ve khdng sir dung vat lieu hat nhfm sai inuc dich boil b inh. thi viec bao

ve an ninh vat lieu hat nhan nham muc clich bao ve c;ic ccr scV hat nhan

va giain toi da kb.'i nfmg pba hoai hay di cluiyen bat hop ph<1p vat l ieu

bat nhfm.

Trach nhicm thiet lap, (hire thi va i luy tri nipt he thong bao ve an

ninh hat nhan Irong moi quoc gia hoiin toan thuoc ve cpioc gia do. De

thoa man cam ket do. moi quoc gia dang xem xet vice xfiy cli.rng dien hat

iihfin va si'r dung vat lien phfm bach phai thiet Iup mot he thong dam b.'io

an ninh Ihich dang cho vat lieu vii cac co so hat nhfm cua in inh . Qudc

gia do phai ban hanh vii thudng xuyen xem x<?t lai Mat le cua t i i inh ve

biio ve vat lieu vii cac co s<Y hat nlian, du cluing thudc so hfru Nhil nirdc

bay tir nhan.

Qudc gia dang i d y do tht.rc Men chuong tr inh di i ' i i hat nhfin cl ing

nen (ham gia viio (\)n<j n o r vc B:w vc An ninh Vfit lieu Hut nlifin, Men

da cd 'M <|iioc gia tham gia. Muc dich chinl i cua Cong udc nily la dam

bao vice ap dung nhi lng biC'ii pbap (Inch hop de bao ve vat l ieu nhfm

kl idng bi di chuyen trai phe'p hay danh cap trong khi so vat l ieu do dang

tren (lii'iVng. van cbuyf-n quoc te.

14

Su dring grip trong nude

Mot Irons: nhfini: van de iiuan tronii iloi voi cac nha hoach dinh chinh s:k:li v;i ra quye1 djnh eua chinli plui la xay tiling cac inuc tieu va during loi riiicn lime ve sir tiring grip Irong mrric vao cluiong trinh cticn hat nhan. Sir tiring gri" trong mrric cri ngh'.a la sir sir dung cac ngurin nhan lire. nguyen vat lieu va cong nghe cua quoe gia dri vao viec dieu hanh va (hire hiea mot clurong (rinh nlnr vay.

Moi tool quoc gia sC quyct dinh vc nufc dp va pliam vi drill" grip (rong mrric (rong chirong trinh then hat nlifp' ciia ininh. ()' day can phai nhan itninh rang Irong cluiong irinh do n nliat pliiii cri sir dring grip trong nirric toi thicu (tliam elu ngay c.'i doi vri'i nha m.ly xay dung theo plurong (hue HOT -- xay dung - khai tlulc - r'uiyen giao, (xem (liC>m plum "Cac phuong time lai tip' clio c;ic thr ;1n dicn hat nliau)). va ipidc gia dri ph.'ii cri kha na:ig va san siutg nhan liach nliiOm dai trii iinic loi thicu dri. Neil ho khong lain dupe tiicu nay, tin dicn hat nhau khong the dupe coi la mot giai piiilp nang hrong hicn (hue <V mrric dri.

Dicn hat nhan la mot cong nghc piufc tap doi hoi nil nhieu ir ncii

cong nghiep quric gin. vc chat krpng va doi ngn ky ihuat cri tiinil do cao.

Vice trien khai mot chirong trinh iilur vay doi hoi cri mot cliinh sach cua

chinh pliu khong nhiing lluic day va ho lip' cho ban than clurong liinh

mil con cho ca nhung co' so' ha tang quoc gia thief yen vn iihflng itiuc

ticu va boat dong dring grip tiong nunc. Hoi vay, co' siV ha iang i|uoe gia

dac biCt quan trong doi vri'i viC'c (hire hicn thanh cong cliuong trinh diC'ii

hat iihan. Co' so ha (fing bao gom: khuon kho phap ly va lo dure; nguon

nhan hie cri trinh do va iiang lire giao due va dao tao tie lao ra ngnoii

nlian lire dri; nang lire tiii ehinh va cong nghicp; va niing lire nghien cifu

va irii'ii khai.

Neu nguoi ta xay dung va dure (hi throe mot ke hoach Iiien (lure va dupe chuan hi lot, (hi then tlri se kith thieh sir pha( (lien eong nghiep va kinh (c eua t|iioc gia. Neu hi (lure (hi nipt each yen kcin Ihi ke hoaeh tlri iai .'ir.h liuoiig xfiu den (ien dp xav 'Jung vh (IA ;m loan cu;i dien ha( nlu'in v;i cri the lit) (lianh sir Ifing phi cat: nguon hie. I'liani vi tiring grip kh;ic nhau ICiy iliuoe vao hoiin e.'inh eua ding tpioe gia vii iluoc xae dinli htVi nhiing nang hie eong iighicp va nguon lire da si'in eri lai (lioi tliem klicVi xirri'iig cliiro'iig (rinh. laic dan, plian dring g«'>p liong iiii(5c c<) (he nho, nhiriig in') se i.ing dan timg vrii sir trien khai cua cluiong tiinh.

Can !im ia mol miic dri/ig grip trong nirrie tdi mi. nam Irong khoiing

mire dring grip loi ihieu va nufc loi da, va uufc tliuig grip dri phai tao ra

nhung lac tlong ban le lieh cue vc kinh tc va c'aig nghicp m.a khong lam

IS

can (r(V vice 1 hirer luc'i clir ;1n. Mifc dring grip trii uu phai do cac nlia hoach dinh chiiih sach qude gia xac dinh va ho I>1 1 fii linh de'ii nlilrng han die vc nfmg lire ky thiiat va dan tir cua cac nganh cong nghiep. sir canh tianh va c|iiy mo tin liuong, cflng nlur klili iiang cri din re c;ic hi quyet cong light? thich hop. Sir tiring grip trong auric khong duoc gay t;ic dong lieu cue den cac yen can ve chat luong, clii phi hay lien do cua cltr f\i\ then hat nlian.

Mifc tiring grip tiong lurric (di nil la mol yen l<> cri (he phat Irien theo thoi gian va kinli PghiC'in va phu hop tol nhat voi c<r so' lia tang da san cri. Tuy nhien, khong l:icm during lion sir ilanh gia cna cac nha lioach din)' chiah sach da thr tinh qua" thap thoi gian va cring sue efm thict tic chat luong cua sail phain trong auric dat yen can; sir man tliiifm dri gitTa dial hiong va llirii gian drii iioi cri sir then rioi ral sal sac. Nltieu khi nginVi la clni trong qua van drii cri duo'c phan tiring grip loi da, Irong khi nine tieu dure te can dal phai la miic dring grip (di mi. Mifc tiring gri|) trong auric qua can ma khring dira tren e.lc kinli ngliie'in x;k: dang va da duoc tliu ihach eri (he elan den lihffng rui ro nhir sir chain tie, hoi chi kinli phi, dial luong, do an loan va do tin cay khong thoa d;ing.

Yen can vc cong nghc, do an loan va do tin cay cua then hal nliau

ciing drii hoi co mot il()i ngu cri trinh do va nang lire eao, ma nhlTng

nguoi nay sD la mot tai s.'m (juoc gia. va lao da nang cao nang lire giao

due va dao tan ky thuat cua qudc gia. ma se cling cri loi clio nhfing

nganh cong ngliicp kliac.

