homework of

7/24/2019 Homework Of

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Homework of:

Computer networks.

Present by:

Edison Alexander Taborda Rueda.

Nikol Dayanna Castao !ulua"a.

Ri#$ar %abi&n !ulua"a '(pe).

'i)et Natalia *+le) *illa.

,nstru#tor:

Andr+s -auri#io Clai/o.

0rade:

123

4uan de Dios 0ir(n Edu#ational ,nstitution.

'a 5ni(n *alle.

Noember 26t$ 7218


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Content:

1. Computer networks.

1.1 9asi# #omponents of t$e networks.

1.7.1 oftware

1.7.7 Hardware

1.7.; End3user dei#es.

7. erers.

7.1 eridor file.

7.7 eridor print.

7.; eridor email.

7.6 eridor fax.

7.8 eridor telep$ony.

7.< eridor proxy.

7.= eridor remote a##ess.

7.> eri#e web.

7.? eri#e streamin".

7.12 eri#e bookin".

7.11 eri#e aut$enti#ation.

7.1; %or network seri#es.

7.16 eritor database.

7.18 eritor appli#ation.

7.1< eri#es monitorin" and mana"ement.

; networked stora"e.

6. Networkin" proto#ols.


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8. Classifi#ation of REDE.

8.1. -edios "uided.

8.1.1. Cable twisted pair.

8.1.7. Coaxial #able.

8.1.;. @pti# fiber.

8.7. -edios un"uided.

8.7.1 Red radio.

8.7.7 ,nfrared network.

8.7.; -i#rowae network.

8.; fun#tional relations$ips.

8.6 te#$nolo"ies.

8.8. for p$ysi#al topolo"y.

8.


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16. *'AN.


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,ntrodu#tion:

T$e next /ob is to publi#i)e t$e #omputer networks and eeryt$in" about t$em. ,nformation

you need to know to be part of t$e mode of institution.


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Computer networks.

A #omputer network also #alled #omputer networkB data #ommuni#ations network or

#omputer network is a set of #omputer software and #onne#ted to"et$er by means of

p$ysi#al dei#es t$at send and re#eie ele#tri#al si"nalsB ele#troma"neti# waes or any

ot$er means of transport dataB in order to s$are informationB resour#es and delier

seri#es.

T$e stru#ture and mode of operation of existin" #omputer networks are defined in arious

standardsB t$e most important and widespread of all t$e TCP ,P model based on t$e @,

referen#e model. T$e latter network stru#tures eery seen layers wit$ spe#ifi# fun#tions

but interrelated TCP ,P are redu#ed to four layers.

Communi#ation t$rou"$ a network is #arried out in two different #ate"ories: t$e p$ysi#al

layer and lo"i#al layer.

T$e p$ysi#al layer in#ludes all t$e elements t$at use a #omputer to #ommuni#ate wit$

ot$er #omputers in t$e networkB for exampleB network #ardsB #ablesB antennasB et#.

T$e #ommuni#ation t$rou"$ t$e p$ysi#al layer is "oerned by ery rudimentary rules

t$emseles are of little use. HoweerB usin" t$ese rules is possible to #onstru#t so3#alled

proto#olsB w$i#$ are more #omplex #ommuni#ation standards better known as $i"$ leelFB

able to proide seri#es t$at are useful.

T$e proto#ols are ery similar to t$e lan"ua"e of t$e people #on#ept. ,f two people speak

t$e same lan"ua"eB you #an #ommuni#ate and #oney ideas.

T$e most important reason maybe t$e onlyF about w$y t$ere is differentiation between

p$ysi#s and layer lo"i# is simple: w$en t$ere is a diision between t$e twoB you #an use an

almost infinite number of different proto#olsB makin" it easy to up"rade and mi"ration

between different te#$nolo"ies.

9asi# #omponents of t$e networks:

HardwareB software and proto#ols: to form a network elements are reGuired. T$e p$ysi#al

elements are #lassified into two "roups: end3user dei#es $ostsF and network dei#es.

T$e end3user dei#es in#lude #omputersB printersB s#annersB and ot$er elements t$at

proide seri#es dire#tly to t$e user and t$e latter are t$ose t$at #onne#t to end3user

dei#esB allowin" inter#ommuni#ation.


