NASA

Black Wall Street

Walking By Faith

1st Black Officer to Die

Why Reputation Management

62

WELCOME....

WELCOME .... TO CORE-TIMES THE VOICE OF CIVIL RIGHTS.

THE COMPANIES, CORPORATIONS, DOCTORS, LAWYERS,

AND ENTITIES IN THIS PUBLICATION REPRESENT THE HIGH-

EST LEVEL OF COMMITMENT IN UPGRADING THE MINORITY

COMMUNITY.

THEIR CONCERN, INVOLVEMENT, AND

COMMITMENT TESTIFIER OF THEIR NEVER ENDING HELP,

SUPPORTING CHANGE FOR THE BETTER IN THE LIVES OF

SO MANY.

WE TAKE OUR HATS OFF TO YOU FOR

STARTING THE YEAR 2014 IN SUCH A SUPERB

MANNER...

ENJOY THE HOLIDAYS

FROM THE FAMILY OF CORETIMES

2 II 61

60

Email: oridgway@comprotax.net

3 III

4 IV 59

58

CONTINUED PROGRESS AND SUCCESS TO THE MINORITY COMMUNITY

With 2 Locations To Serve You:

Universal Beauty College

718 Compton St. Compton, CA (310) 635-6969

Universal Beauty College

8619 S. Vermont L.A., CA (323) 750-5750

Commited To Peace Justice

And Building A Strong

America...

5

From The Chief Editor …………………….… 7

NASA……………………………………..............11

WHY REPUTATION MANAGEMENT IS IMPORTANT………………………………..........19

WALKING BY FAITH………………………...21-23

I Have A Dream .................................. 25, 26, 30

From the Core History Book .................. 32-33 James S. Farmer; Was Top Civil Rights Leader

Why Would Anybody Put Chains On Me? .................................................................... 34-35

Remembering Human Rights Day................ 36

1st Black Officer to Die in the Line of Duty…………………..………… 37

Black Wallstreet……………………………..47-50

Health - Colon Hydrotherapy………………..57

A Sign of the Times….……………………….. 59 The Dream of a King…………………………..61

Founders

Celes King III Dr. Byron K. Parr Sr.

Dr. Byron Parr Sr. Editor N Chief

WRITERS Michael S. Oden

Dr. Steven Arthur McCrory Kevin L. Smith (MBA) Kimberley N. Carter

Anthony “Tom Tom” Parr

LAYOUT & DESIGN UP 2 PARR 4 U

CORE TIMES is a magazine published by Core - Times The

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V

6 57

COLON Hydrotherapy

Whether or not the body is polluted, cleansing of the colon by way of colon hydrotherapy helps in

prevention of disease. Signs of a toxic colon are sagging posture a9pot belly), fetid breathe, coated tongue,

abnormal body odor, cold hands and feet, indigestion, chronic headaches, fatigue, tension, allergies,

irritability, nervousness, nausea, depression, asthma, backaches, shallow complexion, dark circles under

eyes, foul smelling stool.

Perhaps if you fall into any of these categories, you may have sought medical attention, and the doctor did

what they were trained to do—treat the disease. Ask yourself this question, “Where did the disease

originate, where did it come from?” Answer is colon, and it’s inefficient elimination. This happens when

we eat what man deems edible. Primitive man did not have problems with his colon, nor did he eat meat.

Our bodies were not designed for that such protein, three types ingested substances do not get digested

immediately. Some take days. Others may be found in your stool a month later! So what happens to these

ingested substances? The undigested “foods” collected in the colon. After years of abusing your body by

eating this way, your colon becomes weak like a muscle that has not been used. The collected substances in

this colon impact themselves “within the lining of the colon. The protein begins to putrefy (becomes rotten)

fat turn rancid, and carbohydrates ferment. These undigested particles leak back into the blood stream via

the liver; the kidneys, lungs, or through perspiration. The organs that carry this burden becomes

overworked leaving your body feeling tired and sluggish to say the least. Yet, when the other organs prove

unsuccessfully (unable to expel the waste), the body is left to store the substances in the tissue, fat cells,

joints, muscles, etc. Thus, your toxic waste site is found.