Tiach rihicm cua chinh pliu !a kieni cluing xcm lien lie lliong giao due va dao tao co the dap ling duoc cac yen can < ";a qua liinli cring nghiep ho.i nrii cluing va cua chuong trinh diOn hat nlian nrii rieng hay khong, vii tic in nhlVng cliinh sach tic nu'v long va nang c;ip chuong liinli dai hoe va eliuoii:', liinh riiio lao troim cac imanh ky lliual co lien quan. Dri la mril mi lieu cua quoc gia hill dan (hire hicn clunnig iiiuli dicn hal 1111A11 va, do can co nhiOu thoi gian tic di tnrric mot but re, giao due va dao lao clio cong nghicp hal nhan phai dinrc bat dan ciing sirin hao iihicu ciing lot bay nhicu.

Vai tr6 ciia to chiic chd qurin

(iiong dim bal ky mol dir ;in cong nghiop cht'i you niio khac cri sir

dung tlcn iihl'rng khoi luong Ion val tir thict hi. nhaii cong vh ky ihual.

vice xay dung mot cong tiii1!; dicn hat nlian drii hoi cei sir phoi hop nliip

ir,

nhilng eua ca bon bC-ii t'nain gia chinh •vo Irach nh icm ve n i i t lng nhiC'in vu

cu the. Ho Hi:

• 7Y> cluiv chu qtiiin nha miiy, la lo chifc chin irach nl i io in hoan loan

ve cong I r inh . dii ho co uy lli.lc mot so nhiem vu cho ciic ben Mine.

• Nhi) tlii'iu chinh, !a to dure dieu phoi c lu ing cuu di.r ;1n. Nha than

ehinl i chin l:;ich nluC'in ve cjuJin ly dia diem xay dung va eo the fhue

hici i cac dure nang cua tong cong tr inh sir, bao goin ca vice qudn ly

cong t r in l i va khan kV thuat eua eong t r inh.

• C;ic nli;} tliiiu plm \•/} c;ic niih ci/ng cap trang thiet hi va d jch vu elm

nha mas, la nhtrng girdi chin irach nhiem thiet ke, ehe tao. xay lap

va van hanh thi'r e;ie thiet h i , may me>c eua ho.

• Tti cluiv v{iu /ian/i, nam trong to dure chu (|tian. lii to chifc se van

hanh va duy t i i boat dong eua nha may va. sau eong doan d i ay l lur

chap nhan nha may. ehiu irach nhiem hoim loan ve van hanh an

toan nha may then ehe do tiaeh nhicm ph;ip ly eua bC-n llu'r ha.

Thong tlunYng, eae dure tiang cua to ehiie eliu quan vii to eliife van

hanh cleu On c i ing mot doanh nghicp clieii lire (hue hien. T i iy theo nang

lire eua no, doanh nghicp nay co" the I'IV thae mot so dure nang eua minh

eiio nguo i khae nhirng phai gift lai nhfrng t iaeh nhieni toi thieu eua to

c\nic ehu quan. Danh mue duo"i day, tuy ehua day du. el io ehi ing ta mot

tong qunn cac l inh vue va l iaeh nhieni ehu yen liC-n tjuan i\cn eae giui

docin khac iihau trong cht iong truth diC'n hat ul ian:

• Quyel clinh cuoi ci ing ve t inh kha Ihi eua eong t r inh (lira l ien phan

tieh long so do phiil Irien he thong diC'ii vii danh gi;i do on d jn l i eua

liuvi dien.

• Lap va ilure hien ke hoach eae giai doan ehu yen cua eong t r inh .

bao gom lap ru ke hoaeh lien do long the vii tieii do ehi tict eho

lung giai doan nlnr ehuan hi so bo, mua siim vat lir, ehe tao thiet b i ,

van chuyen Ocn ehan eong t i inh vii xay l;i|i. nghiC'in ihu vh van hhnh

ihi'r ill 1:1 m;iy.

• Xf iy <linig e;ie pln iong thife tiii li<) l iong \ ;i ngoai nuo'e eiio eong

t r inh, bao goin e;'i ke hoaeh lhanh loan no kha (hi.

• Tuan Iht'i enc yen can ve (juan ly vii cap phep eua cpioe gia de uhfin

diroe eae gia}' phep ean Ihiel .

• Tuan ihu eae yen can vii earn kel <|iioe le \ e (hong ke val l ien hat

nhan (heo d ie do h/10 dam hal nlian quoc le. bao ve an ninh hat

nhfui vii an loan hat nhan.

• Thiet lap vii (hue (hi chuong d i i i l i dam bao d i a l l iurng long l l ie.

17

• Thanh lap mOt civ cjnan quan ly cong; trinh vri'i c<v can to chifc bun hiqu de van hanh va blio dircVng nha may dien hat nhftn. („)iiy dinh c;1c tlu'i luc, cat' kenh quan ly va b;to can. liach nhiC'in c;i nhan.

• Tuyen dung va dao tao/dao tao lai doi ngfi can bO va iilifin vien de dat va diiy tii trinli do vfi nfnig lire cfm thiet cho vice (hire hien cac niacin vii va dure tiling trong cong tiinh/nlia in;1y (lien hat nhan -dCic biet la cac nhan vien van hanh.

• Pho bien thong tin cho cong cluing.

• Van hanh nha may mot c;ich an loan, tin cay va kinh te.

• Hop l l i c v ^ ' clunh quyen din pluroiig xfiv dung va duy tii kc hoach san sang ifng ciiu trong tiirdng hop khan cap.

• Nhan va dtiy Hi b.'io hiem hay c;ic dang b.'io dam Ihi climb khac lien quan dt"ii tnich nhiem dan sir ve thiel hai do lai nan hat nhfin gfiv ra, b(Vi vi to clufc van hanh nha m;1y dit'ii hat nhfin tliuong phai chin hoan loan tiaeh nhiem ve iihring thiet hai nay.

Vai tr6 ciia nghien ciiu va trien khai

Nghien cifu va trien khai (R&D) co mot vai lio tich cue va quan

tn.ng trong viec ho Inr cho chirong trinh dien hat nhan va cong nghiep

hat nhan, bao gom vice ho do' cho cliuyen giao cong light*, luat le hat

nban. cong nghe vat lieu bat nhan, die tao va be thong qiilm ly thong tin.

BiVi vfly, nliflng clufc nflng sail day dime xem III cmi thit't va thfch

hop de cac boat (long R&D thong nhat tao ra dime iihfing ddng gdp thiet

Ihue vh htlu ich cho chuong trinh dien hat nliaii:

• Tap tiling vao vice lain chii va ;ip dung cong light* da dime cluiyen

giao, >ao gom ca vice Iheo kip iihrmg (bay doi va ap dung cong

light* m<5i.

• Ho do clio cong ngliiep nang cao trinh do can thiel de dat dupe eat

clii tieu dinig g(')|) trong nude.

• I'ho bii'n nhfTii!', enn" n<'he dri lien ihn ilnnr rhn r\\r ntianh thich

hop ain nen cong ngliicp (|iioc gin.

• Duy tii sir hop lac tich cue vdi cat to elnfe R&D hCni (|iian o e;ic quoc gia khac.

• Hop lac voi cat to eluie, ca nhfm dang lhain gia giang day va

ngliien ciiu lai cat tiuong dai hoc dt* ei) moi MCMI he lure tiep vdi

cong nghe tinl) vi hien tlai.

IK

Cac to elufc nghiGn eifu va trien khai co" the demg mot vai ho chii yen trong vice giiip dO' cdng nghiep lial tihan thong qua viec eung clip dich vii In van cluiyeii gia ve nhflng van de nay sinh va nhflng tliiet bj va dich vu kiem dinh can thiet de drinh gia linh chat vat lieu va chat hrong eua cac cati kieti, ermg nlur phaii lich kV thtiat de chan do.ln van de.