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T$e purpose of a network is to inter#onne#t t$e $ardware #omponents of a networkB and

t$erefore mainly indiidual #omputersB also #alled $ostsB teams t$at make seri#es on t$e

networkB serersB usin" t$e wirin" or wireless te#$nolo"y supported by t$e ele#troni#network and linked by #able or radio freGuen#y. ,n all #ases t$e network #ard #an be

#onsidered t$e main item it is part of a #omputerB a swit#$B a printerB et#. and be it

te#$nolo"y Et$ernetB i3%iB 9luetoot$B et#.F

oftware:

Network operatin" system: allows t$e inter#onne#tion of #omputers to a##ess seri#es and

resour#es. 'ike a #omputer #an not work wit$out an operatin" systemB a #omputer network

#an not fun#tion wit$out a network operatin" system. ,n many #ases t$e network operatin"

system is part of t$e system of serers and #lients.

Application Software:ultimatelyB all t$e elements are used for t$e user of ea#$ seasonB to

use its pro"rams and spe#ifi# files. T$is software #an be as wide as needed and may

in#lude pro#essorsB inte"rated pa#ka"esB administratie a##ountin" systems and related

areasB spe#iali)ed systemsB emailsB et#. T$e ri"$t software in t$e network operatin"

system #$osen and t$e ne#essary proto#ols allow serers to #reate seri#es t$at are

needed.

Hardware:

To a#$iee t$e link between #omputers and transmission media #able network or p$ysi#al

means for wired and infrared or radio networks to wireless networksFB t$e interention of anetwork #ard N,C Network ,nterfa#e CardF is needed wit$ w$i#$ #an send and re#eie

data pa#kets to and from ot$er #omputersB usin" a #ommuni#ation proto#ol for #onertin"

t$at data to a format t$at #an be transmitted in t$e middle bitsB )eros and onesF. Note t$at

ea#$ network #ard is assi"ned a uniGue identifier by its manufa#turerB known as -AC

-edia A##ess ControlFB w$i#$ #onsists of 6> bits < bytesF dire#tion. T$is identifier allows

traffi# route network data from sender to re#eier proper.

T$e work of t$e network adapter is to #onert ele#tri#al si"nals traelin" t$rou"$ t$e #able

e" Et$ernetF or radio waes e" i3%iF in a si"nal t$at t$e #omputer #an interpret.

T$ese adapters are some PC, #ards t$at plu" into t$e expansion slots of t$e #omputer. ,n

t$e #ase of laptopsB t$ese #ards #ome in PC-C,A or similar format. ,n t$e twenty3first

#entury #omputersB bot$ desktops and laptopsB t$ese #ards are already inte"rated into t$e

mot$erboard.

Network adapter is t$e "eneri# name "ien to t$e dei#es t$at perform t$e #onersion.

T$is means t$at t$ese adapters may be eit$er Et$ernetB wireless as well as ot$er types


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su#$ as opti#al fiberB #oaxialB et#. Also aailable speeds ary wit$ t$e type of adapter

t$ese may beB Et$ernetB 12B 122B 1222 or 12222 -bpsB and wireless mainly 11B 86B ;22

-bps.

End3user dei#es.

Personal #omputers: are t$e usual workin" pla#es of t$e networks. it$in t$e #ate"ory of

#omputersB personal #omputersB and more spe#ifi#allyB it is "at$ered all used for different

fun#tionsB a##ordin" to t$e work t$ey do. T$ey ran"e from t$e powerful work for editin"

ideoB for exampleB to li"$t portable #omputers known as netbooksB w$ose primary

fun#tion is to browse t$e ,nternet. T$e tablets be#ame popular at t$e end of t$e first

de#ade of t$e #enturyB espe#ially by t$e su##ess of AppleIs iPad.

Terminal: many networks use t$is type of eGuipment instead of /obs for data entry. T$ese

data are displayed only or introdu#ed. u#$ terminalsB workin" to"et$er wit$ a sererB

w$i#$ is w$o a#tually pro#esses t$e data and sends data s#reens to terminals.

House$old Ele#troni#s: network #ards be"an to be inte"ratedB as usualB from t$e first

de#ade of t$e #enturyB in many #ommon $ouse$old items: teleisionsB multimedia

#omputersB pro/e#torsB "ame #onsolesB #ell p$onesB e3booksB et#. and een in applian#es

su#$ as refri"eratorsB makin" parts of t$e networks wit$ #omputers traditions.

Printers: -any of t$ese dei#es are able to a#t as part of a #omputer network wit$out any

ot$er elementB su#$ as a print serer a#tin" as an intermediary between t$e printer and t$edei#e is reGuestin" a print /ob to be finis$ed. T$e means of #onne#tiity of t$ese dei#es

#an be wired or wirelessB wit$in t$e latter #an be ia Et$ernetB i3%iB infrared or bluetoot$.

,n some #ases t$ey are inte"rated into t$e printer and ot$ers t$rou"$ external #onerters.

