holt mcdougal, geography and early india the big idea indian civilization first developed on the...
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Holt McDougal,
Geography and Early India
The Big Idea
Indian civilization first developed on the Indus River.
Main Ideas
• The geography of India includes high mountains, great rivers, and heavy seasonal rain.
• Harappan civilization developed along the Indus River.
• The Aryan invasion of India changed the region’s civilization.
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Mountains
• North: The Himalayas are the highest mountains in the world.
• West: The Hindu Kush provide protection from enemies.
Plains and Plateaus
• Rivers and melting snow kept the plains fertile.
• Both sides of the river thrived.
Indian Geography
Water
• Monsoons
• Heavy rainfall
• Civilizations arose around seasonal rainfall.
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People
• Population grew in the Indus River Valley.
• Growth came as irrigation and farming techniques improved.
• Cities were built as surplus food was produced.
Cities
• Harrapa
• Mohenjo Daro
• Fortresses for defense against enemies
• Well-planned public areas
Harappan Civilization
Achievements
• Wells and indoor plumbing
• Pottery, cotton clothing, jewelry
• India’s first writing system
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Religion
Government
Language
Invaders from the West
When the Harappan civilization dissipated in 1700 BC, Central Asians called Aryans began taking over territory.
The Aryans left behind vast collections of poems, hymns, myths, and rituals. They also had religious writings known as Vedas.
No central government: small communities ruled by rajas
Sanskrit is the root of many modern South Asian languages.
Aryan Invasion
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Harappan Civilization
Aryan Invasion
• Two major cities: Harappa, Mohenjo Daro
• Advanced civilization that thrived between 2300 and 1700 BC
• Culture, artistry, city planning
• South Asian warriors pushed through the Hindu Kush mountains and settled in the Indus Valley
• Oral tradition in religion and mythology resulted in the most important language of ancient India: Sanskrit.
Summary
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Geography of Indian Subcontinent Harappan Civilization Aryan Civilization India is a very large and separated
from the continent of Asia by mountains
Subcontinent =smaller than a continent
Ganges delta in east Triangular shaped Bay of Bengal to the east Indian Ocean to the south Among the northern mountains of
which the Himalayas are the largest in the world
The Great Indian Desert is west of the Himalayas
Most of India is covered by fertile plains and rugged plateaus
Major rivers flow from the Himalayas
The Indus and Ganges, provide fertile farmland with water
Seasonal floods and Monsoons provide silt to farmland
Hot and humid climate Arabian Sea to the west
2300 BC to 1200 BC Harappan Civilization formed in the
Indus River Valley and the Sarasvati River southeast of the Indus River
An irrigation system was used for watering crops
Two large cities were formed 300 miles apart, Harappa and Mohenjo Daro (the mound of the dead)
Architecture was well planned Towering fortresses (citadels) Brick streets crossed at right angles Flat roofs Store houses, workshops, market
stalls and houses Public wells Indoor plumbing Weights to measure goods Artisans: pottery, jewelry, ivory,
cotton clothing First writing system in India Clay seals to stamp goods
2000 BC People came from Caspian Sea in Central
Asia People may have came through the
Khyber Pass in Northwest India’s Himalayas
Vedas-collection of poems, hymns, myths, and rituals written by Aryan Priest
They did not build homes They formed small communities based on
family ties No single ruling authority Group leaders were usually skilled
warriors A Raja was the leader of the village or
group Raja’s often fought each other They had farmland and pastures They raised cows, horses, sheep and goats Sanskrit was the Aryan Language Sanskrit Language is the root of many
Southeast Asian Languages Sanskrit is an Indo-European Language
formed around 10,000 to 6000 years ago
Chapter 5 Section 1 pages 124-129 Geography and Early India
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Origins of Hinduism
The Big IdeaHinduism, the largest religion in India today,
developed out of ancient Indian beliefs and practices.
Main Ideas
• Indian society divided into distinct groups under the Aryans.
• The Aryans practiced a religion known as Brahmanism.
• Hinduism developed out of Brahmanism and influences from other cultures.
• The Jains reacted to Hinduism by breaking away to form their own religion.
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Kshatriyas
Vaisyas
Sudras
Brahmins Priests
Rulers and warriors
Laborers and non-Aryans
Indian Society Divides
Varnas
Farmers, craftspeople, and traders
Social divisions in Aryan society
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Individuals
• Place in society based on birth, wealth, or occupation
• 3,000 castes once existed in India.
• Individuals could rarely change castes.
Caste Rules
• Sutras (guides) listed all the rules for the caste system.
• Breaking rules resulted in a transfer to a lower class.
Caste System
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Brahmanism
• Aryan priests were called Brahmins.
• Wrote Vedic texts, which were their thoughts about the Vedas
Evolving Beliefs
The Vedas, Upanishads, and other Vedic texts began blending with beliefs from different cultures, creating Hinduism.