Cleansing your colon by way of colon hydrotherapy allows the colon to eliminate more efficiently. It

flushes the impacted feces out little by little. You may be wondering if laxatives or enemas couldn’t do the

same job. Well, our bodies consist of a large intestine or colon that is the last five feet of our digestive

track.

Laxatives or enemas reach the first foot, the remaining four feet

where most of the impacted feces is unaffected. Colon

hydrotherapy involves repeated inflow of filtered temperature

controlled water, to slowly dissolve accumulated toxic material.

Once you clean out your colon and free yourself from disease. I

don’t think you will be found abusing it again. Remember, “The

quality of food we eat, the quality of life we shall sustain.”

56 7

8 55

54 9

10 53

Saundra W. Davis, Ph.D Executive Director/CEO

CALIFORNIA

Building Business and Careers

7518 - 7586 South Vermont Ave. Los Angeles, CA 90044

Ph: 323.752.2115 • Fax: 323.905.1187 TTY: 323.752.1112

www.communitycentersinc.org sdavis@communitycentersinc.org

saundavis@aol.com

52

Emmanuel A. Ayodele, M.D.

Tel. 323.779.8398 Fax. 323.779.8493

11126 South Main Street ~ Los Angeles, California 90061

11

“NASA”

What will NASA bring in the year 2013? There are many eye open-

ing events up ahead. Events that will capture the mind and imagination.

So lets take a moment, and investigate some of the important issues up

ahead.

For many years mankind has wondered about the Red Planet. The

mysterious Red Planet next door. The planet of the mysterious caverns.

The planet where our alien neighbors may exists. These questions and

many more will soon be answered.

The impending discoveries that will help satisfy man kinds need to

know, will be like opening Pandora's box. For many years man gazed at

the stars at night wandering what was there. To his amazement, fascinat-

ing discoveries have been made daily.

For four decades we have constantly given insight into it’s history,

climate, and geology of our nearest planet. Many photos of images and

showcases of the planet have been taken from the spacecraft. And now

finally at last Mars Curiosity is dending samples from Mars called

“Grandmas have At Yellow Knife Bay” back to earth.

On January 7 Curiosity brings images of Mars to earth. And once

again that question is asked; could mars have one harbored life with infor-

mation becoming more available this question may soon be answered.

However we must be very careful about speculation and guess work. The

facts must be the only foundation for the answers we seek. For to long we

have come up with fairy tales about the Red-Planet with hostile invaders.

12

To many times Hollywood has put their war of the world pictures to the

screen. As a matter of fact, the more I think about it, it seems we have

had more trouble from our neighboring planet than any other planet in the

galaxy.

But considering the first that our nearest star is light years away, and

light traveling at 186,00 miles per second; were talking a long way. It

would take another neighbor a long time to reach us.

Last year in October Curiosity touches its first rock. Take Matijevic

(The nature of the rock). The composition of the rock is a close match

chemically to rocks found in many volcano provinces on earth.

As we continue to analyze new finds we will keep you posted.

Finally the wealth of information from the two instruments checking

chemical elements, is just a preview. Curiosity also carries analytical la-

boratories in the rover the mission is progressing.

51

50 13

This artist's concept features NASA's Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover, a mobile robot

for investigating Mars' past or present ability to sustain microbial life.

Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

This image from the Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) on NASA's Mars rover Curiosity shows

the patch of rock cleaned by the first use of the rover's Dust Removal Tool (DRT).

Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS

14 49

50)

Herschell Davis Hunt

48

Continued from page 47)

49)

15

16 47

48 )

46 17

18 45

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We plan for a birth…

We prepare for an education…

We train for a job…

We finance a house…

We benefit from health insurance…

We dream of a vacation….

We save for a rainy day…

We secure our families against disabilities…

We invest for our retirement….

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20 43

42

Continued from page 41

21

22

From pg. 21

Continued on page 23

41

Continued from page 40

40

Adams, Hawekotte, Hodson 251 South Lake Suite 930

Pasadena, CA 91101 (626) 583 - 8000

John Adams Continued Progress to the

Minority Community

Continued on page 41

39

23

22

24 39

38

Continued on page 39

25

(Continued on page 26)

I am happy to joke with you to day in what will go do in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom

in the history of our nation.