@t$er elements: s#annersB CD3R@-.

erers

Computers are aailable to #ustomers different seri#es. T$e followin" list are some

#ommon types of serers and t$eir purposes:

%ile serer: stores arious types of file and distributed to ot$er #lients on t$e

network. T$ey #an be sered in different format a##ordin" to t$e seri#e proided

and t$e aera"e %TPB HTTPB et#. Print erer: #ontrollin" one or more printers and a##epts print /obs from ot$er

#lients on t$e networkB Gueuin" print /obs t$ou"$ you #an also #$an"e t$e priority

of different printsFB and performin" most or all ot$er fun#tions on a workstation


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would be made to a#$iee a print /ob if t$e printer was dire#tly #onne#ted to t$e

printer port of t$e workstation.

-ail erer: storesB sendsB re#eiesB en route and perform ot$er operations relatedto e3mail e3mailF for network #lients. %ax erer: storesB sendsB re#eieB en route and perform ot$er fun#tions ne#essary

for t$e transmissionB re#eption and appropriate distribution of faxes to and or from

a #omputer or a p$ysi#al fax dei#e. Telep$ony erer: Performs fun#tions related to t$e p$oneB as is oi#emailB

performin" t$e fun#tions of an intera#tie system for oi#e responseB storin" oi#e

messa"esB routin" #alls and also #ontrollin" t$e network or ,nternetB et#. T$ey #an

operate wit$ analo" or ,P telep$ony. Proxy: takes a #ertain type of fun#tions on be$alf of ot$er #lients on t$e network to

in#rease t$e performan#e of #ertain operations e" Prefet#$in" and upload

do#uments or ot$er data reGuested ery often.F. Also JseresJ se#urity t$at isB it$as a firewall firewallF. ,t enables you to mana"e ,nternet a##ess in a #omputer

network allowin" or denyin" a##ess to different eb sites based on #ontentB ori"in

destinationB userB s#$eduleB et#. Remote A##ess erer Remote A##ess eri#eB RAF modem #ontrol lines or

ot$er #ommuni#ation #$annels to network reGuests a remote lo#ation #onne#ted to

t$e network answer in#omin" p$one #alls or a#knowled"e t$e reGuest of t$e

network and perform t$e ne#essary safety #$e#ks and ot$er pro#edures reGuired to

re"ister a user on t$e network. T$eir inputs to establis$ irtual priate networks

*PNF. eb erer: stores HT-' do#umentsB ima"esB text filesB s#riptsB and ot$er web

material #omposed of data usually #alled #ontentFB and distributin" #ontent to#ustomers w$o ask on t$e network.

treamin" serer: distributed multimedia serers #ontinuously aoidin" t$e user to

wait for t$e #omplete download t$e file. T$is will be distributed wit$in #ontent typeB

ideoB et#. in real time and wit$out delay. 9a#kup erer standby sererF: is t$e ba#kup software of t$e installed network

and $as lar"e amounts of network stora"e on $ard dries or ot$er stora"e aailable

to be used in order to ensure t$at t$e loss a main serer does not affe#t t$e

network.

Aut$enti#ation erer: is responsible for erifyin" t$at a user #an #onne#t to t$e

network at any point of a##essB eit$er wired or wirelessB based on t$e >27.1x

standard #an be a RAD,5 serer type. erers for network seri#es: T$ese teams mana"e t$ose seri#es ne#essary own

network wit$out w$i#$ t$ey #ould not inter#onne#tB at least easily.


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Database erer: store information used by appli#ations of all kindsB keepin" it

orderly and #lassified and #an be retrieed at any time based on a spe#ifi# Guery.

Appli#ation serer: runnin" #ertain appli#ations. 5sually it is a software dei#e t$atproides appli#ation seri#es to #lient #omputers.

erer monitorin" and mana"ement: $elp simplify t$e tasks of #ontrolB monitorin"B

trouble s$ootin"B troubles$ootin"B et#. T$ey allowB for exampleB #entrali)in" t$e

re#eipt of warnin" messa"esB alarm and information emitted by different network

elements not only t$e serers t$emselesF.