Chuyen giao cong ngh§

C'huyen giao cony nyhe doi hoi ben ticp nhftii pli.'ii tiep llni, hap thu, lam chu va sir dung duoc cac thony tin va In quyet cong nglip- Neu chi

X ' v

cliuyen giao thiet hi va tai lieu thi chira du.

Trong hoi canh cua iiganh hat nhan. nhfing cong nghC* c<r him co the

chuyen giao lien quart toi (hiet ke, cong righe kiem Ira chat hrong, die

tao va xay dirng, quan ly va thiel ke ky tiiuat cong triuli, van hanh vfi

b.'io duOiig nha may dien hat nhan. De cliuyeii giao thanh cong, moi linh

virc cong nghe doi hoi plurong pliap vh each tiep can khac nhau.

Qua tit 1111 chuyen giao cong nghe chia ra mot so giai doan. U giai

(loan dan. nhii xirony vh thiet hi do nha cling cap xfic dinh va cung cap,

ben tiep nlurn van lianh cluing theo cac thong so va chi dan cua nha cung

cap. Hen tiep nhCiii thirong yen can duoc dao tao va ho tig ky tiiuat ti>

phia nha cung cap khi ph.'ii giai quyet nhrnig liuong lum bat thirong.

Ciiai doan lira chon duoc dac tiling boi sir nang cao tiinh d(> hieu

biel ky thuat cua ben tiep nhan, cho ph£p ho c6 the chon loc quy trinh,

thiet hi va cac nha cung cap nirrir ngoM cTing nlur cac bien ph.lp va ky

thuat van lianh va hlio dining. Tuy nliien, ben tiep nhan van con phu

lliupc viio ho ti(.r ky thiiat cua nha cung cap trong cac tinh huoiig kho

khan Inn.

Viio giai iloan thich nghi, ben tiep nhan vevi sir ho giiip cua nha

cung cap se cai bien cony nyhC' cua nha cung cap de co" the ap dung cho

phii hop voi (lieu kien va yen can cu the iV dia pluroiig. Miic cliuyen giao

cao nliat lii giai (loan lain chu, la hie ben tiep iihan da tlianli thao nlKlng

coiig nghe ticp ihu duoe den iiufc ho cd the tir tiiy y clii bien cluing cho

phii hop voi muc lieu va chnih sach cua minh.

Co nhieii phuong thiic de cliuyen giao cony ngh(*, vi du nhir thoa

Ihuan cho phep sir dung ban quyeii (hop dong li-xany), hiep cliuli lurp tac

ky thual, lien doanh va tro giiip ky Ihuat.

Khong the xem lliuong tain (|iian Irony cua coiig tac dao tao. M(,)i

phiroiig tlufc chiiyeii giao cony nyhe det. |ihai xac dinh 10 loai hinh dao

19

tao va trinh do va niuig lire mi) hoc vieMi can ck.it den. CYic clurong trinh diio tao thuong yen can hue viC-n phJii lam vice trong nlia may hay to clufc ciia 11I111 ciing cap (V xa que huong va do vay de>i li6i hoc vien phai co kha nang sir dung tuong cloi lot ngon iigtV ciia nude eiing cap.

Nhlrng kht") khan thuong gap phai trong chuyeii giao coug nghe bao

gom nhnng yen to sau:

• Chinh Iri. ViC'e eluiyei' giao cong nghe eho chuong trinh chC'n hat nhfm chi cd the tiien khai thanh tong trong mot ban khong kin chfuh tij thuan loi Ian dai. Neii thieu ban khong kin d(5 thi nude ehuyen giao cong nghe co the se ;1p cliit cac biC'n phap kieni so;it xuat khan.

• Kinh ic. Sir thieu ho tier tai climb diroe to ehifc tot eho ehuyen giao

cong nghe. nguon tai ehinh khong thoii dang hay sir thi irtr giiim silt

den cd the gay ra sir chain tie va nhlrng khd khan khac cho cong

vice ebuvLMi giao.

• Tnkh nliicm pluip /v. C'ac nhii eung cap cong nghe co the ph.'ii chin

traeh nhiein ve cac tai nan va Ion that xay ra lien (|iian den cac dir

;in/cdng trinh ma ho thani gia vao neu hC-n chin tracb nhiem plulp ly

tluf nbat doi vcti di.r fin (nude tiep nhan cong nghe) khong, cd hop

clong tract) nliicm hay khong the trang trai duoc nhnng ton that cli').

• (Y>/ig nghiOjh Kinh nghiC'in o mot so (|iioc gia da chi ra riing sir

chuyeii giao nang hie die tao eho cac ngiinh cong nghiep ndi cluing

la lhanh cong, nliung nguoi ta hay gap khd khan trong vice chnyen

giao ni'ing hie trong nganh thiet ke ky lluial vii trong qii.'m ly dir ;in

tluioc doanh nghiep eong cbinh. Vice tbiet lap ky lual can de (kit

den dial luong doi hoi rat kho khan cluing niio nguoi ta dura hieti

dirov day du khai niem chat luong tong the vii loi icb ciia nil doi

vdi coiiu imhiep.

• To chiiv. Tn'ich nhicm tap Irung va sir kiein soal cloi vdi vice chuyen giao cong nghe bat nhan lii dieu kien lien quyet cle ihiinh eong. Sir phan tan no hie tlnic clay chuyen giao cong ughe cho ding lo chifc va ngiinli cong nghiep rieng le co die clan (di kcl (|ii.7i toi le.

• 77CM chufin ky ihuCit vi) /igo;i n^ii. Ciie nirive cung cap vil tiep nlifui

eong nghe co the sir dung cae lieu cliuan ky (final, don vi do lliong

va ngon ngiT hoiin loim khac nliau. Cluing se ngan do sir chuyeii

giao cong nghe thong snot, ebrtng niio ugiroi la khong nni liicu

tuong tan vii tinh den nhnng kh.ic hiet ky thual do vii kbong co

tiiiili do ngoai ngtT tliich dang.

20

Lilian l u y y n v& d^o t a o dyi ngfl n h a n viGn

Dc 11 lire liien cluoe mot di.r an diC'i' lu.it nlian va chit den mot niiie van

lianli tin cay nha may dien hat nliaii, dieu thiet yen la phfii cb mot doi

ngn nhan viC'ii cd liinh do va y tluic eao, la nhfrng ngudi khdng the thieu

trong cong Lie lap ke hoach, xay lap, van hanh va ban throng nha nuiy

diC'ii hat nhan va tiep thco im'v long he tlidng len iihicu nlift m;iy.

Khi da ed earn ket xay dung nha may dien lu.it nhan dan licMi, (Id

doanh ngliiep die'n lire phai xem xet righiem die vice xay dung, va bien

elic clio mot dung lam dao tao doi ngfi nhfin vien van hanli va bao

dirOng cho nha nuiy. 'Filing tain nay ean din.re irang bj mot vai ihiel bj

mo phong, giao cu true c|iian vi tinh boa, eae lliicl hi va mo binli nha

may ean thiet tie dao tao eho eong vice bao during. Trung tarn enng pli.'ii

cd klia nang mo long va pluit liien de theo kip sir tien liicn eua clurong

trinli dieii 'ia( nlian.

f)e dam bao ed diroe doi ngn iilian vien vdi tiinh do va kinh nghit'in

can thiet eho eong lac van hanh va bao duong nha nuiy dien hat nhan tin

tnnie hcl can cd eir siV ha tang ve giao ctuc (dao tao cap dai line va sau

diii hoc, c;ic trinVni: cony iihfin ky 11u;at) dc dao Uio c;ic chuycMi <zia v;i ky

thuat vien ed du kien link: ly lluiycl Ian ky tuing tlure lianh ve eae van de

chuyen moil ky thuat. Ngoai ra cling efni thiet phai xay dung va tlure

hiC'ii ngay.U'r dfm ehimng (rinh dicn hat iilu'in mot elnrong tiiiih dao lao

(luoc soan than kv hiong kcl hop nhrrng kinh nghiein hay nluit eua the

gi()i.

