holography history

8/3/2019 Holography History

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Dennis Gabor – the inventor ofholography

By Andrei Nesterovitch

Stephen F. Austin State University

BIO 575

Instructor – Dr. Alexandra Van Kley

Fall 2003



WHAT IS HOLOGRAPHY?

Encyclopedia Britannica:

Date: 1964: the art or process of making or using a hologram



WHAT IS HOLOGRAM?

Encyclopedia Britannica:

Date: 1949: a three-dimensional image reproduced from apattern of interference produced by a split coherentbeam of radiation (as a laser); also : the pattern ofinterference itself



Although often compared with photography,holography is really a completely different medium.

• Traditional Pictures Have No 'Depth„ When we look at a photograph and move it from side to

side, we are unable to see „around' the scene or perceiveany depth. Likewise, we cannot see over or under theimage.

• Multiple Views Create '3D Effect'

A hologram is also flat, but the image captured by thehologram is not. When we look at a hologram and move itfrom side to side, we can see many different views of the

scene. We can also look behind foreground elements tosee things in the background.

WHAT IS HOLOGRAPHY?



• Holograms Appear to 'Leap Off' the Film

Another difference between holograms and photographs isthat holographers can position their images to „project off'

or „float over' the surface of the film. A viewer can reach out

and put his hand right through the apparently solid image.

WHAT IS HOLOGRAPHY?



WHAT IS HOLOGRAPHY?



The biography of Dennis Gabor

(1900-1979)

"You can't predict the future, but you can invent it." -Dennis Gabor

D. Gabor was born in Budapest, Hungary,and his life-long love of physics started

suddenly at the age of 15.

He learned the calculus and worked throughthe textbook in the next two years.

With his late brother George, they also builtup a little laboratory in their home, wherethey could repeat most experiments whichwere modern at that time, such as wirelessX-rays and radioactivity.



The biography of Dennis GaborHe acquired his degrees in electrical engineering in HighTechnical School, Berlin (Diploma in 1924, Dr-Ing. in 1927).

Though electrical engineering remained his profession, hiswork was almost always in applied physics.

His doctorate work was the development of one of the first high

speed cathode ray oscillographs.

In 1927 D. Gabor joined the Siemens & Halske AG where hemade his first successful inventions; the high pressure quartzmercury lamp with superheated vapor and the molybdenum

tape seal, since used in millions of street lamps.

In 1933, when Hitler came to power, Gabor left Germany andafter a short period in Hungary went to England, whereobtained employment with the British Thomson-Houston Co.,

Rugby.




The years after the war were the most fruitful. He wrote, amongmany others, his first papers on communication theory,

developed a system of stereoscopic cinematography, and in1948 carried out the basic experiments in holography, at thattime called "wavefront reconstruction". Then, until hisretirement in 1967, he improved Wilson chamber, developedholographic microscope, a new electron-velocity spectroscope,

flat thin color television tube. Theoretical work includedcommunication theory, plasma theory, magnetron theory.




In 1971 Dr. Dennis Gabor was awarded the Nobel

Prize in Physics for his discovery of holography in1947.

But, in his own words –

“We had started 20 years too early. Only inrecent years have certain auxiliary techniquesdeveloped to the point when electronholography could become a success. On theother hand, optical holography has become aworld success after the invention andintroduction of the laser”.



The history of holography

Gabor coined the term hologram from the Greek words holos,

meaning "whole," and gramma, meaning "message". The termholography is from Greek words holos and grapho – “write”, that

means complete record of the image.

Gabor's holography was limited to film transparencies using amercury arc lamp as the light source. His holograms containeddistortions and an extraneous twin image.

Further development in the field was stymied during the next

decade because light sources available at the time were nottruly "coherent" (monochromatic or one-color, from a singlepoint, and of a single wavelength).




This barrier was overcome in 1960 with the invention of the

laser, whose pure, intense light was ideal for making holograms.Laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation)

was invented by Nikolai Bassov, Alexander Prokhorov andCharles Townes (all became in 1964 Noble Prize winners).

Nikolai Bassov Alexander Prokhorov Charles Townes



The history of holographyIn 1962 Emmett Leith and Juris

Upatnieks of the University ofMichigan recognized from theirwork in side-reading radar thatholography could be used as a 3-

D visual medium. In 1962 theyread Gabor's paper and "simplyout of curiosity" decided toduplicate Gabor's technique usingthe laser and an “off -axis

technique” borrowed from their work in the development of side-reading radar. The result was thefirst laser transmission hologram

of 3-D objects (a toy train andbird .