Network tora"e,n t$e medium and lar"e networks of primary data stora"e it does not o##ur on t$e

serers t$emseles but externalB known dei#es su#$ as disk arrays disk arraysF

inter#onne#tedB usually AN or network3atta#$ed stora"e NAF type networks are

used. T$ese means to #entrali)e informationB better mana"ement of spa#eBredundant systems and $i"$ aailability.T$e ba#kup media are often in#luded in t$e same network w$ere t$e stora"e

media mentioned aboe are $ousedB t$us transferrin" data between t$emB bot$

w$en ba#kin" as possible restorations are produ#ed wit$in t$is network wit$out

affe#t #ustomer traffi# to serers or between t$em.Network Dei#es:T$e #omputer eGuipment des#ribed in need of a te#$nolo"y t$at forms t$e network

in Guestion. Dependin" on reGuirements must sele#t t$e ri"$t elements to #omplete

t$e system. %or exampleB if we want to /oin teams in#ludin" an offi#e must #onne#t

t$rou"$ a swit#$ or $ubB if t$ere are also seeral laptops wit$ network #ards i3%i

must #onne#t a wireless a##ess point to pi#k up t$eir si"nals and #an send t$atapply to t$emB turn t$e a##ess point is #onne#ted to t$e swit#$ by a #able. ,f t$ey

all s$ould $ae a##ess to ,nternetB to inter#onne#t ia a routerB it #ould be AD'B

Et$ernet oer fiberB broadbandB et#.T$e elements of t$e ele#troni# network most #ommon are: Network swit#$. Router. Network 9rid"e. 9rid"e and router network. ireless A##ess Point ireless A##ess Point APF.

Network Proto#ols


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T$ere are arious proto#olsB standards and models t$at determine t$e oerall

operation of t$e networks. Hi"$li"$ts in#lude t$e @, model and TCP ,P. Ea#$

model stru#ture of a network operatin" differently. T$e @, model $as seen layersery defined and differentiated fun#tions and t$e TCP ,P wit$ four distin#t layers

but #ombine existin" fun#tions in t$e seen layers of t$e model @,.; proto#ols are

distributed by t$e different layers but are not defined as part of t$e model itself but

as different entities of international re"ulationsB so t$at t$e @, model #an not be

#onsidered ar#$ite#ture red.

@, -odelT$e @, @pen ystems ,nter#onne#tionF was #reated by t$e ,@ and is

responsible for t$e #onne#tion between open systemsB t$at isB open to

#ommuni#ation wit$ ot$er systems. T$e prin#iples on w$i#$ it based its #reation

were: a better definition of t$e fun#tions of ea#$ layerB aoid "roupin" differentfun#tions in t$e same layer and furt$er simplifi#ation in t$e operation of t$e model

in "eneral.

T$is model diides network fun#tions into seen distin#t layers:

# layers exchange unit

=. appli#ation layer APD5


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Token Rin" ,EEE >27.8 1?=2< 3

'AN ,EEE >27.11 1??== 3

9luetoot$ ,EEE >27.18 7227> 3

%DD, ,@ ?;163x 1?>= Colle#t a set of standards.

PPP R%C 1


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Red ,R ,nfrared Data Asso#iationB ,rDAFB allowin" #ommuni#ation between two nodesB

usin" a series of infrared networks for it. T$ey are transmitters re#eiers of infrared

waes between t$e two dei#esB ea#$ dei#e needs t$e ot$er for #ommuni#ation so it islittle use to lar"e s#ale. Do not $ae powerful and reGuire isibility between dei#es.

Red mi#rowaeB is a type of wireless network t$at uses mi#rowaes as transmission

medium. T$e most #ommon proto#ols are: ,EEE >27.11b transmits at 7.6 0H)B rea#$in"

speeds of 11 -bps me"abits per se#ondF t$e ran"e of 8.6 to 8.= 0H) for ,EEE >27.11a

proto#ol ,EEE >27.11nGue allows speeds up to


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P$ysi#al network topolo"ies.

Network bus bus or J#ommon wireJF or linear Network lineF is #$ara#teri)ed by $ain" a

sin"le #ommuni#ations #$annel #alled busB trunk or ba#kboneF to w$i#$ t$e different

dei#es are #onne#ted.

Token Rin" Irin"F or Red #ir#le: ea#$ station is #onne#ted to t$e next and t$e last is

#onne#ted to t$e first. ,n additionB you #an mat#$ t$e daisy #$ain Network Daisy #$ainF.

tar network starF stations are dire#tly #onne#ted to a #entral point and all

#ommuni#ations ne#essarily $ae to be done t$rou"$ t$is.

Red mes$ mes$F: ea#$ node is #onne#ted to eery ot$er.

Red tree treeF or $ierar#$i#al network: nodes are arran"ed in a tree. %rom a topolo"i#al

iewB t$e #onne#tion tree is similar to a series of inter#onne#ted networks in star ex#ept

t$at it $as no #entral node.

Hybrid network or mixed network: "ien any #ombination of t$e aboe. %or exampleB

#ir#ular starB star busB et#.

9y dire#tionality of data implex or unidire#tional data terminal eGuipment transmits and t$e ot$er re#eies.

Half3duplex or $alf3duplex: t$e met$od or proto#ol for sendin" information is bidire#tional

but not full duplexB only one dei#e transmits at a time.