Nliiing kinh nghiem va time lien quoe tc lot nlial. hien diroe ;ip

clung (')• nliieu cbuong trinh dien hat nhan trong d k m , bao gom pluiong

pluip dao lao ed he thong (SAT) cd plu.un vi roiig nliung dac lliii eho

cong vice, nban maiih viio eae ehi so time liien mue lieu, vice d;1nb gia

vii nlian xet trong snot nun giai doan eua elurong trinli. Mue lien loi lulu

eua eliiroiig (riiih clao lao do la Iriiih d() clmyen ngliiep eua doi ngn iilian

vicn (V moi cap trong nha m;1y dien hat nhan. Hoi vay dao tao ehinh lii

jibirong lirn dc tniyen dal va dtiv tri v (hire ve an (oim vii chat hrong.

cAc PIIUONG TIIIJC TAI TKO eno cAc DU AN DIEN HAT NJIAN

Mol yen can elm yen doi vdi eae dir an dien hat nhan la khii niing

iilifin diroe iigudn von trong vii ngoiii nude ean Ihiel vcii nhllng dieu kien

21

phai chatig. Neu trade ki;i mot so tunic dang plait lr.Cn cd the n ban duqc sir giiip tin thi chmh cho chc dir .In dien I .at nhan, thi ugh) nay viec tiii tnr cho nhCing cdng tritih nlur vay clang ugh) chug la mot van tie kiid khan, khdng phai clii boi vi hrong * ien can ihici Uiong dot I (in. ma uut vi cac to cluic thi chinh cho vay den mi'oii i;ac nhaii kna nang hoan no' cua doanh nghiep dien lire va quoc gia di vay '.rude khi tiC'ii hhnh thi ?ro. De nhan diroc sir thi tar cho dir iln die'" hat nhfm. can p'na< cd imfe tin nhiem tin dung cao va dinh bieu gia dien 6 nufc hien (lure vh kinh te. C'ac to dure cho vay quan lam liinic het dvn sire song thi cliinh Ian ky thuat cua dir hn diC'n hat nhan v<ii sir dam h.'to rime ngirdi ta cd the hohu trh tur dung lid) trinh. Nhfeu yen can nay cling gidng niur doi v.i', cac dir iin cong nghiC'p l<5n sir dung nliieai von kittle.

C6 bun dac diem co ban ciia cac clir an dicn hat nhan khicn cho vice

to dure tai tnr tluch (king !t(V nen khd khan. Dd la: dti phi dan lir cao;

thdi gian xay dung dai lion so viii cac nha may dung nliicn lieu boa

thach; van de chap nlifui cua cong cluing; vh iililing bat on tiem tang ve

chi phi va ticn dp. vi (hi do sir can thicp eua bo may tji'.fm ly vh cua

cong luan, do nhfntg thay doi ve chiVh sach va ciurong irinh. Mo! treng

so nliflng each llnfc de vircrt qua mot so khd khan do la xay dung nang

lire iiKaih me ve qu'tn ly cac cong trinh Ion, phiic tap, trailli tinh (rang

chain tie vh doi gia pin, vh gi.'ii qiiyet cd hieu qua iihuiig khd khan pli.it

sinh hat ng(V.

Duong von dan tir doi h6i Icin cd the xap xi, hay tham chi virot dpi X f X

long iniic tin dung <iidi han mh eac to ehifc cho vav x;ic dinh cho Ming

nude dang ph;il Mien. Hon ntra, c;ic to dure cho vay khong Much tap

tiling rui ro thi ehinh cua ho vho mot <Itr an duy nliat cd qtty mo nlnr

vay. Don gia dan ttr ban dan cd the giam di mot each dang ke bang each

lira chon nhtrng nhii may (lien I'ht nhan (|iiy mo nho lion v<yi thici kc dh

ehuan boa. Tinh hinh dan tn s& dinrc c.'ii ihicn ncu chinli phi'i vh to chifc clu'i

quail cd "tien sir" lol vc c;ic giao dich thi chinh nhal <|ti:'m vh dung dan voi cac to chuc cho vay v;i car tiha dan Mr. I hi nlillng quoc gia ci'i mire tin nliicin tin dung chap nhan duoc mdi cd kh.'i nang ticp can dtuvc v<ii cac khoan cho vay v;i tin dung de tai tier cho dir .In dicn hat nhan. Vice xay dung cac chinh shell kinh le vftug inanh cftng nhir vice xir ly tur vh each tlufc chia xe riii ro hoji ly den gdp phan tlurc hien muc lieu dd.

Ngan hang The gidi vh chc to cluie thi clunh cjnoc te khhc rat phe

pluin he thong bieu gia diC-n bno cap, vi he thong do tao Ihhiih mot trong

nhling iiguon gdc gay khd khan cho vice (hi (ro dir .In diC'ii hat nhan.

N'ang lire liii ehinh v;i bicu gia diC'n CM") lam quan trong dac biet trong

22

vice vay va hoan tra von clio cac cony (rinh (liyn inc. Mac dii can phai tmh den cac yen to xa lira va ciunli tri khi imli gia dien. dieu hct sue (juan liong I,"' bicu gi;i die:i phan ;'mh duoc ciii plii san \u;it, CYic doanh nghiOp tsicii hie phai the hiOn ro ckrov hieu c|iifi hemt clung tai chinh tol de cc5 tin; nhan duoc sir ho do Ur cac to dure tai cliinh

Sir chap thuiin dien hat nhan cua cong cluing la -not van de (|iian

trong va, dae biet ke tir tai nan Trccnobirn, moi ijuan tain rat cao cua

eong eir.inu doi vdi nguv co tai iuin hat nhan da linh huong true tiep va

nang ne *lcn cac di.r an die" hat nhan tren khap the gi<vi. Cu the, neu

thieu sir eli.lp thuan cua cong cluing trong qua trinh (hue hiOn mot dp an

diOn hat nhan, tlii anil InnVng toi tc den vice hoi'm thanh du ;'m va do do\

anh huong den klia nang tra no va thuc hien iihtTng cam ket va cam doan

till chinli.

Cjic p h u o n g thifc t&i Iro; thong thuiVng

Co" nhling nguon tai tro thong ihuong (r piuun vi quoc gia Ian quoc

te. C.tc nguon tai ehinli dpi phirong hay quoc gia gum: nguon lire eua

ehu dan ttr - von chii so litru va luong thu nhap lien; von vay - trai

phieu trong nude, tin dung cua cac ngan !ian<z. dia pillions^ va tin dung

hay dring gop li'r cac to clufc xa hoi. nguon dir tnr lrung truong hop chi

phi gia tang va cae khoaii tien tra liudc cho nhfrng dieh vi.i ma dir an se

enng cap.

