home heating
DESCRIPTION
Home Heating. More than just staying warm…. Types of Home Heating Fuel Sources. Propane (LP) Natural Gas Fuel Oil Wood Coal Kerosene Pellets Outdoor wood boilers Electric. Combustion Appliance Maintenance. Maintain each heating season Furnaces Gas water heaters - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
MORE THAN JUST STAYING WARM…
Home Heating
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Types of Home Heating Fuel Sources
Propane (LP)Natural GasFuel OilWoodCoalKerosenePelletsOutdoor wood boilersElectric
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Combustion Appliance Maintenance
Maintain each heating season Furnaces Gas water heaters Check gas stoves, gas fireplaces
• Use care when operating combustion appliances indoors
• Make sure burner is properly adjusted and has good ventilation
• Ensure condensate pump works, unblocked
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Backdrafting—Spillage
Appliance not vented properly Spills or back drafts into living area
Most common test utilizes mirror, as byproducts of combustion contain water vapor, cause mirror to fog
Create worst-case conditions: Negative Pressure
Close all exterior doors and windows Activate all the exhaust fans Turn on clothes dryers Turn on ignite fireplaces
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Silent Killer: Carbon Monoxide (CO)
You CAN’TSee itSmell it, or Taste it… but it can KILL in minutes!
Carbon monoxide (CO) is produced whenever any fuel such as gas, oil, kerosene, wood, or charcoal is burned
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CO Levels (General Guidelines)
0-9 ppm No health risk 35-50 ppm Problems with long term
exposure – 8 hrs chronic symptoms of headaches, nausea, tired
MOST DETECTOR ALARMS GO OFF 50-70 ppm Exposure - 2-3 hrs Flu like
symptoms, headache, nausea 70-200 ppm Exposure - 1 hr Dizziness, fatigue,
vomiting 200-800 ppm Minutes of exposure can cause
unconsciousness, brain damage, DEATH
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How CO attacks…
Red blood cells prefer CO to oxygen
If there is enough CO in air, CO replaces oxygen in blood
This blocks oxygen from getting into body, damaging tissues and potentially causing death
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Common Sources of CO
• Blocked flue, chimney, vent pipes• Rusted/cracked furnace heat exchanger• Idling engine in attached garage• Backdrafting, spillage• Maladjusted fuel-fired space heater• Unvented use of BBQ/charcoal indoors• Gas stoves and ranges, water heaters• Outdoor use combustion
exhaust near vent/window
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Not Just CO—Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Colorless, tasteless, with sharp odorDeep lung irritantEye, nose, respiratory and throat
irritationShortness of breath, narrow airways in
asthmaticsMore respiratory illness (cold/flu)Lung damage/disease with
long exposure
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Particulate Matter (PM)
Eye, nose, throat, lung irritation Bronchitis, allergies, asthma, respiratory
and ear infections, cardiovascular conditions…
Sooting from appliancesGhosting on walls/ceilingCandles can create problemsEnvironmental tobacco smoke (ETS)What is adhered to particle?
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Sulfur Dioxide
Can work in tandem with PMEye, nose, throat, respiratory tract
irritation Respiratory infections, bronchitis
High levels can cause airways to narrow
Asthmatics are especially susceptible
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Organic particles and gasesLung, stomach, bladder, skin cancersNose, throat, eye irritation
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Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Changes blood pH levels
Increases respiration rate
Decreases ability to perform strenuous exercise
Postulated increases for long-term exposure Respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders
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Water Vapor
Major product of combustionMust vent or pump to exteriorNot a pollutant but can cause moisture
issues
Wood Stoves
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Navajo Coal Combustion and Respiratory Health
High rates of respiratory illnessWeather patterns include inversionsCoal burning power plants
Poorly maintained stovesCoal burned in stoves not designed for coal
High levels of PM2.5 measured in homesRepairs to existing stoves could improve IAQ
Perceptions can lead to incorrect conclusions
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Woodburning Stoves and Respiratory Illness
Children in homes with wood stoves used for cooking have five-fold increase in hospitalizations
High PM readings found in homes with children needing hospitalizations
Encourage improvements in stoves and home ventilation systems
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Wood Stove Interventions
Wood stove changeouts (ambient and indoor)
Filtration units (indoor)Best-burn practices (ambient and indoor).Wood banks (ambient)
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Wood Stove Changeout Program: A Natural Experiment
Prospective multi-year study to assess changes in wood smoke PM2.5 and impact on health of school children following intervention
1. Monitor changes in ambient PM2.5
2. Monitor changes in school indoor PM2.5
3. Evaluate change in residential indoor PM2.5 following changeout
4. Track changes in reporting of symptoms and illness-related absences among students
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Exposure Assessment within Homes
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Wood stoves
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Libby 2006/2007 Residential PM2.5 ProgramPM2.5 Mass - Home 4A
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Time
Con
cent
ratio
n (u
g/m
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15:22
19:53
06:30
Start Sampling:10/25/06 @ 14:00
End Sampling:10/26/06 @ 14:00
Avg = 131.8 μg/m3
Before Changeout
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How does a wood stove changeout impact indoor air quality?