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%ull3duplex or duplex: t$e two teams inoled in t$e #ommuni#ation #an simultaneously

transmit and re#eie.

9y de"ree of aut$enti#ation

Priate Network: a network t$at #an only be used by some people and t$at is #onfi"ured

wit$ personal password.

Publi# A##ess Network: a publi# network is defined as a network t$at anyone #an use

and not as networks t$at are #onfi"ured wit$ personal password. ,t is a network of

inter#onne#ted #omputers able to s$are information and allows users to #ommuni#ate

re"ardless of t$eir "eo"rap$i#al lo#ation.

9y de"ree of dissemination

An intranet is a priate #omputer network t$at uses ,nternet te#$nolo"y to s$are in an

or"ani)ation of t$eir information systems and operational systems.

T$e ,nternet is a de#entrali)ed set of inter#onne#ted #ommuni#ations networks t$at use

t$e family of TCP ,P proto#olsB ensurin" t$at t$e $etero"eneous p$ysi#al networks t$at

#ompose fun#tion as a sin"le lo"i#al networkB worldwide.

%or seri#e or fun#tion

ales network proides support and information for a #ompany or or"ani)ation for profit.

Edu#ation Network proides support and information for an edu#ational or"ani)ation in

t$e field of learnin".

Network data pro#essin" proides an interfa#e to interfa#e eGuipment to be /ointly

perform a fun#tion #al#ulation.

RED PAN personal &rea networkF


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Personal area network PANF is a #omputer network used for #ommuni#ation betweendei#es in #omputer information te#$nolo"ies and different about a person. 9READrepresents t$e #on#ept of people3#entered networksB and t$at allow t$ese people to#ommuni#ate wit$ t$eir personal dei#es e"B PDAsB ele#troni# boards of nai"ationBPDAsB laptopsF so as to enable a wireless #onne#tion to t$e world external. omeexamples of dei#es t$at are used in a PAN are personal #omputersB printersB faxma#$inesB p$onesB PDAsB s#anners and ideo "ame #onsoles.

T$e PAN may in#lude wired and wireless dei#es.

T$e rea#$ of a PAN typi#ally extends to 12 meters.

A wired PAN is usually #onstru#ted wit$ 59 and %ire wire #onne#tions w$ile te#$nolo"iessu#$ as 9luetoot$ and infrared #ommuni#ation typi#ally form a wireless PAN.

Keywords: personal area network PANFB PAN personal area networksB identifyin" #ommont$reats to wireless se#urityB bread personal area networkB #omputer network breadB breads#ope of t$e networkB w$i#$ is t$e s#ope of a pan network.

PAN network


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ireless Personal Area Network PANFB ireless Personal Area Network or irelessPersonal Area Network is a #omputer network for #ommuni#ation between differentdei#es #omputersB internet a##ess pointsB #ell p$onesB PDAsB audio dei#esB printers F#lose to t$e a##ess point.

T$ese networks are typi#ally a few meters and for personal use.

T$e basis of t$e #on#ept of network for personal spa#e #ame from ideas t$at emer"ed in1??8 from t$e -assa#$usetts ,nstitute of Te#$nolo"y -,TF #ome to use ele#tri#al si"nalsor ele#tri#al impulses from t$e $uman bodyB so we #an #ommuni#ate t$e same wit$atta#$ed dei#es. T$is was a##epted first by ,9- Resear#$ 'abs and t$en $ad manyariations deeloped by t$e arious institutions and resear#$ #ompanies. PAN differentsolutions in#lude:

Pro/e#t @xy"en -,TF

Pi#o3radius

,nfrared Data Asso#iation ,rDAF

9luetoot$

T$e #on#ept of 9luetoot$B ori"inally deeloped to repla#e #ablesB is bein" a##epted

worldwideB and some of t$ese ideas are in#orporated into t$e ,EEE >27.18 standard

related to t$e NAPs.

LAN Red de rea local.


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,t is a "roup of #omputers t$at belon" to t$e same or"ani)ation and are linked wit$in a

small "eo"rap$i# area t$rou"$ a networkB usually wit$ t$e same te#$nolo"y t$e most $e

used is Et$ernetF.

A lo#al area network is a network in its simplest form. T$e speed of data transfer in a lo#al

area network #an rea#$ 12 -bps for exampleB an Et$ernet networkF and 1 0bps for

exampleB %DD,B or 0i"abit Et$ernetF. A lo#al area network may #ontain 122 or een 1222B

users.