The history of holographyAlso in 1962 Dr. Yuri Denisyuk combined holography with 1908

Nobel Laureate Gabriel Lippmann's work in natural colorphotography. Denisyuk's approach produced a white-lightreflection hologram which, for the first time, could be viewed inlight from an ordinary incandescent light bulb.

Russian scientist Yuri N. Denisyuk, State Optical Institute in Leningrad, USSR, signing a copy of his book, Fundamentals of Holography. (Photo by Dr. Stephen Benton, 1979)




In 1967, Larry Siebert of the Conductron Corporation used a

pulsed laser that he designed to make the first hologram of aperson. The Conductron Corporation (later acquired byMcDonnell Douglas Electronics Corporation) played animportant role in the early days of commercial display

holography.



The history of holographyA major advance in display holography occurred in

1968 when Dr. Stephen A. Benton invented white-light transmission holography while researchingholographic television at Polaroid ResearchLaboratories. This type of hologram can be viewed

in ordinary white light creating a "rainbow" imagefrom the seven colors which make up white light.



The history of holographyFrom 1975 - 1984, Rich Rallison (International

Dichromate Corp., Draper, UT) pioneered theproduction of glass sandwich dichromate holograms that were used as jewelry pendants, key chains, paperweights, and other premium items.

Rich Rallison recallshis experiences with

Steve Benton at theBenton VisionSymposium,November, 2003.




In 1983 MasterCard International, Inc. became the first to usehologram technology in bank card security.



Holography application

• A telephone credit card used in Europe has embossedsurface holograms which carry a monetary value. When thecard is inserted into the telephone, a card reader discerns theamount due and deducts (erases) the appropriate amount tocover the cost of the call.

• Supermarket scanners read the bar codes on merchandisefor the store's computer by using a holographic lens system todirect laser light onto the product labels during checkout.

• Holography is used to depict the shock wave made by airfoils to locate the areas of highest stress. These hologramsare used to improve the design of aircraft wings and turbineblades.




• A holographic lens is used in an aircraft "heads-up

display" to allow a fighter pilot to see critical cockpitinstruments while looking straight ahead through thewindscreen. Similar systems are being researched by severalautomobile manufactures.

• Researchers are developing the sub- systems of acomputerized holographic display.

• Holography is ideal for archival recording of valuables or

fragile museum artifacts.

• Optical computers, which use holograms as storagematerial for data, could have a dramatic impact on the overall

holography market.




• To better understand marine phytoplankton, researchershave developed an undersea holographic camera thatgenerates in-line and off-axis holograms of the organisms. Acomputer controlled stage moves either a video camera or a

microscope through the images, and the organisms can bemeasured as they were in their undersea environment

• An interferogram (a sort of hologram) is a technique providing

a method of non-destructive analysis that determinesstructural deformations in objects.




• The using of ultrasound waves as main carriers of theinformation creates opportunities for holography application ina sound field visualization. This has a great practicalimportance in:

- Undersea acoustics and hydrolocation;- Defectoscopy;- Medical diagnostics;- Biological surveys

• The using of X-rays as main carriers of information createsadditional opportunities for holography method application inbiological, physical and chemical studies




The using of γ –rays allows precise atomic and molecularstructural analysis:

(a)Holograms of a local

structure of crystallic Fe

(b) Estimated pictures of alocal structure ofcrystallic Fe



Thank you!

SOURCES:

http://bsfp.media-security.ru/school2/10.htm http://www.100top.ru/encyclopedia/article/?articleid=28743 http://www.holophile.com/history.htm http://www.britannica.com/ http://www.litiholographics.com/technology/tech_producing.htm http://vcs.abdn.ac.uk/ENGINEERING/lasers/laser1.jpg http://www.holo.com/holo/book/book1.html http://www.hmt.com/holography/ http://www.art-in-holography.org/ http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blholography.htm

http://bsfp.media-security.ru/school2/10.htm

http://www.100top.ru/encyclopedia/article/?articleid=28743


http://www.holophile.com/history.htm


http://www.britannica.com/


http://www.litiholographics.com/technology/tech_producing.htm


http://vcs.abdn.ac.uk/ENGINEERING/lasers/laser1.jpg


http://www.holo.com/holo/book/book1.html

http://www.hmt.com/holography/

http://www.art-in-holography.org/

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blholography.htm

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blholography.htm






http://www.hmt.com/holography/

http://www.holo.com/holo/book/book1.html














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