Vi du vc cac nguon tai clnnh (|udc tc ban gum: tin dung xuat khau cna cac nude cung cap eong nglic, tin dung eua eac nhii cung cap thiet hi. cac to cliife tai chinh phat trien da phirong nhir Tap (loan Ngan hang The gidi, eac to elide va ngan hang phat trien khu virc, va cac the che khac; cac nguon tai chinh song pliuong; va tin triidng tai chmh the gioi ve c;1c klio.'m clio vay tliuong niai V'I tr;1i phieu cpidc le.

Canada. Nhal Han, Iioa Ky va cac nude Tay An da dong y tuan thu

"Tlioii uric Oli(l)""' (tire la 77IO/J thafui vc lliioti^ dfm Cling c;1p I'm

dung Hi) tnrClunli tl)iiv Xuiit khi'iii, ra dcVi vao nam iV/b, va phu iuc eua

no, I)icu kicn ClniyOn ngftnh vc Cung enp Tin dung. Xuiit klvm clio ciic

Nhh nviy Dicn lint nhiin, diroe thoa thuan nam I9S4), la van kiC'ii (|iiy

clinh Ihii (uc, clieu kien de liii Iro cho cac dir an dien hat nhan (V caV nmrc

dang phal trien. Theo Tho.i ireve nay, cac nude Pen da nhat Iri kliong

cimg cap cac khoiin tin dung viC'ii tnv rang buoe, viC'ii 11<>. vien trey khong

(*) O l ' X ' l ) : V i r l l;'il i u ; i T n ( h u e H o p 1.1c \'i'i l'h.'ll liiT'ii K in l i l c . I;i In c h u t cp ioe \c ( l u m

li'ill I'.cl r;'ic Millie k in l i le ph.1l l l i e i l l i e n Hie j ' i i i i . ( N l ) )

23

hoan lai, liay cac liinh dure tiii tro' kliac vm nluing dicii kien tui clunjz. ini

dfii lion so v<vi nhnng dieu kien quv dinh trong Wio.'i i/o'c OliCD.

H(Vi vilv. chi en the cd mot so lian the nguon liii chinli elio cli.r ;in

cliC'ii hat nlifm (V cac nude clang phat Iricn va chi phi tiii ehinli elio eae

nguon eld ciura chfic da thap lion lai sunt theo efie (lien kiC"ii Ihnong niai.

Tarn quan trgng ciia nguon tai clnnh dia phuong

Mot tron<z eae van tie khd khan nliat lron» vice tai Inr elio eae dir

;1n dit'ii hat iilifm d' eae nude dang phat tricn. ma linh chat pluie lap eua

no thudng hi d;inh gia lliap. la ngudn tai ehinh dc trang trai nhong ehi

phi trong nude. Kinh nghieni eho den nay tin ehi ra raniz tlurdng khdng

the huy (long dii tien de (rang trai eae ehi phi trnng mruc lir eae nguuii

tiii ehinh nude ngo.ii. (hi mrdng von (rung mnve hay ngfui saeh nha mrde

va dieu dd da la ly do gay ra nhting chain tie Hong time (hi chr an.

Dii li'i tdng ehi phi eua dir an la hao nhicu vii trong hat ky t iudng

hop nao. phan ehi phi trong nude phai dune tai tru h(Vi cac c|iiy tai ehinh

Irong nude. C';ie noi le de lai lio' eho dim lir van cac dir an diC*n hie edng

cong ed the la ngfui saeh nhii nude vii ngudn ngan c|iiy cua to chuc/doanh

nghicp van haul) dir an, hoae la lir von gup (von clu'i s<Y lilTn) hay lir llin

nliap gin- lai Iich Iliy duoc danh rieng cho ke hnach dan lir. Nhling ngiidn

dd cd the dune ho tny hang cat- khoan tin dung liny dong dune lien (hi

Irudiig von Irony aide. Khd khan trong vice (rang liai cae clii phi Irung

nude x;'iy ia khi ngtinii von tiia nhfi nude hi thieu hut vii do nlKTng han

die eua thi trudng von trong nude. Mot thi t iudng von trong nude hunt

ddng vCing viiug cd y nghia diic hiet trong vice (rang trai cae chi |)lu dia

piurong.

Ndi cluing, nt'ii mdt quoc gia elura to kha n;ing to tlnic dime vice

liii tru eho cac ehi phi dia plurong eua dir an dien liat nhan, thi dir an dd

to the khdng ed sire song liii ehinh.

C a c phuo' i ig t h u c L;ii Inr n u n

Xet nhii can ngoai le rat Ion cua phan Ion e;ie ninic dang phal trien

vii nidi liuoii!' liii ehinh (|iioe te kin) khiin hien nav, hau g.dni nlit'riig han

the ve tm dung xual Lhau, van de tin nhiem tin (lung en a e;ic ninre dang

phiil Iricn vii (|iiy (Ijnil dial cht' gan da\ de Irani) hi rni ru cua cat In

dure liii cliinh, nf'ii nguni la dang tim tdi va lln'r nghiein nhling phirung

llufc liii Iro' doi nun. Chung nao gdin nhling k_v lliual liii chinh khdng

phu lluiue hay phu Ihiiue mdl phan de huy (long c.ic iigiidn tiii lire hen

2d

niioi i i bo sun;: cho coni : cmV p 11;'«l t i ien (lie''. Inc. v i du nhii cae pl i invnii

tinJX- xfiy (IUI)L' - khui tluc - cluncn iwao (MOT) va \ .n (/irnt: - scV hnu -

kluii f/i.ic (MOO); plmonEJ. tlufc bao lnnli mot |v11A11 n'i;i N'iifm l ianu The

iziiri, va cac •liii i phap khac. Cho den nay. cluia co mot du an dicn lire

hat ulifin hay phi hat nhfm Ion nao sir duns: nhuni : phinvni: t ime mo i nay.

k l i uon ki io co ban cua p!uron<: tluic MOT nlur sail. M o l so nha dau

tir nuoc m:oai lap ra mot lien danh coi rnxobcxiom, con i i xoocx iom nay

l ien cloanh vdi doanh m:hicp dien lire ilia pl iuont: t l ianh mot coni : ty IiC*n

i loanh (JVC) , va JVC niiy se ban iliC'ii mini: s.?m xuat duoe eho doanh

iiizliiep iliC'ii lire. C ;ie hen dan tir nude ni:oai chin l iach nliiC'in ve phan

Kin von cho du an va so nyan quy nay ilinve di iu i : de:

• Xfiy iliiiii: nha m;iy dien vdi ky (limit va cdnj: ii«:lie mine ns:,oai;

• Kluii llhic nha may dud i sir quail ly cua to chi le dan luVvfm hanh

ninvc i i^oai t roni : mot khoam: thdi man nhat clinli eho cU"*ii khi moi

chi ph i , no' nan va vdn j:dp da dime trans: l u i thou*: qua vice k inh

i loanh dicn sail xtifit ra;

• Chin en ;'i;io quven so' lulu nha m;iv eho quoc via so la i .

Mot dam: khac ci'ia MOT la phuoin : ilufe M()() . ma ihco do k h n i i "

e(') sir ehuven iziao qiiyen sir htrii nha may eho nude elu'i nlia. Ve nmiyen

lac. 11101 iihii may duoe xay duni : theo pht ion i : l luie MO() cd the nam

(roi i j : (ay tu nhan (ronj: suo( tuoi (ho l i t lu dune, ci'ia no hay den mot (hoi

han nao ilt") so in l ion iheo iho.'i tluian <:iua cl i inl i phu nude elu'i nlia va

elm s(V lu lu in nhfm do.