9y extendin" t$e definition of a 'AN to t$e seri#es proidedB you #an define two different

operatin" modes:

,n a network Jpeer to peerJ abbreiated P7PF #ommuni#ation takes pla#e from one

#omputer to anot$er wit$out a #entral #omputer and ea#$ team $as t$e same fun#tion.

,n an enironment J#lient sererJB a #entral #omputer proides network seri#es to

users.

'AN network


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A ireless 'ANB also known as 'AN wireless lo#al area network ofFB is a flexible

wireless #ommuni#ationB widely used as an alternatie to wired 'ANsB or as an extension

t$ereof. 5sin" radio freGuen#y te#$nolo"y t$at allows "reater mobility to users byminimi)in" wired #onne#tions. T$ese networks are "ainin" importan#e in many fieldsB su#$

as ware$ouses or manufa#turin"B w$ere t$e information in real time to a #entral terminal is

transmitted. T$ey are also ery popular in ni"$t#lubs to s$are ,nternet a##ess amon"

multiple #omputers.

i%i a##ess point.

Performan#e:

Radio waes are used to #arry information from one point to anot$er wit$out p$ysi#al

media "uide. peakin" of radio waes we usually refer to radio #arriersB on w$i#$ t$e

information is "oin"B and w$i#$ fun#tion to brin" ener"y to a remote re#eier. Data to betransmitted are superimposed on t$e radio #arrier and t$us #an be a##urately extra#ted at

t$e re#eier end.

T$is pro#ess is #alled modulation of t$e #arrier by t$e information bein" transmitted. ,f t$e

waes are transmitted at different radio freGuen#iesB seeral #arriers #an exist in t$e same

time and spa#e wit$out interferin" wit$ ea#$ ot$er. To extra#t t$e data re#eier is at a "ien

freGuen#yB #arrier freGuen#yB i"norin" t$e rest. ,n a typi#al #onfi"uration of 'AN wiredF

a##ess points trans#eierF #onne#t t$e wired network from a fixed lo#ation usin" standard

#ablin". T$e a##ess point re#eies t$e informationB stores and transmits between t$e

'AN and t$e wired 'AN. A sin"le a##ess point #an support a small "roup of users and

#an fun#tion in a ran"e of at least t$irty meters up to seeral $undred. T$e a##ess point orantenna #onne#ted to t$e a##ess pointF is normally pla#ed in $i"$ but #ould be pla#ed

anyw$ere in t$e desired radio #oera"e is obtained. T$e end user a##esses t$e network

ia 'AN adapters. T$ey proide an interfa#e between t$e operatin" system #lient

network N@: Network @peratin" ystemF and waes t$rou"$ an antenna.

T$e nature of t$e wireless #onne#tion is transparent to t$e #lient layer.


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CAN network:

A #ampus network CANF is a #omputer network t$at #onne#ts 'ANs ia a limited"eo"rap$i#al area su#$ as a #ampus uniersitarioB or a military base. ,t #an be #onsidered

as a metropolitan area network t$at spe#ifi#ally applies to a uniersity enironment.

T$erefore a #ampus network is lar"er t$an a lo#al area network but smaller t$an a wide

area network.

,n a CANB uniersity buildin"s are #onne#ted usin" t$e same type of #omputer and

network te#$nolo"ies t$at would be used on a 'AN. -oreoerB all #omponentsB in#ludin"

swit#$esB routersB wirin"B and ot$ers belon" to t$e same or"ani)ation.

A CAN is a "eo"rap$i#ally dispersed #olle#tion of 'ANs wit$in a #ampus uniersityB

"oernment offi#esB or marGuises industriesF belon"in" to t$e same entity in a defined

area in kilometers.

A CAN #ommonly used te#$nolo"ies su#$ as %DD, and 0i"abit Et$ernet #onne#tiity

t$rou"$ media su#$ as fiber opti#s and spread spe#trum.

-AN network.

A metropolitan area network -ANB En"lis$ a#ronym -etropolitan Area NetworkF is a

network of $i"$3speed broadbandF t$at #oers a lar"e "eo"rap$i# areaB proidin" ability tointe"rate multiple seri#es by transmittin" dataB oi#e and *ideo on transmission media

su#$ as fiber opti# and twisted pair -AN '@@PFB t$e #opper pair te#$nolo"y is positioned

as t$e worldIs lar"est network an ex#ellent alternatie to t$e #reation of metropolitan

networksB low laten#y


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between 1 and 82 msFB $i"$ stability and la#k of radio interferen#e '@@P -AN networks

offer speeds of 12 -bit s or 72 -bit s oer #opper pairs and 122 -bit sB 1 0bit s and

12 0bit s by opti#al fiber.