Old stove40-60 g smoke/hr
EPA-certified stove2-5 g smoke/hr
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2006/2007 Libby Residential PM2.5 Sampling Program
Sampling focused on 20 homes containing wood stoves
24-hour PM2.5 sampling Pre-changeout period (Oct/Nov 2006) Post-changeout (Dec 2006 – Feb 2007) Goal of program to evaluate impact of
“intervention” on indoor air quality within home
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Libby PM2.5 Mass Results – Pre and Post Stove Change-out
Pre-changeout avg PM2.5: 53.4 μg/m3 Post-changeout avg PM2.5: 15.0 μg/m3
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Home 1
Home 3
Home 5
Home 6
Home 7
Home 8
Home 9
Home 1
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Home 1
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Home 1
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Home 1
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Home 1
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Home 1
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Home 1
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Home 2
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PM2.
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cent
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n (u
g/m
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Pre Avg PM2.5
Post Avg PM2.5
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Results of Multi-Winter Residential Study
Overall reductions following wood stove changeout observed in 16 of 21 homes
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Nez Perce Wood Stove Changeout
Conducted during winters of 2006/2007, 2007/2008, and 2008/2009
Kamiah and Lapwai, Idaho on Nez Perce Reservation
16 homes
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Nez Perce Wood Stove Changeout PM2.5 Mass Results
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Home
PM2.
5 Con
cent
ratio
n (u
g/m
3 )
Avg PM2.5 Pre (ug/m3)
Avg PM2.5 Post (ug/m3)
Pre-changeout avg PM2.5: 43.1 μg/m3 Post-changeout avg PM2.5: 126.0 μg/m3
~278% PM2.5
increase
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Nez Perce Wood Stove Changeout PM2.5 Mass Results
0.0
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Home
PM2.
5 Con
cent
ratio
n (u
g/m
3 )
Avg PM2.5 Pre (ug/m3)
Avg PM2.5 Post (ug/m3)
Pre-changeout avg PM2.5: 43.1 μg/m3 Post-changeout avg PM2.5: 126.0 μg/m3
~278% PM2.5
increase
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Importance of Training
0.0
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Pre Post 1 Post 2
Sampling Event
PM2.
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cent
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n (u
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Home 2
Home 6
Home 11
Home 13
PM2.5 Mass (µg/m3) Measured in Homes Following Outreach/Education.
Ward, T.J., Boulafentis, J., Simpson, J., Hester, C., Moliga, T., Warden, K., and Noonan, C.W., 2011. Results of the Nez Perce woodstove changeout program, Science of the Total Environment, 409, 664-670.
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Wood Stove Changeouts
Effective in reducing ambient PM2.5
Expensive (~$1500 - $4500)Learning curveResults can be variable for indoor air
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Filtration Units
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A Randomized Trial for Indoor Smoke (ARTIS)
5-year, NIEHS-funded studyAssessing impacts on quality of life among
asthmatic children following interventions that reduce in-home wood smoke PM exposures
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Health Outcome Measures
PAQoLPeak flowSymptomseNOBiol. samples
EBC Urine
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Indoor Air Sampling
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Preliminary results of ARTIS interventions
59% Reduction
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Use of Best-Burn Practices
Education coupled with use of inexpensive toolsBurn at proper temperatures
(thermometer)
270-460 °F is optimal.
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Use of Best-Burn Practices (cont.)
Burn dry, seasoned wood (moisture meter)
<20% moisture is optimal
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Use of Best-Burn Practices (cont.)
Don’t burn trash, etc.Stove maintenance (ash cleaning, clean out
chimneys, etc)
EPA Burn Wise Program: http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/
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Summary—Change Outs
Wood stoves a significant source of PM2.5 in both
ambient and indoor environmentsWood stove changeouts can be effective in
reducing ambient wintertime PM2.5 –results are
more variable indoorsChangeouts are expensiveTraining and education on new stoves essential
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Summary—Filtration Units
Filtration units are consistently effective in improving indoor air in homes with wood stoves
Improves indoor air quality by ~60% but does nothing for outdoors
Electricity costs are a concern, and units can be noisy
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Summary—Burning Practices
Best-burn practices are inexpensive and sustainable strategies
Education, outreach, and training are critical
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Summary—Other Considerations
Each intervention should be culturally and regionally appropriate
Interventions need to be sustainableCan we replace wood stovesPassive solar heating