Neu mot nhii may di~n duoc xay d i i i i j : tai mot mro'c dnnj: phat trien

theo pluro'ii j: (hue MOT. thi noi ch i l l i " i:LIIH>i la cd the cluV d(.)i nhf'in<j mi

the sau day:

• T im lul l diroe von mni'e lipoid eho nhii m;iy (lien dir i f i dan<: von vav

pl i i ehinh plu'i.

• ( i i i 'mi dirov nhmii.' rui ro lien i|iian den '.on<: \ IOC xay dirnj.', \ a van

hanh \ i l ima lunYni: dirov kinh lu'hiem vii l i i nh do c h i n c n nion cua

co i i i ' xo ik \ i o i n .

• Tao dici i Lien ihuan lo i eho \ iee dao lao time lien vii chi iyen ^ iao

com: m:he l i on ; : qua t i inh xa\ diuit: vii van l i i inh.

Tuy nl i ie i i , ' an pli.'ii de v ran;' eii kh;i nhieii luan diem ehoni: lai

phuo i i i ' l lnie l')()T. N I I I I I I L : dir an tiiiv l l i invni' cue kv pin re lap vii mat

i i l i ieu l l io i j : iau. xel ca tu hai LMH: do phap Iv va liii c l i in l i . \ a toi i j : chi

phi eua mot du ;in MOT et'i the si" eao l ion doi v m nhlin;:. dir an duoe

xfiy d i im : haim tifui di vay eua elu'i dau In co cliu (|uyen. T i on ; : phuoi i " .

111ifc HOT, climb plu'i nude cln'i nha tinrdng khong chinli tlufc bho lanh

c;1c khohn ma lien doanli llnrc hien dir an di vay, ma ndi cluing chi bho

dam trong mot chirng nurc nao dd rang se nuia dien do cong trinh du tin

san xnat diroc. Dd la bdi vi kinh pin cho du an tlieo plurong thifc BOT

lien quan den c;1c giao dich va ihanli to;in iur phi nha nude.

Ngoai ra, phirong tlnfc BOT khi <1p dung cho cac du an dien hat nhan rat cd the kt?o then them nhieu tlitVi gian va khd khan phifc tap, va qua" trinh trien khai ton k6m bdi vi vi£c xem x6t lira chpn dja diem, cap plidp, cac klua canli tai chinh va moi trucVng cho dir an BOT deu phifc tap lion so vdi cho nhung dir hn dupe tai tio theo nhtrng plurong tlufc liuyen thong. Bdi vay, cfic tiliTt dan tu/blio tip can clnian bi tinh than chap nlian thdi gian chuan bi dir fm kdo dai va chi phf trien khai Idn lion.

dan day Ngan hang The gidi da xay dung mot chirong trinh dong

tai tny mdi, cd ten la "Cfic boat dfmg nghiep vu dong tai trcr m6' rpng"

(OCOs), de xir ly cac tmdng hop khd khan vc co- can lien quan dei\ cac

riii ro (V nhung quoc gia dang plult tricn noi ma chc nha dan tu nude

ngoai va c;ic to cluic tir nhan tlurdng do du khong union thain gia vao

cac dir an Ion dan tu vao co' siV ha tang. Cac ECO nay ket hop nhung

nine tieu va nguyen lac cua chuong trinh "Cho vay B" (B-Lonn) cua

Ngan hang The gidi. nhung mcV rOng pliam vi cua nd. Cluing (c<1c ECO)

nham de thiic day luong tili chinh cua khu vuc tu nlian thong qua vipc

tang cirdii" ho tro' bho hicin chc ri'ii ro ma binh lluidng cac nha cho vay

lir nhan khdng nuioii chin trhch nhiem. Cluing trang bi cho cac nude dii

tir each vay tien mot phuong tien de thu hilt nguon thi tro' tir nhan cho

cac dir fin dilc biC't hay cac chuong trinh dan tir ma Ngfm hang The gidi

clri lira chon va tham dinh, va llunVng dirge Ngan hang The gidi cho vay

cli kern.

Nhtfng yeu cau t a i tro/ chii yeu cho du/ dn di^n h a t n h a n d- mpt nutfc dang phrit t r i en

De lai tnr thanh cong cho mpl du fin di£n hat nhan & mQt nude dang pli.1t tricn, dieu thiet yen ddi vdi chmh phi'i/doanh nghiep dipn lire nude clu'i nha la phhi:

• Kien clinh chuong trinh diC'ii hat nhfin vdi sir img In) can thiet cua nha nude

• Tien hanli phan tich thi chinh than d;1o cung vc5i phan tich kinh te

de daub gi;l ti nil kh'i thi cua dir ;ln.

26

l)uy tri muc tin nliiem tin dung duoc chap nhan pho bien nham

nhan duoe sir ho trcr cho dan tir va xu ly my.

Tai tnr cang nhieu cang tot cho tiianh phan chi phi trong nude cua

dir an hang iipi tc tu cac ngu6n trong ban than nudr clui nlia - tain

quan trohg va tmh plnrc tap cua van de nay tlurong hi d;lnh gi;1

thap.

Sir dung can than va toan dien cac ky tliuat trtnil do cao tic giai

quyet cac van de plnfc tap ve ky thufit, tai clnnh va ph;ip ly.

Dinh gia diC'ii (V mifc can thict dam hao sue manh tai chinh vflng vang, b<Yi vi mot trong nguon goc chu yen gav kin') khan tai chinh clio cac doanh nghiep diOn lire la vice tinh gi;i then pi 1 i kinh tc.

Chung to la mot dat iurifc on dinh, dang tin cay. noi ma cac chmli

phu ko tiep coi trong nhung cam kcl cua c;1c chinh phu lien nhiem.

NIIIEN LIEU HAT NHAN VA QUAN LY CHAT THAI

Ho a t d()ng cung cap nhiun li£u

Cac hoal donii ciing cap nhicn lieu hao «6in vice kliai tlnlc, xu ly va Www gi.au Uran. cfir.g nhir vice die tao/inua ban nhicn lieu hat nhan. IliC'n nay lien khap the gioi deu co sir dir thua nang lire (V nioi c6ng doan, nhung cung cc't xu lurdng ddng cua c;1c khu mo Uran khai llnic khong con hieu qua. BiVi vi rat de dang ky cac lurp dong cung cap nhicn lien nen vice tir (hicl lap cac co s(V khai thac liong nude hicn nay it c6 y nghia kinh tc.

Quan ly nhifin iigu d<l chay va chat thrii phong xa

Vice quan ly nhien lieu iii.it iihan da chay h;il dan in hie iihicn lieu duoc nit ra khoi vung boat Id phnn dug. ('6 hai each eliu yeu de xu ly nhicn lieu da chay:

• T;ii die l;i qua Irinli xi'r ly nhiC'ii lieu da cha'y, Inch l'lutoni va Uran

de tai sir dung, phfui ha thiii con lai chu a c;ic s.'in |)ham phan hach

va cac nj'.iiyen to nhdm Admit thudng duoc gin la chat thai lun.it do

cao.

27

• Chon buy la t|iia irinh nhien lieu da duly duoc chon buy sau mot tluYi gian Iirn gi(r.

Vii)c lira chon chiC'ii lucre quan ly iiliien lieu da duly phu Ihuoc vao c;lc dieu kiCn kinh te, climb tii vft climh sdcli nang krong. Dti a"p clung chieii kroc nao, thi nhien lieu dn duly hay chat th.'ii boat do cao cleu pliai dirge xir ly ihich hop, van chuyen den dia diem chdn huy va chon huy tai do\ Nguoi la da chap nhan l'Cmg rai rang chon huy (V nhlrng dia lang saw, clung mot loat hang rao tir nliicn va nhfui tao de co lap chat thai vdl nioi trirong, la pinning plulp dirge ira chuong lion ca.