Networks -AN loop 9ondin" te#$nolo"ies are based on so t$at t$e links are formed by

multiple pairs of #opper in order to proide t$e reGuired bandwidt$.

%urt$ermoreB t$is te#$nolo"y "uarantees ??.??? 'AHIB t$anks to t$e links are formed

by multiple pairs of #opper and is materially impossible for 6B > or 1< t$reads

simultaneously t$ey break down.

T$e metropolitan area networks $ae many and aried appli#ationsB t$e main ones:

Deployment of *o,P *oi#e oer ,PFB in t$e metropolitan areaB allowin" remoe JobsoleteJ

traditional analo" lines or ,DN telep$onyB eliminatin" t$e #urrent expenditure of t$eselines.

inter#onne#tion of lo#al area networks 'ANF.

Deployment of ifi !ones wit$out wireless ba#k$aul %emto#ellF releasin" all wireless

#$annels to a##essB in pra#ti#e t$is is more t$an


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TodayB t$e ,nternet proides $i"$3speed #onne#tionsB so t$at a $i"$ per#enta"e of AN

networks are based in t$at enironmentB redu#in" t$e need for priate networks AN

w$ile irtual priate networks usin" en#ryption and ot$er te#$niGues to "enerate adedi#ated #ommuni#ations network on t$e ,nternetB #ontinuously in#rease.

C$ara#teristi#s:

,t $as en"a"ed in t$e exe#ution of user pro"rams $ostsF ma#$ines.

A subnetB w$i#$ #onne#t multiple $osts.

Diision between transmission lines and swit#$in" elements routersF.

A system of inter#onne#tion of "eo"rap$i#ally dispersed #omputersB w$i#$ may be een

on different #ontinents. T$e #onne#tion system for t$ese networks to publi# networkstypi#ally inoles transmission of data.

AN Types

eeral types of ANB and t$ree of t$em are "rouped under t$e #lassifi#ation of swit#$ed

network p$ysi#alB swit#$in" #onsists in #$an"in" t$e destiny of a si"nal or an ele#tri#

#urrentF

Cir#uit %or #ommuni#ationB t$is type of AN reGuires t$at a #all is made and t$e

#onne#tion only w$en ea#$ user $as made a dire#t link.

9y messa"e:

,ts swit#$es are usually #omputers t$at meet t$e task to a##ept traffi# from ea#$ terminal

t$at is #onne#ted to t$em. T$ese teams ealuate t$e address listed in t$e $eader of t$e

messa"e and #an store it for later use. ,t is wort$ mentionin" t$at you #an deleteB redire#t

messa"es and respond automati#ally.

Pa#ket:

Eery messa"e sent by users is fra#tionated and transformed into a number of small parts

#alled pa#ketsB w$i#$ are reassembled on#e t$ey arrie at t$e destination #omputer to

re#onstru#t t$e initial data. T$ese pa#kets moe t$rou"$ t$e network independentlyB andt$is $as a positie effe#t on traffi# and fa#ilitates error #orre#tionB be#ause in #ase of failure

only affe#ted parties s$ould forward.


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AN network:

A stora"e area networkB En"lis$ tora"e Area Network ANF is a #omplete

stora"e network. ,t is a #omplete ar#$ite#ture t$at "roups to"et$er t$e followin"

elements:

A network of $i"$3speed %iber C$annel or iC,.

A dedi#ated inter#onne#tion eGuipment swit#$esB brid"esB et#.F.

Network stora"e elements $ard driesF.

A AN is a network dedi#ated to stora"e t$at is #onne#ted to t$e #ommuni#ation

networks of a #ompany. ,n addition to traditional network interfa#esB #omputers wit$

a##ess to t$e AN $ae a spe#ifi# network interfa#e t$at #onne#ts to t$e AN.

AN performan#e is dire#tly related to t$e type of network used. ,n t$e #ase of a

%iber C$annel networkB t$e bandwidt$ is approximately 122 me"abytes se#ond

1B222 me"abits se#ondF and #an be extended by in#reasin" t$e amount of

a##ess #onne#tions.

AN #apa#ity #an be extended almost limitlessly and #an rea#$ $undreds and

een t$ousands of terabytes.

A AN #an s$are data amon" multiple #omputers on t$e network wit$out affe#tin"

performan#e be#ause AN traffi# is #ompletely separate from user traffi#. Are

appli#ation serers t$at a#t as an interfa#e between t$e data network usually fiber

#$annelF and t$e user network at "eneral Et$ernetF.


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-oreoerB a AN is mu#$ more expensie t$an a network3atta#$ed stora"e NAF

be#ause t$e first is a #omplete ar#$ite#ture t$at uses te#$nolo"y t$at is still ery

expensie. NormallyB w$en a #ompany estimates t$e total #ost of owners$ip TC@F#ompared to t$e #ost per byteB t$e #ost #an be /ustified more easily.