Five score years ago, a great American, whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation

Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves

who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night

of their captivity.

But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free, one hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still

sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination, the hundred years later, the

Negro lives on, a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity, one hundred

years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and first himself in exile in his

own land. So we come here today to dramatize a shameful condition. In a sense we’ve come to our na-

tion’s capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Con-

stitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every Ameri-

can was to fall heir. This note was the promise that all men, yes, Black men as well as white men, would be

guaranteed that unalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note in so far as her citizens of color are

concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a

check which has come back marked “insufficient funds,” But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is

bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this na-

tion. And so we’ve come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom

and the security of justice.

We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time

to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to

make real the promises of democracy; now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley segregation

in the sunlit path of racial justice; now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to

the soid rock of brotherhood, now is the time to make justice a reality for all god’s children. It would be

fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. This sweltering summer of the Negro’s legiti-

mate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality.

BL

AC

K H

IS

TO

RY

I HAVE

A DREAM “It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note in so far as her citizens

of color are concerned.”

Speech by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. at the Historic “March on Washington” Lincoln Memori-

al Washington, D.C. August 28, 1963 Copywright c1963 by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Ed. Note: during this 29th annual birthday Observance of SCLC cofounding President Dr. Mar-

tin Luther King, Jr., the following speech it is reprinted reminding us of King’s fervent and gal-

lant quest that all Americans will reap the benefits of equal rights and economic justice.

26

Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. And those who hope that the Negro needed To blow off

steam and will not be content, will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. There

will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirl-

winds of revolt will continue to shake the foundation of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.

But there is something that I must say to my people, who stand on the worn threshold which leads into the

palace of justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let

us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. We must for-

ever conduct our struggle on the high plain of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative pro-

tests to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting

physical force with soul force. The marvelous new militancy, which has engulfed the Negro community,

must not lead us to a distrust of all white people. For many of our white brothers, as evidenced by thief pres-

ence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. And they have come to

realize that their freedom in inextricably bound to our freedom. We cannot walk alone. And as we wlak, we

must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back.

There are those who are asking the devotees of Civil Rights, “When will you be satisfied?” We can never

be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality; we can never be

satisfied as long as our brothers, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the

highways and the hotels of the cities, we cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro’s basic mobility is from a

smaller ghetto to a larger one; we can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their self-

hood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating “For Whites Only”; we cannot be satisfied as long as the

Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No!

No, we’re not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until “justice rolls down like water and righteousness

like a mighty stream.”

I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulation. Some of you have

come fresh from narrow jail cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left

you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the

veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with faith that unearned suffering is redemptive. Go back

to Mississippi. Go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina. Go back to Georgia, Go back to Louisiana.

Go back to the slums and ghettos of our Northern cities, knowing that somewhere this situation can and will

be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair. So I say to you, my friends, that even though we

face the difficulties of today and tomorrow. I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the

American dream, that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slave owners will be able to sit

down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state

sweltering with the the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a

dream my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their

skin, but by the content of their character.

I HAVE A DREAM TODAY!

I have a dream that one day down in Alabama with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips drip-

ping with interposition and nullification—one day right there in Alabama, little black boys and black girls

will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.

(Continued on page 30)

(I Have A Dream Today- Continued from pg. 25)

37

Continued on page 38

36

REMEMBERING HUMAN RIGHTS DAY By Bernice Powell Jackson

Civil Rights Journal #0294

December 10th is celebrated as human Rights Day

around the world. I believe that setting aside this

day around the world to uplift the importance of

Human Rights grew out of World War II and the

gross violations of human rights by the Nazi re-

gime. It grew out of “never again” commitment of

world leaders. Human rights-the right of human

beings to safety and to basic needs of home, fami-

ly, health, education and happiness and the right

not to be persecuted because of religion or race or

ethnicity is at the heart of our civilized world. We

in the U.S. often take these rights for granted or

blindly refuse to see that even here, in the world’s

oldest democracy, we do have human rights viola-

tions. Let me give a case in point. I believe there is

a human rights violation being perpetrated by

many of the states against thousands of families in

this nation. It’s the policy which many states have

adopted od charging a high rate for collect calls

made by prisoners to their families. The revenue

from these exorbitantly high telephone charges

goes to the states. For example, new york State

earned $21 million last year on such calls, Ohio

earned $14 million, Illinois $16 million, Florida $14

million. In other words, states earned more than

$100 million off of collect telephone charges made

by those incarcerated. On the other hand, they are

allowed to dial direct, using debit cards, which

proves that the argument sometimes offered by

states, requiring prisoners to make all calls collect

is their way of protecting against telephone fraud

by inmates is a false one.