Brahmanism develops into Hinduism
Hinduism
• Many gods
• Reincarnation: could be reborn into new forms and castes
• Men and women could both gain salvation, but women were inferior.
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Origins of Jainism
Four Principles of Jainism
• 599 BC, established as an alternative to Hindu ritualism
• Based on the teachings of Mahavira, who abandoned his life of luxury to become a monk
• Injure no life.
• Tell the truth.
• Do not steal.
• Own no property.
Jains React to Hinduism
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Origins of Buddhism
The Big IdeaBuddhism began in India
and became a major religion.
Main Ideas• Siddhartha Gautama searched for wisdom in many ways.• The teachings of Buddhism deal with finding peace.• Buddhism spread far from where it began in India.
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Quest for Answers
• Siddhartha was born a prince, but he questioned the meaning of life.
• Determined to find answers using:
• Meditation
• Fasting
• Learning from different teachers
Enlightenment
• Found it under the Tree of Wisdom while meditating
• Called the Buddha (Enlightened One)
• Spent the rest of his life traveling and teaching his ideas
Siddhartha
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1. Suffering and unhappiness are a part of human life. No one can escape sorrow.
Teachings of Buddhism
Four Noble Truths
2. Suffering comes from our desires for pleasure and material goods.
3.People can overcome desire and ignorance and reach nirvana, a state of perfect peace.
4.People can overcome ignorance and desire by following an eightfold path that leads to wisdom, enlightenment, and salvation.
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Chapter 5 Section 2 pages 130-135 Origins of Hinduism
Religion Origins Teachings GodsBrahmanismPolytheismPriest were called Brahmins
Based on the Rigveda, oldest of the Vedas, written before 1000 BC
Based also on a final group of Vedas text are Upanishads from 600 BC
Priest believed fire would carry a sacrifice to the gods
Brahma
HinduismHinduism believes in many gods, but they believe that all the gods are aspects of a single universal spirit called Brahman. Three aspects of Brahman are particularly important in Hinduism; Brahman, Siva, and VishnuPolytheism
Developed out of Brahmanism and influences from other cultures
Vedas Upanishads Ideas from Persia and other
Central Asian Kingdoms
A universal spirit named Brahman created the universe and everything in it. Everything in the world is just part of Brahman.
Every person has a soul or Atman that will eventually join with Brahman.
People’s souls are reincarnated many times before they can join Brahman.
A person’s karma affects how he or she will be reincarnated
Salvation is called moksha Dharma is a set of spiritual duties Karma is the effects that good
and bad actions have on a person’s soul
Brahma Siva Vishnu
Jainism/Jains(Atheist)
Mahavira 559 BC
Ahimsa – practice of nonviolence Every soul is the architect of their own life
Sikhism/Sikhs (Monotheistic)
Guru Nanak 1400 AD Blend of Hinduism, Islam and
other religions
Reunite with god after death Wear 5 items; long hair, small comb,
steel bracelet, a sword, and a special undergarment
Gurus
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Ancient Ways
• The Buddha taught that following the Vedic texts was unnecessary.
• Challenged the authority of Hindu priests
Changing Society
• A more individualistic approach to enlightenment
• Rebirth as a means to evolve
Challenging Hindu Ideas
Caste System
• Opposed caste system
• The Eightfold Path could lead any individual to nirvana.
• The Buddha’s teachings reached all classes.
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Buddhism branches out
Buddhism splits
• Asoka, one of the most powerful kings in India, became a Buddhist and spread Buddhism in India and foreign lands.
• Buddhist missionaries traveled the world to teach enlightenment.
• Buddhism split into two main sects: Theravada and Mahayana.
• Members of the Theravada followed the Buddha’s teachings exactly.
• Members of the Mahayana believed that individual interpretation was important.
Buddhism began in India and then became a major religion.
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Chapter 5 Section 3 pages 136-141 Origins of Buddhism
Spread Beyond India Spread in India Basic Ideas Powerful kings in India,
Asoka became Buddhist in 200 BC and began to work on spreading Buddhism to areas outside India
Buddhist missionaries spread the religion to other kingdoms in Asia
Eventually Buddhism spread via the Silk Road into China, Korea, and Japan
South east Asia near Himalayas
Other Areas: Sir Lanka, Myanmar, Persia, Syria, and Egypt
After Buddha’s death around 483 BC, 500 followers gathered together. They wanted to make sure Buddha’s teachings were remembered
Buddha’s followers spread his teachings throughout India
Within 200 years of Buddha’s death, his teachings had spread through most of India
Largest Buddhist population was around the city of Bodh Gava in Northeast India near the Ganges River Delta
Basic ideas came from the Vedas
Rituals were necessary for enlightenment
Fasting Meditation Reincarnation Nivarna – state of perfect peace Opposed Caste System (The
Varnas) Buddhism made people feel
they had the power to change their lives
The Noble Truths page 138 The Eightfold Path page 139
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Indian Empires
The Big Idea
The Mauryas and the Guptas built great empires in India.