Mot cong trinh nghicn cifu nam 1991 cua Lien minli Quoc le c.lc

nha sail xuat v;i phan plioi dien uang (UNIPLDli) udc (mil rang chi |)ln

xir !y chat thai chiem xap xi 2,5 - 11% long chi phi san xuat dien hat

nhan.

Muc tieu cda xii 1^ an toan chat thdi phdng xa

Xir ly an loan chat thai doi hoi sir rtp dung cong nghe va nguon lire

theo :;lch tlufc sao cho cd the kieni soat lieu bifc xa ion ho;l doi vol

cong cluing va nhan vien va bao ve moi trudiig tuan theo c.lc quy cljnh

cjuoc gia va cac lieu chuan quoc te da cluo'c chap nhan.

He dat dime nhrrng nine tieu cluing do, can ;lp dung cac nguyen lac diroc quoc le cong nhan dirdl day:

• Chat th.ii phdng xa phiii dirge xir ly theo each thuc sao cho ban die

c.lc nmiv co' doi vdi con ngudl 6' imfc cd the chap nhan duoc.

• ('hat thai phdng xa phai duoc xu ly theo each I hire sao cho cac

nguy co' doi vol sue khoe con nguoi ben ngoai bien gidi quoc gia

khong virot c|iul muc cd the chap nhan duoe (V quoc gia xuat plult.

• Vice xu ly bat tliai phdng xa phai dinrc tien hanh sao cho bao v£ dinrc indi trirdng. Phai ban die tdi da ph.1t sinh chat thai phdng xa.

• Viyc xi'r ly chat thai phai dinrc tien hanh theo each tbiic sao cho ban chc gnnh r.ang doi vdl the he lirong lai va sao cho nhfrng ngiiy cir doi vdi cac the he tirong lai khdiig vuot qu.1 mire cd the chap nhan diroe ngay nay.

• I'hai dam bao rang quoc gia cd khudii kho phap ly tho.'i dang va co'

siV ha tang ve to elide vol tliam quyen doc 1 Tip khi lull clan tien haul)

cac boat (long lien quan den cac chat phdng xa.

• Chat th.'ii phdng xa phai dirge xi'r ly Hong kluidn kho ciia chirong

trinh quan ly chat thai long (he cua quoc gia.

28

Ngoai nhfing nguyen tile neu tren, he thong qu'ui ly chat thai quoc gia phai con bao gdm ca vice trao doi thong tin llurCVng xuyen va httu liieu gifla co' quan tham quyen, to dure van hanh va cong cluing.

Muc ti6u ciia chion luge qudn 1$ chat thdi quoc gia

Kiii hoach dinh chien liroc quan ly chat th.'ii quoc gia, can phai xay dung mpt khuon kho toan dicn de dam bao vice xir ly an loan chat thai bao gom nhCrng yen to sau:

• M()t plurong phap cd he thong va iihat qu.ln cho c;1c cong doan dieu

eluiyen, hni gin- va ehon huy chat thai pining xa.

• Thiet lap va duy tri he thong qudc gia thong ke chat thai pining xa.

• Khuoii kho plulp ly quy dinh tham quyen quan ly.

• Xiic dinh ro cac bC'n lien qnan den cac budc khac iihau trong xir ly chat thai va traeh nhicm ciia In?, bao gom ca cjuyct clinh ve boat d()iig kiem so;1t sau chon liny, nhat la ddi vdi cac ccr s<V chon buy tap (rung.

• Co" can kinh phi va kluion kho phan bo nguon lire, Ih nhfrng van de thiet yen ddi vol sir boat d()iig thanh cong cua Iny thong quan ly l.ihi, bao gdm ca kinh phi danh cho viec kiem xa va b.'io dirOng cua boat dong kiem so.1t sail chon buy, nhat 1.1 doi vdi c.lc co1 s(V ebon lu'iy tap (rung.

• NgbiC'n eiiu va trien kbai pluic vu c;1c yen can ciia cong t.lc quan ly va boat dong ihuc tien, hay to chiic thu nlifin nhtrng ket qua del tir c.lc nguon thong tin quoc te.

• C.lc mux tieu hop ly ve an toan, ky tlniat v,1 ban ve moi trirnng cho

c;ic boat ddng xir ly chat thai, 'e lir do '•<') the xay dung ede lieu

cluian tiong he thong quan ly.

• C;1c to clitic time (hi cd nguon lire can thiet de Ihicl ke, xay dung, van hauh va ddng cua c;1c cir siV xir ly chat thai pbuc vu cho clurohg tiinh quoc gia; mot phan trong so do cd the nh(in dirov thong qua sir lurp tac gilTa cac quoc gia tlianh vien vcfi c.lc to clufc

quoc te

C.lc lien cbiian qudc te ve xir ly an toan chal th.'ii pining xa biC'ii dang dune xay clung trong khudn kho Clurong tiinh Tieu chuan An toan clio Chat thai I'hdng xa (RAf)WASS) cua IAHA mdi thauh lap gan day.

29

Ddng cifa câc ctr aà hat nhân

Thiifit ngtr "ddng cira" tV dây hhm y cham dut su pluie vu cùa mot nha uiciy liay co1 siV eông nghiÇp. Ndi chung, ngirdi ta tlnrông ddng cira die nhh may cliçn hat nhân sau khi nd dà son» IiOt luoi tho hûu dung. Doi vdi cac nha may divn hat nliân ngiroi ta thirdng lay "tuoi llip hfru dung" la 30 nam, nhirng Hong tlurc te chung cô tuoi tho liCru dung dir kien cd the dài hou nhiêu nliCr nhtîng clnroiig trinh quan ly tuoi tho tluch hop, bao gom CÎ1 viêc duy tu, bao duOng va tliay the trong nha iniiy diêr. hat nhân.

Khi xây dung mot c luron g trinh diÇ'ii hat nhân, mot yen to quan trong can tmh den la sir ddng cira tat yen cùa nhh mly. Viêc ddng cira cd the bao gom cac hinh dure nlur thïio liay plia dO' eau kiçn, tay xa dja ban nha may, dai tu, sira chtïa de dung vào mue dieh khac, va cd the nhieu hoat dông khac lifta. Duc biêt, nhtrng dja diem dd rat phù hop va cd gih tri doi vdi cac Ioai nhh may cliOn khac, vi cluîng la két quh lira chon sau nhrrng phép phân tich quy mô Idn va ton kém. Cïic yen eau vê quan ly, tài tro' vh thiet ke de tao thuÇm loi cho vice ddng cira can pliai diroc xem xét va trù lieu dây dû ngay tir nhtrng giai doan dâu cùa clurong trinh diên hat nhân.

Tong clii plu cùa vice ddng cùa cd the lên tdi xap xi 1% tong gil

thhnh san xuat diên. Cho nên, cac doanh nghiêp diên lire tlnrông tmh

thêm khoàng 1% vao don giâ clïOn (tire la gi.1 mol kVV.h) de tiang Irai

chi phi ddng cùa sau này.

De xây di.rng mot chien hroc quue gia hop ly nhat, can tien hanh phân tich nham xilc djnh nhtîng hnh luriVng tich cire (vh lieu cire) cua sir thao dû ngay lâp tire liay tri hoan. Viçc lui tlnio dO' lai tir 80-100 nain cd the giâm duoe chi phi cho tay xa va an tohn bife xa, nhirng lai cd the lâm tâng chi phi bao dirO'iig va giam sât. Cîiong nhir trong moi hoat dông lien quan dên ky (huât liât nhân, an tohn bife xa cho nhân viên vh công chùng Ih mot yen eâu quan trong trong bat ky phép phân tich nho.