Inmate families realize that public sympathy

for prisoner is at its lowest today, but nevertheless

some families have filed lawsuits claiming that the

charges are an unfair tax on a small, poor group of

individuals who have not been charged or convicted

with crimes, but who are forced to pay the state re-

gardless. Prison family groups believe that states

should not be in business of profiting from the fami-

lies of those they imprison.

New York state use most of its income from

the collect telephone calls to pay for health care for

prisoners, which the state is required to provide. If

health care is a human rights, then this exploitative,

usurious practice of charging exorbitant rates for col-

lect telephone calls from prisoners to their families is

a violation of the human rights of these prisoners and

it is a shameful, morally wrong injustice to their fami-

lies. It is more evidence of the growth of the prison

industrial complex in this nation.

Jesse Jackson once said that a nation’s great-

ness should be judged by how it treats the least of its

citizens. How our states treat the poor families of

those who are incarcerated might be viewed by some

as a does not reflect well on the land of the free and

the home of the brace.

27

September 2013

28

October 2013

35

(Why Would Anybody Put Chains On Me? - Continued from pg.34 )

Rev. Howard Anderson is one of several members who have fraught me much about this per-plexed matter of race. I was fortunate to work with Howard most of the 21-plus years I served in the United States Air Force. Today, Howard is a pastor with his own church in San Antonio, Texas. In his speech as the Department of Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute (DEOMI) at Patrick Air Force Base in Florida (1986), Howard looked out at the audience and said, “...you see, you all didn't know me when I was in my chains and shackles. But I stand be-fore you today, almost a completed man…” Howard had the vision, the awareness and the pain which drove his revenge for being born. Yet he knew that he was strategy. He spent his entire adult life wrestling with the harms of racism and teaching other skills to survive. We can not stand by and wait for something or someone. Initiative, motivation, persistence and taking responsibility are critical and key components that will lead to success. These components will ultimately provide the purpose for our existence. These traits also solidify the process of our revenge for being born. In a somewhat covert way, revenge for being born serves to empower us as African-Americans by enabling us to develop those intrinsic skills necessary for survival. We cannot let those next one– thousand years be dominated by the issues of race that bind us to hinder-ing factors, chains, barriers, and other stuff that fosters limitations, stop outs, and failures from mainstream society. Each of us has choices we must make, choices which allow us to make decisions about our own destiny and self-actualization. When we make these choices, we must then develop a life plan with goals, milestones and evaluations. Evaluation of our progress serves as an in-dictor toward goal attainment. I suppose the hardest part of that life plan for most of us will be in our doin it. Steven A. McCrory, Ph. D. President Perspectives in Learning Organizations P.O. Box 540041 Merritt Island, Fl 32954-0041

34

(Why Would Anybody Put Chains On Me? - Continue on pg. 35)

WHY WOULD ANYBODY PUT CHAINS ON ME?