,t is also a desi"ned to #onne#t serersB matri#es arraysF disks and network

support libraries. ,t is mainly based on fiber #$annel te#$nolo"y and more re#ently

in iC,. ,ts fun#tion is to #onne#t Gui#klyB se#urely and reliably t$e different

elements t$at #omprise manner.

AN uses different a##ess proto#ols su#$ as %ibre C$annel and 0i"abit Et$ernet.

@n t$e opposite side is t$e Network3Atta#$ed tora"e NAFB w$ere appli#ations

make data reGuests to t$e file systems remotely usin" erer -essa"e 9lo#kproto#ols C,%F Network %ile ystem N%F.

EsGuema. DA s. NA s. AN.


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ANs proide #onne#tiity E ia t$e $ost #omputers and stora"e dei#es #ombinin" t$ebenefits of %ibre C$annel te#$nolo"ies and network ar#$ite#tures t$us proidin" a morerobustB flexible and sop$isti#ated approa#$ t$at oer#omes t$e limitations of DA usin"t$e C, same lo"i# interfa#e to a##ess t$e stora"e.

ANs are #omposed of t$ree layers:

1. Host 'ayer: T$is layer #onsists mainly of serersB dei#es or #omponents H9AB 09,CB0'-F and software operatin" systemsF.

7. %iber 'ayer: T$is layer #onform #ables fiber opti#F and t$e AN AN $ubs andswit#$es as a #entral #onne#tion point for t$e AN.

;. tora"e 'ayer: T$is layer is #omposed formations disk Disk ArraysB #a#$eB RA,DF andtapes used to store data.

T$e stora"e network #an be of two types:

%ibre C$annel network: t$e network fiber #$annel is t$e p$ysi#al network of dei#es t$atuses %ibre C$annel %ibre C$annel swit#$es and dire#tors and proto#ol %ibre C$annelProto#ol %CPF for transport on serial C,3; %ibre C$annelF.

,P Network: 'AN infrastru#ture used wit$ standard $ubs and or Et$ernet swit#$esinter#onne#ted. ,P AN uses an iC, transport C,3; serial oer ,PF.

*'AN:

A *'AN stands for *irtual 'AN irtual lo#al area networkF is a met$od for #reatin"independent lo"i#al networks wit$in a sin"le network fMsi#a.1 eeral *'ANs #an #oexiston a sin"le p$ysi#al swit#$ or on a sin"le p$ysi#al network. T$ey are useful to redu#e t$esi)e of t$e broad#ast domain and $elp in network administration by separatin" lo"i#alse"ments of a lo#al area network departments of a #ompanyB for exampleF t$at s$ould notex#$an"e data usin" t$e lo#al network alt$ou"$ t$ey #ould make it t$rou"$ a router or aswit#$ layer ; and 6F.

A *'AN #onsists of two or more networks of #omputers t$at be$ae as if #onne#ted to t$esame PC,B een if t$ey are p$ysi#ally #onne#ted to different se"ments of a lo#al areanetwork 'ANF. Network administrators #onfi"ure *'ANs t$rou"$ software rat$er t$an

$ardwareB w$i#$ make t$em extremely stron".

Classifi#ation:

9ut t$e most #ommon are t$e port3based *'AN leel 1FB t$e irtual lo#al area networks#an be #lassified into four types dependin" on t$e leel of t$e @, $ierar#$y in w$i#$ t$eyoperate:


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'eel 1 *'AN per portF.Also known as Jport swit#$in"J. $y swit#$ ports belon" to t$espe#ified *'ANB *'AN members t$at are #onne#tin" to t$ese ports. ,t does not allow usermobility we s$ould re#onfi"ure t$e *'AN if t$e user p$ysi#ally moes. ,t is t$e most#ommon and explained in detail in t$is arti#le.

*'AN 'ayer 7 -AC addresses. Hosts assi"ned to a *'AN based on t$eir -AC address.,t $as t$e adanta"e t$at t$ere is no need to re#onfi"ure t$e swit#$in" dei#e if t$e user#$an"es t$eir lo#ationB ie #onne#ted to anot$er port of t$e same or anot$er dei#e. T$emain disadanta"e is t$at if t$ere are $undreds of users would $ae to appoint t$emembers one by one.

*'AN leel 7 proto#ol type. T$e *'AN is determined by t$e #ontents of t$e proto#ol typefield of t$e -AC frame. %or exampleB you would asso#iate t$e ,P6 proto#ol *'AN 1B*'AN 7 to ,P

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