Main Ideas
• The Mauryan Empire unified most of India.
• Gupta rulers promoted Hinduism in their empire.
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Candragupta Maurya
• Candragupta seized control of northern India and created a society dominated by war.
• Candragupta became a Jainist monk and gave up his throne.
Asoka
• The grandson of Candragupt extended Mauryan rule over most of India.
• Asoka converted to Buddhism and stopped waging war, choosing instead to rebuild cities and spread Buddhist teachings.
Mauryan Rule
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Gupta Empire
• After the decline of the Mauryan Empire, India remained primarily Buddhist for 500 years.
• Under the rule of Candra Gupta I, India became unified and prosperous again.
• Gupta rulers spread Hinduism in their empire through the building of temples and the promotion of Hindu writings and rituals.
• Widespread religious tolerance was encouraged for Buddhists and Jainists.
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Economy and Culture
The Caste System
Social Ramifications
GrowthUnder Candra Gupta II, the Gupta Empire reached the height of its power. It spread across northern India and prospered.
The economy boomed, allowing citizens the time and money to create great works of art and literature.
It was believed that keeping citizens under strict caste rule would stabilize the empire.
Women in the caste system were not seen as equals and had few basic rights.
Candra Gupta II
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Time Line
• 320 BC Candragupta Maurya becomes the first Mauryan emperor.
• 301 BC Candragupta Maurya relinquishes the throne to become a Jainist monk.
• 270 BC Asoka becomes the second Mauryan emperor.
• 261 BC Asoka’s empire gains great power, and he leaves to become a Buddhist.
• AD 375 Candra Gupta I invades and conquers northern India and brings Hinduism, prosperity, and a strict caste system back into popular culture.
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Chapter 5 Section 4 pages 142-145 Indian Empires
Empire Ruler Achievement
Mauryan 1.Candragupta2.Asoka
Founded the Mauryan Empire Ruled through a network of spies and an army
of more than 600,000 soldiers Expanded the empire across most of India Converted to Buddhism and abandoned war Had wells dug and roads built throughout the
empire Helped spread Buddhism
Gupta 1.Candra I2.Samudra 3.Candra II
Founded the Gupta Empire and conquered much of Northern IndiaExpanded the empire to the Ganges River Valley through wars of conquestExpanded the Gupta Empire throughout much of IndiaHelped the empire prosper economicallyOversaw a period of great productivity in arts and literature
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Indian Achievements
The Big Idea
The people of ancient India made great contributions to the arts and sciences.
Main Ideas
• Indian artists created great works of religious art.
• Sanskrit literature flourished during the Gupta period.
• The Indians made scientific advances in metalworking, medicine, and other sciences.
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• Both Hindu and Buddhist temples began flourishing under Gupta rule.
• Once simply constructed meeting places, Hindu temples became complex towers covered with intricate carvings.
• Buddhist temples were large and impressive, some carved out of mountainsides.
• Buddhist stupas were built to house sacred objects from the life of the Buddha. They were covered with detailed carvings.
Religious Art: Temples
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• Great artists were commissioned by rich and powerful members of society.
• Paintings offered a perspective on the daily life and religious belief of the ancient Indians; many of these paintings could be found on the walls of temples.
• Indian sculptors carved columns, statues, and entire temples in the likenesses of the Buddha and Hindu gods.
Religious Art: Paintings and Sculpture
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Mahabharata
• One of the world’s longest literary works
• The story of two Indian families struggling for control of a kingdom
• Many long passages of Hindu beliefs and practices
Ramayana
• The story of a god, Vishnu, who has taken human form
• Written long after the Mahabharata; contains models for the ideal ruler (Rama) and the ideal mate (Sita)
Sanskrit Literature
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Sanskrit Literature
• Chadra Gupta II hired a famous writer named Kalidasa to write plays for the royal court.
• The Panchatantra, a book of stories intended to teach moral lessons and quick thinking, was translated into many languages.
Other Works
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Mathematics
Medicine
Astronomy
MetalworkingPioneers of metallurgy, the Indians created tools and weapons by mixing iron and other metals together.
The Indians invented the concept of zero and developed a sophisticated number system, the Hindu-Arabic numerals.
Using plants and minerals, Indian doctors made advances in medicinal science. They were among the first to practice inoculation and perform surgery.
Indian astronomers knew of seven about the nine planets in the solar system and could predict eclipses of the sun and moon.
Scientific Advances
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Chapter 5 Section 5 pages 147-151 Indian AchievementsDetails About Achievements
Religious Art Hindu and Buddhist temples Ajanta temple Stupas Carvings and sculptures of gods Monumental statues Wall and ceiling paintings of life in India and god
Sanskrit Literature MahabharataRamayanaBhagavad GitaKalidsaa’s playsPanchatantra
Scientific Advances MetallurgyAlloysIron PillarHindu-Arabic numeralsZeroMedical textbooksInoculation Astronomical knowledge