One early morning in April of 1996, I was watching a late night television program while mak-ing several notes about the day’s events. In the background, one od the program guests made reference to “...revenge for being born…” The concepts of that statement grabbed me. It was profound, powerful and dynamic. I had an immediate recall about my life experience– being an African-American male and growing up in a Caucasian-dominated America. “Revenge for being born” quickly brought into focus the idea that in 1950, when I appeared on the face of this existence, the African-American male was not supposed to succeed eco-nomically, politically, educationally, socially or by any other means that could lead to individu-al or institutional power. We had a place, our box, our pigeonhole, and we were expected to stay put. Therefore, our destiny was predetermined. The place for the African-American male was inferiority. Those were the kinds of distal traits, proximal cues and society into which the African-American male was born. The idea of revenge speaks for every African-American leader, citizen, male and female who has a success story, and who has challenged and overcome the obstacles of racism to achieve his or her determined life goal. That success is the essence of revenge for being born. The African-American individual, who is to survive in the next millennium and beyond, must be motivated to be responsible for self-the “real and true” self, the kind that causes a deep and thorough intrinsic reflection of one‘s values, commitments, goals and the soul. Take a long look into the mirror and come to understand the reflection of self you see looking back at you. Then and only then will you find the self-determination that, in fact, raise your bar and set high standards that require you to develop and utilize skills and talents that will enable you to rise to the top of your chosen destination. When you get there, don’t forget to reach back for others. Tell them about your journey and provide them hope. It does not matter what this society finally chooses to do with Affirmative Action, Equal Opportunity, Merit or other such equity programs. This is not to day that these programs are not needed. Any program or behavior that combats, neutralized or eliminates the foul stench of racism had purpose and validity. But African-American must take control of their own individual destines and not wait on the bureaucratic system or this society to be their providers, rescuers or knights in shinning armor. The systemic infrastructure of America was not designed to be inclusive of African-American people: its goals is best characterized as esoteric and ethnocentric.

29

Sex: Male Race: Hispanic DOB: 7/04/1996 Height: 5’2” Weight: 142 Hair Color: Black Eye Color: Brown Contact: Los Angeles PD (323) 344-5701

MARCO OCHOA Marco was last seen on October 16, 2012, in Los Angeles.

JAYLA ROSE EHRLER Jayla was last seen on February 1, 2013 in Modesto.

KAREN WALKER-HAYWOOD Karen was last seen on September 17, 2012.

MAYLINA RENAE JACKSON Maylina was last seen on January 17, 2013 in San Francisco

JESUS SANTIAGO JESUS was last seen on May 12, 2012 in Madera.

AILEEN HUERTA Aileen was last seen on December 28, 2012 in Culver City.

Sex: Male Race: White DOB: 4/10/1996 Height: 5’3” Weight: 106 Hair Color: Brown Eye Color: Hazel Contact: Modesto PD (209) 572-5980

Sex: Female Race: Black DOB: 9/26/1996 Height: 5’1” Weight: 116 Hair Color: Black Eye Color: Black Contact: Sacramento PD (916) 808-0621

Sex: Female Race: Black DOB: 5/22/1996 Height: 5’7” Weight: 200 Hair Color: Black Eye Color: Brown Contact: San Francisco PD (415) 553-1071

Sex: Male Race: Hispanic DOB: 12/18/1996 Height: 5’4” Weight: 115 Hair Color: Black Eye Color: Brown Contact: Madera PD (559) 675-4220

Sex: Female Race: Hispanic DOB: 8/26/1997 Height: 5’1” Weight: 130 Hair Color: Black Eye Color: Brown Contact: Culver City PD (310) 837-1221

November 2013

30

(I Have A Dream Today- Continued from pg. 26)

I HAVE A DREAM TODAY!

I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every full and mountains shall be made low, The

rough places will be plain and the crooked places will be made straight, “and the glory of the Lord shall be

revealed, and all flesh shall see it together.”

This is our hope. This is the faith that I go back to the South with. With this faith we will be able to hew out

of the mountain of despair, a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords

of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith, we will be able to work together, to

praytogether, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will

be free one day. And this will be the day. This will be the day when all God’s children will be able to sing

with new meaning, “My country tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my father died,

land of the pilgrim’s pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring.” And if America is to be a great na-

tion, this must become true.

So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire, let freedom ring from the mighty

mountain of New York, let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania; let freedom ring

from snowcapped Rockies of Colorado, let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California. But not

only that, Let freedom ring from the Stone Mountain of Georgia, let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of

Tennessee; let freedom ring from every hill and moe hill of Mississippi.

“From every mountainside, let freedom ring.” And when this happens and when we allow freedom to ring,

when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to

speed up that day when all God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and

Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of that old Negro spiritual, “Free at last, free at last,

thank God almighty, we are free at last.”

Taranscribed from recording, “The great March on Washington,” November 1963 by the King Library and

Archives, Protected by Copyright, Not to be reproduced without written permission. Distributed ty the Mar-

tin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change, Inc., 449 Auburn Avenue, N.E. Atlanta, GA.