VAT TRÔ CÙA IAEA

Théo thông le, e;ie quoe gia lliànlï viên là các nuóc dang pliât bien

có (|iiyên ilê nghi IAKA hop tác va ho do' ký (huât cho các iíng dung

hoà binh nàng luong liai nhân, bao goin c!i viêc s.'in xuat cl i On hat nhân.

30

Pliain vi g i i ip do va ho t ry mh I A E A co the cung cap theo yen can

cua c;1c quoc gia thanh vit ' i i bao gum:

• Cluiyen giao va dao tao sir thing cac cong cu tmh toiin tren nuly

du l l ile phan t ich k inh te ve ului can nang hrong va dign nang, va de

to i tin hoa sir nuV rgng h(* thong phat digit (phan t ic l i nl i ieu giai

pluip khac nhau).

• Cclc cloho cluiyeii gia tip- gi i ip nude elm nha t rong viOc hoach dinh

va t ime t l i i c«1c giai doan cua clurong t r iu l i d i g " hat nhan, bao gom

ch t iong giai doan van hanh.

• Clu iyen gia tir van ve tliiet ke, xay dung, tlurc thi va d.lnh girt

chuong tr inh dao tao doi ngfi nhan vien cho nganh then hat nhan.

• CluiyC'ii gia tir van ve eo' siV ha tang va ve x«1c diu l i cac chi tieu. hign

t ime cho sir ddng grip t iong nude.

• ChuycMi gia tir van ve cac yeu can bao dam hat nhan, dao tao ciin bg

de thiet lap va l i ien khai Hg thong quoc gia ve thong ke va kiem

soat vat l ieu hat nhan (SSAC) va cac boat d(ing khac lien qnan den

bao clcim hat nhan.

• T i c doan ehuyen gia tir van ve cac kina canh l ien cjnan den chu

t i i nh i ihicn lieu hat nhan va quan ly chat thai t rong chirong Ir inh

dien hat nhan.

• Hyc bong (Fellowships) tie dao lao can by nhan viC'ii cho clurong

Ir inh dien bat nhan, bao gum ch can bi) quan ly Ian nhan vien van

hanh, va de to dure thain quan ky lluiat den c l c to clufc thicl i hyp iV

ciic (|iioc gia thanh vien khac.

• Cac khoa dao lao quoc gia, khu vtic va lien khu vi.rc de dao tao can

bo nhan VICMI cho nha may dien hat nhan Ian co' cjuan thain quyen,

cTing uhir ve cac ky thuai lap ke hoach nang h ryng long the va

nhlrng chu de lien (|iian khac.

• Ta i l ieu huoi ig dan, lieu cluiaii va chi dan an loan de g i i ip cac co'

quan chinh plu'i va doan'i nghiep dien lire t rong vice hoach dinl i va

t ime thi clui'ong tr inh d ie " hat nhan. NhCing tai l ieu nay eimg cap

nhlrng thong t in ve cac tieu chuan quoc le va ciic k inh nghiem lime . X A . • A .

l ien lot i ihal.

• Mua sain nhtrng ihiet hi can (hiet de dal diryc i ihung nine tieu cua

ci»c (hi an hop lac ky thuat dn diryc chap nhan.

M

KfiT LUAN

Time hicMi mot c lmong tr i ' ih (.liC'ii lu.it iilifm cloi hoi 6 nipt quoc gia

nipt loat c;ic dicu kiC'ii tion qnyet vft nhflng t iach nhiCiii tlnnYng xi iyen.

Neu nhftng dien kiC'ii do dugc tho.'i man, tin ngiion tliC'ii nang an loan,

sach va ktnh te ti> nang hrong hat nlifui sc mang hii nl i f tng ngiioi i lo i

(hlng ke cl io c|iioc gia dri iron iihieu l ln l i virc.

M

CAC AN PHAM VA TAl LI$U CUA IAEA C6 Ll£N QUAN

Code on tlic Safely of Nuclear Power Plants: Design,

Safety Scries No 50-C- i ) (Rev I) ( I9XS)

Code on the Safety o f Nuclear Power Plants: Governmental Organization.

Safety Series No. 50-C-O (Rev. I) (1988)

Code on tlie Safety of Nuclear Power Plants: Operation.

Safety Series No. 50-C-O (Rev I) (1988)

Code on tlie Safety of Nuclear Power Plants: Quality Assuarance.

Safety Series No 50-C-QA (Rev. 1) (1988)

Code on the Safety o f Nuclear Power Plants Siting.

Safety Series No 50-C-S (Rev I) (1988)

Economic nvaluation o f Rids for Nuclear Power Plants A Guidebook.

Technical Report Scries No 2'.9 (I98C)

niectr ic i ty and the Fnviroimicnt (Proceedings of a Seuioi Fxpcrt Symposium. Helsinki. 1991)

( Also published K e \ Issues Papers and Fxecutivc SummaiA )

r inancing Arrangements for Nuclear Power Piojects in Developing Countries.

Technical Report Series No. 35.1 (1993).

Guidebook on Training to Establish and Maintain the Quali f icat ion and Competence os Nuclear

Power Plant Operations Personnel. I A F A - T F C D O C - 2 2 5 (198'))

International ('(inventions on Civ i l Liabi l i ty for Nuclear Damage. Revised 1976 Edition.

Legal Series No. 4 (1976).

Nuclear Power Project Management: A Guidebook,

Technical Report Series No 279(1988)

Projected Costs o f > dear and Conventional Base Load Klecl i ic i ty Generation in Some I A E A

Member Stales. I A E A - 1 ECDOC-.W) (1990)

Quali ty Management for Nuclear Power.

Technical Report Series No 315 (1993)

Research and Development Sssppfir! for Nncl'-nr Power

Technical Repoit Series No 298 (1989).

Safety Culture. Safely Series No 75 - INSAG- l ( I 9 9 | )

The Convention on the Plivsieal Pioteetiou of Nuclear Mate i ia l ,

INFCIRC/27 I /Rcv I (May 1980).

The Structure and Content o f Agreement between the Agcncv and Stales Required in Connection

wi th the 'I ieats on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, INFCJRC/153 (Col lected)

(1972)

33

MUC LUC

M O DAI) I

TOM TATTINII IIINII DIHN HAT NHAN i

IIOACII F)|NH CHfNll SACII VA QUYHT DINH CIIIJONC. TRlNFI l>ll<N HAT NHAN 8

CAC PHI JUNG THUC TAl TRO (TIO (AC l)U AN

F)IPN HAT NFlAN 21

NIIIEN LIIUJ HAT NHAN VA Q U A N I.Y CHAT TIlAl 27

VAI TRO CUA IAEA 30

KKT L U A N 32

CAC AN PIFAM VA TAl Ij£U CUA FAI-A CO PlftN OUAN 33

Oicli ti> nguyen bin lieng Anfi

POLICY PLANNING I OK NUCLEAR I'OWKR: AN OVERVIEW OF THE MAIN ISSUES AND REQUIREMENTS

IAr:.A, VIP.NNA, 1993

s i i/fim/Q 11

Bien dich: Ks. Nguyen Thanh Tan

Hi$u dfnh: PGS.PTS. Nguyen l ien Nguyen

XuSt ban. Phong Thong tin - "T'u lieu Vlf;NNANC; l.lfOlNC INCUYfN Ml \ If I NAM

S& VAKC I 028

Ha npi, 5/1995

34