30312, telephone number: 404/524-1956.

33

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(James S. Farmer - Continued from pg. 32 )

Division within CORE over leadership and direction

led Farmer to resign in 1966, and he settled into a qui-

eter life. He taught at Lincoln University and New

York University. He surprised some civil rights activ-

ists in 1969 by joining the Nixon administration as an

assistant secretary in the old Department of Health,

education and Welfare. His presence helped persuade

the administration to approve Head Start funds for

Southern states.

Farmer moved to the Fredericksburg area in 1970 to

teach and write his autobiography, “Lay Bare the

Heart.” The book charted his involvement in the inte-

gration struggle, and also his personal trials about

gradually going blind. He continued to teach regular-

ly despite his infirmities and was revered on the Mary

Washington campus as a living history of the nation’s

civil rights era.

Farmer took particular pride last year in receiving the

Medal of Freedom, saying he had begun to feel ig-

nored and forgotten.

It’s a high honor, and I’m grateful it same before I

died.” Farmer said then, “It’s vindication.”

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32

(James S. Farmer - Continue on pg. 33 )

James S. Farmer, the last surviving member of the

so-called Big Four Civil Rights giants of the 1950s

and 1960s, died Friday in Virginia after years of

illness. He was 79.

The son of a preacher raised in Mississippi, Farmer

helped found the Congress of Racial Equality in the

early 1940s. He was considered one of the pillars

of the early civil rights movement, along with the

Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., Roy Wilkins of the

National Association for the Advancement of

Colored People, and Urban League Whitney

Young. James Farmer helped to make America a

better nation.” President Clinton said in a statement

Friday.

Clinton last year presented Farmer with the Presi-

dential Medal of Freedom the nation’s highest

civilian award.

Farmer had been hospitalized at the time of his

death, said a spokesman at Mary Washington

College in Fredericksburg, where Farmer was a

professor. No other details were immediately

available.

For several years, Farmer had battled the

complications of diabetes, including blindness and

leg amputations. Last year, he underwent brain

surgery to remove a blood clot.

Farmer was perhaps best known as a leader of the

historic, CORE-sponsored Freedom Rides of the

1960’s. which sought to integrate bus systems

across the South.

Though he was a pacifist, inspired by the ideals of

Mohandas K. Gandhi, Farmer encountered repeated

violence in this campaign against segregation. He

was frequently threatened, and once escaped a

Louisiana mob by hiding in a hearse.

Three of the Freedom Riders he recruited, James

Chaney, Andrew Goodman and Michael

Schwerner, were murdered in Mississippi in 1964.

The 1988 movie “Mississippi Burning” is based on

the slayings.

From The CORE History Book

James S. Farmer; Was Top Civil Rights Leader

Obscene Laws and Unfair Customs

The violence directed in the Freedom Riders ignited

public outrage and built political momentum to

finally end the legalized segregation of lack and

white citizens across the South.

He was an authentic activist willing to challenge

obscene laws and unfair customs through

non-violent direct action” said the Rev. Joseph

Lowery, former head of the Southern Christian

Leadership Conference.

“He challenged injustice at the root, “ Lowery said.

“He was willing to take to the streets and stimulate

and precipitate. He was a catalyst.”

In interviews in recent years, and in his 1985

autobiography, Farmer was candid about his fears

during the heights of the civil rights battle.

Anyone who said he wasn’t afraid during the civil

rights movement was either a liar or without

imagination,” he said in 1991. “I think we were all

scared. I was scared all the time. My hands didn’t

shake but inside I was shaking.”

Born in Texas, Farmer was 14 when he entered

Wiley College in Marshall, Texas, as a freshman on

a full scholarship. He later visited the White House

with a group of students, which he respectfully

engaged. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and First

Lady Eleanor Roosevelt in debate. He graduated

from theological school at Howard University in

1941, and was a conscientious objector during

World War II. It was during his college years that

he began to agonize over segregation.

In May 1942, Farmer took part in what he described

as the “first organized civil rights sit in in American

history” at a “white-only” coffeehouse in Chicago.

The nonviolent demonstration forced the owners to

change their policies and serve non-white

consumers.

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